scholarly journals Infection Spread and High-Resolution Detection of Close Contact Behaviors

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Zhang ◽  
Boni Su ◽  
Pak-To Chan ◽  
Te Miao ◽  
Peihua Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Orientation Angle ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Building Energy Efficiency ◽  
Environment Design ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Infection Spread

Knowledge of human behaviors is important for improving indoor-environment design, building-energy efficiency, and productivity, and for studies of infection spread. However, such data are lacking. In this study, we designed a device for detecting and recording, second by second, the 3D indoor positioning and head and body motions of each graduate student in an office. From more than 400 person hours of data. Students spent 92.2%, 4.1%, 2.9%, and 0.8% of their time in their own office cubicles, other office cubicles, aisles, and areas near public facilities, respectively. They spent 9.7% of time in close contact, and each student averagely had 4.0 close contacts/h. Students spent long time on close contact in the office which may lead to high infection risk. The average interpersonal distance during close contact was 0.81 m. When sitting, students preferred small relative face orientation angle. Pairs of standing students preferred a face-to-face orientation during close contact which means this pattern had a lower infection risk via close contact. Probability of close contact decreased exponentially with the increasing distance between two students’ cubicles. Data on human behaviour during close contact is helpful for infection risk analysis and infection control and prevention.

scholarly journals Exploring Vertebrate Behavior at Mesocarnivore Carcass Sites: Implications for Non-Trophic Parasite Transmission

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzálvez Moisés ◽  
Carlos Martínez-Carrasco ◽  
Moleón Marcos
Keyword(s):  
Red Fox ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Camera Traps ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Domestic Species ◽  
Wild Canids ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Rubbing Behavior ◽  
Trophically Transmitted Parasites

Abstract The spatiotemporal distribution of parasites in ecosystems is heterogeneous. High infection risk is often associated with aggregations of animals around attractive resources. Here, we explore the behavior of potential hosts of non-trophically transmitted parasites at mesocarnivore carcass sites. We used videos recorded by camera traps at 56 red fox (Vulpes vulpes) carcasses and 10 carcasses of other wild carnivore species in three areas of southeastern Spain. In general, scavenging species, especially wild canids, mustelids and viverrids that display rubbing behavior, were more exposed to infection risk at carnivore carcass sites than non-scavenging and domestic species. The red fox was the species that most frequently contacted carcasses and marked and rubbed carcass sites. Foxes contacted heterospecific carcasses more frequently and earlier than conspecific ones, and close contact was more frequently observed at heterospecific carcasses. Thus, foxes seemed to avoid contacting carcasses in those periods and at carcass types of maximum risk of acquiring parasites. Overall, our results suggest that infection risk at carnivore carcass sites may take place mainly for visitor-carcass contact or contact with feces and urine rather than direct contact between visitors. Moreover, contact events between scavengers and carnivore carcasses are far more frequent than consumption events, which indicates that scavenger behavior is more constrained by the risk of acquiring meat-borne parasites than non-trophically transmitted parasites. This study contributes to filling key gaps in understanding the role of carrion in the landscape of disgust, which may be especially relevant in the current global context of emerging and re-emerging pathogens.

scholarly journals The Effects of Workgroup Negative Functions on Work Well-being during the COVID-19 Outbreak

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
Yu-Chen Yeh ◽  
Shan-Yan Huang*
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Job Stress ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cross Infection ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Mobile Community ◽  
Centers For Disease Control

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), limiting face-to-face interaction is one of the best strategies for reducing the spread of COVID-19. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has driven the demand for workgroup application solutions to reduce the risk of cross-infection caused by close contact. This study explores the effects of workgroup negative functions (WNF) on work well-being (WWB) through job stress (JST) from the perspective of the mobile community. The data of participants from different workgroups were collected during the COVID-19 outbreak. The results showed that (1) the workgroup negative functions (WNF) positively affects the job stress (JST); (2) the job stress (JST) negatively affects the work well-being (WWB); (3) the workgroup negative functions (WNF) directly has no significant effects on the work well-being (WWB).

scholarly journals Understanding potential implications for non-trophic parasite transmission based on vertebrate behavior at mesocarnivore carcass sites

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moisés Gonzálvez ◽  
Carlos Martínez-Carrasco ◽  
Marcos Moleón
Keyword(s):  
Red Fox ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Camera Traps ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Domestic Species ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Wild Canids ◽  
Rubbing Behavior ◽  
Trophically Transmitted Parasites

