scholarly journals Essential Medicines at the National Level: The Global Asthma Network’s Essential Asthma Medicines Survey 2014

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Bissell ◽  
Philippa Ellwood ◽  
Eamon Ellwood ◽  
Chen-Yuan Chiang ◽  
Guy Marks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhaled Corticosteroids ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
National Level ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Poor Access

Patients with asthma need uninterrupted supplies of affordable, quality-assured essential medicines. However, access in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is limited. The World Health Organization (WHO) Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) Global Action Plan 2013–2020 sets an 80% target for essential NCD medicines’ availability. Poor access is partly due to medicines not being included on the national Essential Medicines Lists (EML) and/or National Reimbursement Lists (NRL) which guide the provision of free/subsidised medicines. We aimed to determine how many countries have essential asthma medicines on their EML and NRL, which essential asthma medicines, and whether surveys might monitor progress. A cross-sectional survey in 2013–2015 of Global Asthma Network principal investigators generated 111/120 (93%) responses—41 high-income countries and territories (HICs); 70 LMICs. Patients in HICs with NRL are best served (91% HICs included ICS (inhaled corticosteroids) and salbutamol). Patients in the 24 (34%) LMICs with no NRL and the 14 (30%) LMICs with an NRL, however no ICS are likely to have very poor access to affordable, quality-assured ICS. Many LMICs do not have essential asthma medicines on their EML or NRL. Technical guidance and advocacy for policy change is required. Improving access to these medicines will improve the health system’s capacity to address NCDs.

scholarly journals Assesssment of Health Facilities for Implementation of Package of Essential Non-communicable Disease in Nepal: Baseline Study in Kailali and Ilam District

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binod Kumar Aryal ◽  
Mohammad Daud ◽  
Ambika Thapa ◽  
Anita Mahotra ◽  
Sudip Ale Magar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Workers ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Baseline Study ◽  
Non Communicable Disease

Background: Non-communicable Diseases are an alarming public health emergency in Nepal. Owing to the risk of NCD’s in Nepal, Government of Nepal has developed a Multisectoral Action Plan for Non-communicable Disease 2014-2020 and has adopted the World Health Organization Package of Essential Non-communicable Disease protocol. Prior for its implementation in Nepal, baseline study has been carried out to assess the status of health facilities in Nepal.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in Kailali and Ilam district encompassing a total of 92 health facilities. A set of structured questionnaire and interview guideline was used to obtain the data. Collected data was transferred to Microsoft Excel, cleaned and analyzed in SPSS 16.0. Descriptive analysis was performed to express the frequencies and relative frequencies Results: Of the total health facilities, 49 and 43 health facilities of Ilam and Kailali were interviewed. The hospital of Ilam consisted all the procedure, equipment and medicine for the management of NCDs whilst, health posts lacked Oxygen services. Only 592 posts were fulfilled out of 704 sanctioned post in both the districts of which only 161 were trained in management of NCDs. Atotal of 231 patients were diagnosed with NCDs before the day of study in all the health facilities of both districts. Conclusions: Study reveals the gaps in capacity of health institution and system in terms of training, supply, equipments, and diagnostics. However, training of health workers, supply of essential medicines and improvising the service delivery would supplement the effective implementation of PEN in Nepal.

scholarly journals Mean Dietary Salt Intake in Vanuatu: A Population Survey of 755 Participants on Efate Island

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 916
Author(s):  
Katherine Paterson ◽  
Nerida Hinge ◽  
Emalie Sparks ◽  
Kathy Trieu ◽  
Joseph Alvin Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Salt Consumption

Non-communicable diseases are responsible for 63% of global deaths, with a higher burden in low- and middle-income countries. Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular-disease-related deaths worldwide, and approximately 1.7 million deaths are directly attributable to excess salt intake annually. There has been little research conducted on the level of salt consumption amongst the population of Vanuatu. Based on data from other Pacific Island countries and knowledge of changing regional diets, it was predicted that salt intake would exceed the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommended maximum of 5 g per day. The current study aimed to provide Vanuatu with a preliminary baseline assessment of population salt intake on Efate Island. A cross-sectional survey collected demographic, clinical, and urine data from participants aged 18 to 69 years in rural and urban communities on Efate Island in October 2016 and February 2017. Mean salt intake was determined to be 7.2 (SD 2.3) g/day from spot urine samples, and 5.9 (SD 3.6) g/day from 24-h urine samples, both of which exceed the WHO recommended maximum. Based on the spot urine samples, males had significantly higher salt intake than females (7.8 g compared to 6.5 g; p < 0.001) and almost 85% of the population consumed more than the WHO recommended maximum daily amount. A coordinated government strategy is recommended to reduce salt consumption, including fiscal policies, engagement with the food industry, and education and awareness-raising to promote behavior change.

