scholarly journals A Review on Equine Piroplasmosis: Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, Risk Factors, Host Immunity, Diagnosis and Control

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1736 ◽  
Author(s):  
ThankGod E. Onyiche ◽  
Keisuke Suganuma ◽  
Ikuo Igarashi ◽  
Naoaki Yokoyama ◽  
Xuenan Xuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Vector Ecology ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Equine Piroplasmosis ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
Tick Vectors ◽  
And Control

Equine Piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease caused by apicomplexan protozoan parasites, Babesia caballi and Theileria equi. The disease is responsible for serious economic losses to the equine industry. It principally affects donkeys, horses, mules, and zebra but DNA of the parasites has also been detected in dogs and camels raising doubt about their host specificity. The disease is endemic in tropical and temperate regions of the world where the competent tick vectors are prevalent. Infected equids remain carrier for life with T. equi infection, whilst, infection with B. caballi is cleared within a few years. This review focuses on all aspects of the disease from the historical overview, biology of the parasite, epidemiology of the disease (specifically highlighting other non-equine hosts, such as dogs and camels), vector, clinical manifestations, risk factors, immunology, genetic diversity, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

scholarly journals First report of genetic diversity and risk factor analysis of equine piroplasm infection in equids in Jilin, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaowei Zhao ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
Shuang Zhang ◽  
Suzhu Xie ◽  
Hang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Jilin Province ◽  
Risk Factor Analysis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Babesia Caballi ◽  
Equine Piroplasmosis

Abstract Background Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne hemoprotozoan disease of equids, caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi. Equine piroplasmosis represents a serious challenge to the equine industry due to important economic losses worldwide. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infections in equids from Jilin Province, China. Methods A total of 220 blood samples (192 horses and 28 donkeys/mules) were collected from March 2018 to October 2019 in five districts of Jilin Province and analyzed by PCR. Potential risk factors, including the region, sex, management, and host species of the animals were assessed in relation to T. equi infection. Moreover, the V4 hypervariable region of the T. equi 18S rRNA gene was analyzed to identify specific genotypes. Results The overall prevalence of T. equi in equids was 27.7%, whereas B. caballi infection was not identified. The district with the highest positive rate was Baicheng (43.3%), followed by Tonghua (28.9%), Yanbian (26.4%), Jilin (23.3%), and Liaoyuan (20.9%). The sex of the animals and farm management were identified as main risk factors, which were significantly associated with the prevalence of Equine piroplasmosis (P < 0.05). The risk factor analysis indicated that the females were at a higher risk (OR: 2.48, 95% CI: 1.17–5.27) of being infected compared to the males, whereas the organized farm was protective factor (OR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.22–0.80). The phylogenetic analyses revealed that there were two T. equi genotypes (A and E) in Jilin. Conclusions Our findings provided important epidemiological data for the prevention and control of T. equi infection in Jilin, China.

scholarly journals Aflatoxins: A Brief Review of their Chemical Properties, Toxicological Effects and Control Measures

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-46
Author(s):  
Eloiza Sarmento Amoras ◽  
Anderson Luiz Pena Costa
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Vegetable Foods ◽  
And Control

Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by the fungi of the genus Aspergillus. These substances cause food poisoning with clinical manifestations that vary according to the time of exposure and concentration of the dose ingested, representing a serious public health problem for compromising the food security, also causing considerable economic losses both in the production of stocked vegetable foods, as well as in the livestock contaminated with these substances through the feed. Therefore, this literature review aims to introduce some aspects related to the contamination of food by the fungi of the genus Aspergillus, the chemical and toxicological properties of the aflatoxins, as well as the strategies of control to avoid them in food.

scholarly journals Canine Babesiosis: Where Do We Stand?

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bilić Petra ◽  
Kuleš Josipa ◽  
Barić Rafaj Renata ◽  
Mrljak Vladimir
Keyword(s):  
Species Recognition ◽  
Therapy Monitoring ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Canine Babesiosis ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Clinicopathological Findings ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
Appropriate Therapy ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Canine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease caused by protozoal haemoparasites of different Babesia species. Babesiosis is one of the most important globally extended and quickly spreading tick-borne infections of dogs. This comprehensive review gives an in-depth overview of Babesia species currently identified in dogs together with relevant vector tick species and their geographical distribution, life cycle and transmission of parasite. The main mechanisms in the pathogenesis of babesiosis are described and elucidated by recent literature overview. As Babesia infection causes a disease with very variable clinical manifestations, special attention is given to clinical signs, laboratory features and clinicopathological findings. The diagnosis of canine babesiosis by microscopy, serological and molecular methods is reviewed, together with recent advances in mass spectrometry based assays. Accurate detection and species recognition are important for the selection of the appropriate therapy, monitoring and prediction of the outcome of the disease. Finally, guidelines for the treatment and prevention of canine babesiosis are given.