AbstractHigh infection risk is often associated with aggregations of animals around attractive resources. Here, we explore the behavior of potential hosts of non-trophically transmitted parasites at mesocarnivore carcass sites. We used videos recorded by camera traps at 56 red fox (Vulpes vulpes) carcasses and 10 carcasses of other wild carnivore species in three areas of southeastern Spain. Scavenging species, especially wild canids, mustelids and viverrids, showed more frequent rubbing behavior at carcass sites than non-scavenging and domestic species, suggesting that they could be exposed to a higher potential infection risk. The red fox was the species that most frequently contacted carcasses and marked and rubbed carcass sites. Foxes contacted heterospecific carcasses more frequently and earlier than conspecific ones and, when close contact occurred, it was more likely to be observed at heterospecific carcasses. This suggests that foxes avoid contact with the type of carcass and time period that have the greatest risk as a source of parasites. Overall, non-trophic behaviors of higher infection risk were mainly associated with visitor-carcass contact and visitor contact with feces and urine, rather than direct contact between visitors. Moreover, contact events between scavengers and carnivore carcasses were far more frequent than consumption events, which suggests that scavenger behavior is more constrained by the risk of acquiring meat-borne parasites than non-trophically transmitted parasites. This study contributes to filling key gaps in understanding the role of carrion in the landscape of disgust, which may be especially relevant in the current global context of emerging and re-emerging pathogens. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Assessing Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Hospital Acquired Infections Control by Anaesthesia Practitioners in the Operating Theatres of the Tamale Teaching Hospital (TTH); Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Mumuni Danaah Malick ◽  
Edem Yao Akpa ◽  
Peter Paul Bamaalabong
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infections ◽  
Hospital Infection Control ◽  
Operating Theatres ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Background: Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) place a significant economic burden on the healthcare system. Infection control practices are important in minimizing healthcare associated infections. However, low compliance with Universal and Standard Precautions has been reported in a number of studies. The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed baseline definitions for HAIs that were republished in 2004 and has defined HAIs as those that develop during hospitalization but are neither present nor incubating upon the patient’s admission to the hospital; generally, these infections occur between 48 to 72 hours after admission and within 10 days after hospital discharge. this study aimed at unveiling the level of knowledge, attitude and practices on infection prevention control in the operating theatres by anaesthesia practitioners at TTH. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed. A mixed-method approach was used for data collection which includes a structured questionnaire carried out via face to face interview and observation. Results: The study showed that 100% of the respondents have knowledge on hospital acquired infection control in the theatre in one way or the other whereas attitude and practices toward hospital infection control in the operating theatres are undesirable in some specific areas of infection control such as wearing of sterile gowns and goggle. As high as 80.6% and 69.4% do not wear goggle and gowns respectively whilst performing regional anaesthesia.  Conclusions:  This study demonstrated that anaesthetists at TTH have reported sub-optimal levels of compliance i.e. attitude and practices with selective infection control. The study further demonstrated that discrepancies exist between anaesthetists’ attitudes towards a guideline as well as their actual practice.

scholarly journals Indonesian Secondary School Students’ Happiness at the Beginning of Covid-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Heny Solekhah
Keyword(s):  
Distance Learning ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Secondary School Students ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
School Students ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Learning At Home ◽  
At Home

Happiness is a subjective assessment of individual wellbeing. Adolescents, especially secondary school students living in Islamic Boarding School, experience dramatic changes from learning at their dormitory with face-to-face teaching method to distance learning at home with minimum activities outside their houses. The survey was conducted on 111 respondents of students who had to return home due to the outbreaks of covid-19 pandemic for two months. The research found that the dramatic changes made them had difficulty to adapt new activities at home for a long time while studying independently through distance learning. Only a third of the sample felt happy during the online learning while the majority felt negative emotions such as boredom, unhappiness, and loneliness. The adolescents’ life satisfaction and community engagement significantly correlated with happiness although the size effects were medium. Female students also had lower happiness variables than males. To maintain their happiness, during the pandemic, most of them prefer activities that mostly trigger a sedentary lifestyle.

scholarly journals An assessment of mosquito collection techniques for xenomonitoring of anopheline-transmitted Lymphatic Filariasis in Ghana

Parasitology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 145 (13) ◽  
pp. 1783-1791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Millicent Opoku ◽  
Corrado Minetti ◽  
Worlasi D. Kartey-Attipoe ◽  
Sampson Otoo ◽  
Joseph Otchere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Trapping Efficiency ◽  
Mosquito Collection ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Specific Species ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Collection Methods