A Study of the Effects of Facility and Service Provision on Physical Activity among Students and Staff at MCAST

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-60
Author(s):  
Renzo Kerr Cumbo ◽  
Matthew Muscat Inglott ◽  
Dorianne Caruana Bonnici
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Compulsory Education ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Detailed Model ◽  
International Trends

Physical Inactivity is considered a key global risk factor for non-communicable diseases and premature mortality. In its 2017 global action plan, the World Health Organization (WHO) committed to reducing inactivity by 10% by 2025, representing a call-to-action for researchers worldwide to further explore physical activity (PA) trends in applied real world contexts. While research in Malta has revealed some valuable insights about PA among children and youths in compulsory education settings, less is known about the early adulthood years and the effect of higher education settings on PA habits. A cross-sectional survey design, and mixed methods approach to analysis was therefore developed to investigate PA trends among students and staff at MCAST, in light of various international trends and existing organizational structures at the college, namely, the effects of the provision and organization of facilities and activities on campus. The results show that 44% of students and staff at MCAST achieve WHO recommendations, while controlling for the effects of sports students’ PA levels the rate fell to 31% among the remaining student population, and 36% among staff. The achievement of PA recommendations was generally reflective of international trends in college and university settings, while the data on facility-use and activity-participation among various stratifications of students and staff are presented in the findings as a detailed model for assisting prospective development of more relevant, engaging, and effective PA-related initiatives and policies at MCAST.

scholarly journals Simplified Assessment of Antiretroviral Adherence and Prediction of Virological Efficacy in HIV-Infected Patients in Cambodia

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Segeral ◽  
Yoann Madec ◽  
Boroath Ban ◽  
Vara Ouk ◽  
Chan Roeurn Hak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Markers ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Antiretroviral Adherence ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Virological Success ◽  
Poor Access ◽  
Virological Efficacy

Background. Adherence to antiviral therapy is important for HIV-infected people living in low- and middle-income countries, because of poor access to alternative regimens.Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of adherence in Cambodian patients enrolled in the ESTHER program and treated with WHO first-line regimen for at least 6 months. The survey was based on a self-report questionnaire, drug assay, MCV measurement, visual analog scale, and viral load HIV RNA.Results. Two hundred fifty-nine patients treated for a median of 16 months participated in the survey. At inclusion in the program, 158 patients (61%) were ARV-naïve. The virological success rate was 71% overall and 81% in previously ARV-naive patients. Considered individually, the measures suggested perfect adherence in 71% to 93% of patients. In multivariate analysis adjusted for sex and therapeutic status before HAART initiation, only the biological markers were associated with virological efficacy. Self-funded treatment before entry to the program was highly predictive of virological failure.Conclusion. Adherence was excellent in these Cambodian patients. Biological markers were predictive of virological efficacy. MCV might thus serve as a simple alternative for assessing adherence and predicting virological efficacy among patients receiving AZT- or d4T-based regimens.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Predictors of Smoking among Gambian Men: A Cross-Sectional National WHO STEP Survey

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (23) ◽  
pp. 4719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cham ◽  
Scholes ◽  
Groce ◽  
Mindell
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Status ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The World ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Low Prevalence

Background: Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in the world, with a higher burden in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to quantify the prevalence and predictors of smoking among Gambian men using nationally representative data. Methods: Data was collected in 2010 from a random, nationally representative sample of 4111 adults aged 25–64 years (78% response rate) using the World Health Organization (WHO) STEPwise cross-sectional survey methods. Our analyses focused on men with valid information on smoking status (n = 1766) because of the low prevalence of smoking among women (1%). Results: The prevalence of current smoking among men was 31.4% (95% CI: 27.2–35.9). The median age of starting smoking was 19 years; 25% started before the age of 18 years and 10% started aged 8–10 years. Rural residence, underweight, and hypertension were significantly associated with smoking. Conclusion: The study reveals a high prevalence of smoking among Gambian men. It is evident that cigarettes are obtained by minors in The Gambia, as a high proportion of current smokers started at a young age. Advice and support to quit smoking should be extended to all smokers regardless of their age and whether or not they have any underlying health conditions.

scholarly journals Building Capacity for Global Tobacco Treatment: International Frontline Provider Perspectives