scholarly journals Endochin-like quinolone-300 and ELQ-316 inhibit Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, B. caballi and Theileria equi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Suarez ◽  
Marta G. Silva ◽  
Reginaldo G. Bastos ◽  
J. Stone Doggett ◽  
Michael K. Riscoe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Babesia Bovis ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Bovine Babesiosis ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Equine Piroplasmosis ◽  
Apicomplexan Parasites ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: The most common apicomplexan parasites causing bovine babesiosis are Babesia bovis and B. bigemina, while B. caballi and Theileria equi are responsible for equine piroplasmosis. Treatment and control of these diseases are usually achieved using potentially toxic chemotherapeutics, such as imidocarb diproprionate, but drug-resistant parasites are emerging, and alternative effective and safer drugs are needed. Endochin-like quinolones (ELQ)-300 and ELQ-316 proved safe and efficacious against related apicomplexans, such as Plasmodium spp., and ELQ-316 was also effective against B. microti, without showing toxicity in mammals.Methods: Inhibitory effects of ELQ-300 and ELQ-316 were assessed on the growth of cultured B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. caballi and T. equi. Percentage of parasitized erythrocytes was measured by flow cytometry. Effect of the ELQ drugs on the viability of actively replicating horse and bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was assessed by ELISA. Results: We calculated IC50 ranging from 0.04 to 0.37 nM for ELQ-300, and from 0.002 to 0.1 nM for ELQ-316 at 72 hr among all cultured parasites tested. None of the parasites tested were able to replicate in cultures in the presence of the ELQs-300 and ELQ-316 at IC100, which range from 1.3 to 5.7 nM for ELQ-300 and from 1.0 to 6.0 nM for ELQ-316 at 72 hours. Neither ELQ-300 nor ELQ-316 altered the viability of equine and bovine PBMC at their IC100 in in vitro testing. Conclusions: ELQ-300 and ELQ-316 have a significant inhibitory activity on the main parasites responsible for bovine babesiosis and equine piroplasmosis at doses that are tolerable to host cells. These ELQ drugs may be viable candidates for developing alternative protocols for the treatment of bovine babesiosis and equine piroplasmosis.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi Infections in Horses in South Gujarat, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suresh V. Mavadiya ◽  
Ramesh M. Patel ◽  
Sudhir A. Mehta ◽  
Arshi A. Vagh ◽  
Irshad H. Kalyani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Smear ◽  
Blood Parasites ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Smear Examination ◽  
Blood Smears ◽  
Blood Smear Examination ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Tick Vectors

Background: Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease of horses caused by the intraerytrocytic protozoan parasites. The infected animals remain carriers of these blood parasites for long periods and spread the disease. The introduction of carrier animals into areas where competent tick vectors are prevalent can lead to an epizootic spread of the disease.Methods: Total 295 blood smears from diseased and healthy horses were examined and 295 serum samples were analyses by cELISA for the presence of antibodies against T. equi and B. caballi whereas 90 DNA samples from seropositive horses were screened by PCR for presence of parasite’s DNA. Result: In present study, 1.35% horses were found positive for T. equi by means of blood smear examination. Using c-ELISA, it was found that 03 (1.02%) horses had antibodies against B. caballi and 182 (61.69%) against T. equi, while none of the sample showed mixed reactions. Ninety (90) seropositivehorses screened for T. equi and B. caballi by PCR method, out of which, only Nine (09) horses werefound positive indicating an overall prevalence rate of T. equi was 10.00% by PCR. None ofthe horses found positive for B. caballi through blood smear examination and PCR method.

Equine piroplasmosis: an insight into global exposure of equids from 1990 to 2019 by systematic review and meta-analysis

Parasitology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (13) ◽  
pp. 1411-1424 ◽  
Author(s):  
ThankGod E. Onyiche ◽  
Moeti O. Taioe ◽  
Nthatisi I. Molefe ◽  
Abdullahi A. Biu ◽  
Joshua Luka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Diagnostic Technique ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Equine Piroplasmosis ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
And Control

AbstractEquine piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease of economic importance, relevant in the international movement of equids. The causative agents are at least two apicomplexan protozoan parasites Babesia caballi and Theileria equi. To date, there is no study that estimates global and regional exposure of equids to EP. We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence and heterogeneity of EP using random-effects model. Six electronic databases were searched for publications on EP and assessed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 66 eligible studies published between 1990 and 2019 and representing 24 041 equids were included. The overall pooled prevalence estimates (PPEs) of B. caballi was 22.3% (95% CI 21.7–22.8), while the overall PPE for T. equi was 29.4% (95% CI 28.7–30.0). The overall pooled prevalence due to co-infection with both parasites was 11.8% (95% CI 11.32–12.32). Also, subgroup analysis according to sex, age, diagnostic technique, equid species, region and publication years showed a substantial degree of heterogeneity across studies computed for both B. caballi and T. equi infections in equids. Awareness of the current status of EP globally will alert the relevant authorities and stakeholders where necessary on the need for better preventive and control strategies against the disease.