AbstractMonitoring vectors is relevant to ascertain transmission of lymphatic filariasis (LF). This may require the best sampling method that can capture high numbers of specific species to give indication of transmission. Gravid anophelines are good indicators for assessing transmission due to close contact with humans through blood meals. This study compared the efficiency of an Anopheles gravid trap (AGT) with other mosquito collection methods including the box and the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention gravid, light, exit and BioGent-sentinel traps, indoor resting collection (IRC) and pyrethrum spray catches across two endemic regions of Ghana. The AGT showed high trapping efficiency by collecting the highest mean number of anophelines per night in the Western (4.6) and Northern (7.3) regions compared with the outdoor collection methods. Additionally, IRC was similarly efficient in the Northern region (8.9) where vectors exhibit a high degree of endophily. AGT also showed good trapping potential for collecting Anopheles melas which is usually difficult to catch with existing methods. Screening of mosquitoes for infection showed a 0.80–3.01% Wuchereria bancrofti and 2.15–3.27% Plasmodium spp. in Anopheles gambiae. The AGT has shown to be appropriate for surveying Anopheles populations and can be useful for xenomonitoring for both LF and malaria.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Calodium hepaticum and Cysticercus fasciolaris in Urban Rats and Their Histopathological Reaction in the Livers

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharathalingam Sinniah ◽  
Muniandy Narasiman ◽  
Saequa Habib ◽  
Ong Gaik Bei
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Liver Parenchyma ◽  
Zoonotic Diseases ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Cysticercus Fasciolaris ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Calodium Hepaticum ◽  
Granulomatous Lesions ◽  
Almost All

Humans can get infected with several zoonotic diseases from being in close contact with rats. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence and histopathological changes caused by Calodium hepaticum and Cysticercus fasciolaris in infected livers of wild caught urban rats. Of the 98 urban rats (Rattus rattus diardii and Rattus norvegicus) autopsied, 64.3% were infected; 44.9% were infected with Caladium hepatica, 39.3% were infected with Cysticercus fasciolaris, and 20.4% were infected with both parasites. High infection rates suggest that urban rats are common reservoir for both parasites, which are potentially a threat to man. Calodium hepaticum infections were identified by the presence of ova or adults in the liver parenchyma. They appear as yellowish white nodules, measuring 1–7 mm in diameter or in streaks scattered widely over the serosal surface of the liver. Cysticercus fasciolaris infections are recognized morphologically by their shape (round or oval) and are creamy white in colour. Histological studies of Calodium hepaticum showed areas of granulomatous lesions with necrotic areas around the dead ova and adults. In almost all cases, the rats appeared robust, looked healthy, and showed no visible signs of hepatic failure despite the fact that more than 64.0% of their livers were infected by either one or both parasites.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Compliance in Control and Prevention Study of Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus Outbreak

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vuslat Kecik Bosnak ◽  
Mustafa Namiduru ◽  
Ilkay Karaoglan ◽  
Ayse Ozlem Mete
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Swab ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Prevention Study ◽  
Patient Room ◽  
Contact Isolation ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽  
Isolation Methods ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
The Impact

Objective. Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) colonization and the spread decrease with compliance and isolation guidelines. For the isolation methods to succeed, compliance with the isolation guidelines needs to be overseen. In this study, VRE outbreak among the Pediatric Ward patients, the preventative efforts to control this outbreak, and the impact of scoring tables used in controlling this outbreak on the success are explained.Design. Rectal swab cultures were taken from patients who were admitted to the Ward between October and December 2010 due to diagnoses of VRE and urinary tract infection.Results. VRE were isolated in the rectal swab samples of 34 patients. VRE infection findings were clinically detected in two of the cases with VRE isolation. Two isolations of VRE were detected on cultures from patient room door handle surface and the telephone in the room for common use. Close contact isolation was achieved and barrier precautions were taken for all cases, as soon as the detections were made. A scoring system was developed to evaluate the feasibility of and the compliance with the precautions to be taken.Conclusions. With the method presented in this study, the outbreak at our hospital was under control within two months.

Analysis and Research of Wind Environment of Energy Saving Buildings

2011 ◽  
Vol 243-249 ◽  
pp. 6246-6254
Author(s):  
Qian Feng
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Building Energy Efficiency ◽  
Environment Design ◽  
Wind Environment ◽  
Indoor Space ◽  
Traditional Research ◽  
Tongji University

Building Energy Efficiency is one of the most important goals for green architectural design. Natural ventilation is a building energy efficiency technique adapting to the environment. Compared with air conditioning, natural ventilation can reduce the energy consumption and bring new air to indoor space. However, air environment, as an important aspect of building optimal design, can be ignored easily in traditional research, the quantitative analysis aiming at the energy efficiency of natural ventilation is less. In this paper, we use Fluent Air-pak software and Wenyuan Building of TongJi University as an example, to analyze the air flow field of indoor natural ventilation and provide the method and theory of air-environment design.

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