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-94
Author(s):  
Henrique P. Gomide ◽  
Kimber P. Richter ◽  
Erica Cruvinel ◽  
Leonardo Fernandes Martins ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Access To Treatment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Treatment Providers ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Provider Perspectives ◽  
Tobacco Treatment ◽  
Political Alliances ◽  
Poor Access

Introduction: Many countries are enacting tobacco treatment training, guidelines and policies in order to fulfil Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) treaty agreements. This study tapped the perspectives of international treatment providers to identify challenges and recommendations for improvement.Methods: The cross-sectional survey included closed- and open-ended items. Distribution included professional listservs (ATTUD; Global Bridges; ENSH Global) and word-of-mouth. The survey collected data using an open-source platform (Enketo Smart Paper/Ona). We used R for quantitative analysis and Google Sheets to categorize open-ended responses.Results: There were 155 respondents from 49 countries. Most (78.6%) provided direct services. Almost half (48.1%) reported receiving less than 6 hours of tobacco treatment training; respondents from low and lower-middle income countries (LMICs) received significantly less training (Fisher's p < 0.014). Likewise, among all respondents, 43% rated poor access to treatment; this rose to 100% among LMICs (Fisher's p < 0.001). To improve treatment and training, respondents suggested increasing government funding for pharmacotherapy and behavioural services; providing training in local languages and in the treatment of smokeless tobacco forms; trainee certification and access to online support for providers.Conclusions: Globally, half of front-line treatment providers reported having poor access to training; this was true for all providers in LMICs and most in upper middle-income countries. Existing online trainings, available mainly in English, could be migrated to open-access formats to permit countries to tailor them to their local needs and languages. Countries in geographical proximity or historical linguistic/political alliances could forge cross-country mentoring relationships and mutual support for training.

scholarly journals The Availability of Improved Sanitation Facilities and Its Associated Factors in the 12th District of Kandahar City, Afghanistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Esmat Ullah Muslim ◽  
Muhammad Haroon Stanikzai ◽  
Abdul Wahed Wasiq ◽  
Ahmad Khan ◽  
Hadia Sayam
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Joint Monitoring ◽  
Sustainable Developmental Goals

Background. The majority of people practicing open defecation and utilizing unhealthy sanitation facilities are in the developing world. The utilization of unimproved sanitation facilities remains the primary risk factor for many diseases, including nutritional diseases, diarrheal diseases, typhoid, cholera, and dysentery, particularly among children. Objectives. This study was carried out to assess the availability of improved sanitation facilities and factors associated with it in the 12th district of Kandahar city, Kandahar Province, Afghanistan. Methods. The study is a cross-sectional survey, conducted between September and October 2019. A structured questionnaire was used to gather self-reported information of the respondents, including sociodemographic information, household characteristics, and behavioral and environmental characteristics of the available sanitation facilities. Factors associated with the availability of the improved sanitation facility were determined using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results. In this study, the availability of improved sanitation facilities was 85.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 77.6%–92.1%). It was significantly influenced by living in a private house (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.99 (95% CI; 1.43–6.26)); inside location of latrine (AOR = 14.31 (95% CI; 3.59–56.99)); individual household latrine (AOR = 2.03 (1.04–3.95)); and the number of latrines in the household (AOR = 5.04 (2.45–10.35)). Conclusion. The availability of improved sanitation facilities was higher compared to the national level in the study area. This study provides significant evidence on approaches in line with the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Joint Monitoring Program and Sustainable Developmental Goals (SDGs) for enhancing the availability of improved sanitation facilities in Kandahar city.

scholarly journals The rural Uganda non-communicable disease (RUNCD) study: prevalence and risk factors of self-reported NCDs from a cross sectional survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trishul Siddharthan ◽  
Robert Kalyesubula ◽  
Brooks Morgan ◽  
Theresa Ermer ◽  
Tracy L. Rabin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Disease Information ◽  
Rural Africa ◽  
Non Communicable Disease