scholarly journals Twenty Years of Equine Piroplasmosis Research: Global Distribution, Molecular Diagnosis, and Phylogeny

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 926
Author(s):  
Sharon Tirosh-Levy ◽  
Yuval Gottlieb ◽  
Lindsay M. Fry ◽  
Donald P. Knowles ◽  
Amir Steinman
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Babesia Caballi ◽  
Equine Piroplasmosis ◽  
The World ◽  
Tick Borne Disease

Equine piroplasmosis (EP), caused by the hemoparasites Theileria equi, Theileria haneyi, and Babesia caballi, is an important tick-borne disease of equines that is prevalent in most parts of the world. Infection may affect animal welfare and has economic impacts related to limitations in horse transport between endemic and non-endemic regions, reduced performance of sport horses and treatment costs. Here, we analyzed the epidemiological, serological, and molecular diagnostic data published in the last 20 years, and all DNA sequences submitted to GenBank database, to describe the current global prevalence of these parasites. We demonstrate that EP is endemic in most parts of the world, and that it is spreading into more temperate climates. We emphasize the importance of using DNA sequencing and genotyping to monitor the spread of parasites, and point to the necessity of further studies to improve genotypic characterization of newly recognized parasite species and strains, and their linkage to virulence.

Molecular detection and prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in horses of central Balkan

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Darko Davitkov ◽  
Milos Vucicevic ◽  
Jevrosima Stevanovic ◽  
Vanja Krstic ◽  
Dajana Slijepcevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Specific Region ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Species Determination ◽  
Babesia Caballi ◽  
Equine Piroplasmosis ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractEquine piroplasmosis is significant tick-borne disease with wide distribution. The prevalence of equine piroplasmosis in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina is unknown. In aim to obtain a first insight into the prevalence we performed molecular epidemiological study which included 142 horses, on seven locations in these three countries. We first performed PCR for the detection of a 450bp long section of the 18S rRNA of piroplasma-specific region. For all positive samples we have done multiplex PCR for the species detection. Species determination was further confirmed by sequencing PCR products of 10 randomly selected

scholarly journals Molecular and microscopic detection of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi among working horses and donkeys in Cairo and Giza provinces of Egypt

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. Soliman ◽  
Nagwa M. Elhawary ◽  
Nashwa M. Helmy ◽  
Sahar M. Gadelhaq
Keyword(s):  
Ixodid Tick ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Conventional Pcr ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Babesia Caballi ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is an ixodid tick-borne disease caused by Theileria equi and/or Babesia caballi that can lead to severe health issues and economic losses among equine population. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of T. equi and B. caballi among Egyptian equines based on microscopy and conventional PCR. Also, to determine the effect of season, age, and sex of on their prevalence and determining the difference in sensitivity between microscopy and conventional PCR in the diagnosis of EP. This study was carried out on 432 blood samples randomly collected from 146 horses and 286 donkeys during a period from April 2016 to March 2018. Microscopic examination revealed that among horses, 13 (8.9%) and 4 (2.7%) were infected by T. equi and B. caballi respectively. While among donkeys, 22 (7.7%), 16 (5.6%) respectively. While mixed infections were detected in 4 (1.4%) donkeys. There was a statistically nonsignificant relation between prevalence of infection and season and sex of equines but the highest prevalence was recorded in age group less than 5 years old. By conventional PCR, among 64 horses, 15 (23.4%) and 8 (12.5%) were infected by T. equi and B. caballi, respectively. While among 76 donkeys, 36 (47.4%), 16 (21.1%), and 5 (6.6%) were infected by T. equi, B. caballi, and mixed infection, respectively. Our finding proved the existence of T. equi and B. caballi among equines.

scholarly journals Statin-associated muscle symptoms: epidemiology, risk factors, mechanisms and treatment

Kardiologiia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (5S) ◽  
pp. 4-12
Author(s):  
A. I. Dyadyk ◽  
T. E. Kugler ◽  
S. R. Zborowskyy ◽  
Yu. V. Suliman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Statin Treatment ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Lipid Lowering Therapy ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Lowering Therapy ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Alternative Lipid

Statins are widely prescribed and the risk of adverse drug reactions of lipid-lowering therapy is actively discussed, including muscle symptoms. This review synthesizes the knowledge about the clinical aspects of statin-associated muscle symptoms, which is important for the practitioner. Potential mechanisms of their development, risk factors, clinical manifestations, treatment and prevention are described. Timely detection the side effects of statins makes it possible to diagnose and eliminate, which is crucial for conducting lipid-lowering therapy for patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Management of statin-associated muscle symptoms requires altering (reduced dosages, use of another statin or alternative lipid-lowering drugs) or discontinuing the statin treatment. 

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