Abstract Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are an increasing global concern, with morbidity and mortality largely occurring in low- and middle-income settings. We established the prospective Rural Uganda Non-Communicable Disease (RUNCD) cohort to longitudinally characterize the NCD prevalence, progression, and complications in rural Africa. Methods We conducted a population-based census for NCD research. We systematically enrolled adults in each household among three sub-counties of the larger Nakaseke Health district and collected baseline demographic, health status, and self-reported chronic disease information. We present our data on self-reported chronic disease, as stratified by age, sex, educational attainment, and sub-county. Results A total of 16,694 adults were surveyed with 10,563 (63%) respondents enrolled in the self-reported study. Average age was 37.8 years (SD = 16.5) and 45% (7481) were male. Among self-reported diseases, hypertension (HTN) was most prevalent (6.3%). 1.1% of participants reported a diagnosis of diabetes, 1.1% asthma, 0.7% COPD, and 0.4% kidney disease. 2.4% of the population described more than one NCD. Self-reported HTN was significantly higher in the peri-urban subcounty than in the other two rural sub-counties (p < 0.001); diagnoses for all other diseases did not differ significantly between sub-counties. Odds for self-reported HTN increased significantly with age (OR = 1.87 per 10 years of age, 95% CI 1.78–1.96). Male sex was associated with lower odds of reporting asthma (OR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.34–0.82) or HTN (OR = 0.31, 95% CI 0.26–0.40). Conclusions The RUNCD will establish one of the largest NCD patient cohorts in rural Africa. First analysis highlights the feasibility of systematically enrolling large numbers of adults living in a rural Ugandan district. In addition, our study demonstrates low levels of self-reported NCDs compared to the nation-wide established levels, emphasizing the need to better educate, characterize, and care for the majority of rural communities.

scholarly journals LINC-21. SURVEY ON THE RESOURCES AVAILABLE FOR PEDIATRIC NEURO-ONCOLOGY IN CHILE, SOUTH AMERICA

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii382-iii382
Author(s):  
Mohammad H Abu-Arja ◽  
Nicolás Rojas del Río ◽  
Andres Morales La Madrid ◽  
Alvaro Lassaletta ◽  
Rosita Moreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cns Tumors ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Cell Transplant ◽  
Hematopoietic Cell Transplant ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract BACKGROUND We report the human and material resources available in Chilean institutions providing pediatric neuro-oncology services. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was distributed to 17 hospitals providing pediatric neuro-oncology services (Programa Infantil Nacional de Drogas Antineoplásicas (PINDA) centers=11, Private=6). RESULTS Response rate was 71% (PINDA=8; Private=4). Pediatric neuro-oncology services were mainly provided within general hospitals (67%). Registries for pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors and chemotherapy-related toxicities were available in 100% and 67% of centers, respectively. Children with CNS tumors were treated by pediatric oncologists in 92% of institutions; none were formally trained in neuro-oncology. The most utilized treatment protocols were the national PINDA protocols followed by the Children’s Oncology Group protocols. All World Health Organization essential medicines for childhood cancer were available in more than 80% of participating institutions except for gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, and procarbazine. The median number of pediatric neurosurgeons per institution was two (range,0–8). General neuro-radiologists were available in 83% of institutions. Pathology specimens were sent to pediatric neuropathologists (33%), neuropathologists (25%), adult pathologists (25%), and pediatric pathologists (16.7%). In-house pediatric radiation oncologists were available in 25% of centers. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy, conformal radiotherapy and cobalt radiotherapy were utilized by 67%, 58% and 42% of hospitals, respectively. Only one center performed autologous hematopoietic cell transplant for pediatric CNS tumors. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a glimpse into the pediatric neuro-oncology services available in Chile. A wide range of up-to-date treatment modalities is available for children with CNS tumors in Chile. Establishing formal pediatric neuro-oncology training may be beneficial.

MORBIDITY PATTERN AMONG ADOLESCENT SCHOOL GIRLS IN RURAL AND URBAN SCHOOL OF JHANSI (U.P.)- A COMPARATIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shubhanshu Gupta ◽  
Sanjeev Kumar ◽  
Piyush D Swami ◽  
Anjana Niranjan
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Population ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban

Background: According to World Health Organization, adolescents constitute about one fifth of the world population, and in India they constitute about 21% of the total population. Most of the surveys show that health status of adolescent girls is at sub-optimal level. Objectives: To assess nutritional status and morbidity pattern among the adolescent girls and to suggest measures for improvement of health status of adolescent girls.  Method: A community based cross-sectional study was carried out among 250 adolescent schoolgirls in Rural and urban field practice area of Jhansi school from January 2017 to July 2014. Results: Among the various morbidities eye problem was seen in maximum no of adolescent girls. Eye problem was present in 44.8% of adolescent girls followed by respiratory 14.7% and ear 13.06% disease. Skin disease was present in 3.2% of adolescent girls, which was more in rural girls 6.7% than in urban girls 1.7%, may be due to better hygienic practice in urban schoolgirls. Conclusions: Rural background, low socioeconomic status, illiteracy, birth rate and order, income and number of members in a family have shown to be significant determinants of morbidity pattern in the adolescent girls. Keywords: Adolescent, anemia, morbidity, vaginal discharge.

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