scholarly journals Bisphenols as Environmental Triggers of Thyroid Dysfunction: Clues and Evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Gorini ◽  
Elisa Bustaffa ◽  
Alessio Coi ◽  
Giorgio Iervasi ◽  
Fabrizio Bianchi
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Toxicological Studies

Bisphenols (BPs), and especially bisphenol A (BPA), are known endocrine disruptors (EDCs), capable of interfering with estrogen and androgen activities, as well as being suspected of other health outcomes. Given the crucial role of thyroid hormones and the increasing incidence of thyroid carcinoma in the last few decades, this review analyzes the effects of BPS on the thyroid, considering original research in vitro, in vivo, and in humans published from January 2000 to October 2019. Both in vitro and in vivo studies reported the ability of BPs to disrupt thyroid function through multiple mechanisms. The antagonism with thyroid receptors (TRs), which affects TR-mediated transcriptional activity, the direct action of BPs on gene expression at the thyroid and the pituitary level, the competitive binding with thyroid transport proteins, and the induction of toxicity in several cell lines are likely the main mechanisms leading to thyroid dysfunction. In humans, results are more contradictory, though some evidence suggests the potential of BPs in increasing the risk of thyroid nodules. A standardized methodology in toxicological studies and prospective epidemiological studies with individual exposure assessments are warranted to evaluate the pathophysiology resulting in the damage and to establish the temporal relationship between markers of exposure and long-term effects.

scholarly journals Lactobacillus acidophilus stimulates the expression of SLC26A3 via a transcriptional mechanism

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (3) ◽  
pp. G395-G401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geetu Raheja ◽  
Varsha Singh ◽  
Ke Ma ◽  
Redouane Boumendjel ◽  
Alip Borthakur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Blot ◽  
Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽  
Promoter Activity ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Exchange Activity

Clinical efficacy of probiotics in treating various forms of diarrhea has been clearly established. However, mechanisms underlying antidiarrheal effects of probiotics are not completely defined. Diarrhea is caused either by decreased absorption or increased secretion of electrolytes and solutes in the intestine. In this regard, the electroneutral absorption of two major electrolytes, Na+ and Cl−, occurs mainly through the coupled operation of Na+/H+ exchangers and Cl−/OH− exchangers. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) acutely stimulated Cl−/OH− exchange activity via an increase in the surface levels of the apical anion exchanger SLC26A3 (DRA). However, whether probiotics influence SLC26A3 expression and promoter activity has not been examined. The present studies were, therefore, undertaken to investigate the long-term effects of LA on SLC26A3 expression and promoter activity. Treatment of Caco-2 cells with LA for 6–24 h resulted in a significant increase in Cl−/OH− exchange activity. DRA mRNA levels were also significantly elevated in response to LA treatment starting as early as 8 h. Additionally, the promoter activity of DRA was increased by more than twofold following 8 h LA treatment of Caco-2 cells. Similar to the in vitro studies, in vivo studies using mice gavaged with LA also showed significantly increased DRA mRNA (∼4-fold) and protein expression in the colonic regions as assessed by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. In conclusion, increase in DRA promoter activity and expression may contribute to the upregulation of intestinal electrolyte absorption and might underlie the potential antidiarrheal effects of LA.

scholarly journals Potential Adverse Effects of Resveratrol: A Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Shaito ◽  
Anna Maria Posadino ◽  
Nadin Younes ◽  
Hiba Hasan ◽  
Sarah Halabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Delivery Methods

Due to its health benefits, resveratrol (RE) is one of the most researched natural polyphenols. Resveratrol’s health benefits were first highlighted in the early 1990s in the French paradox study, which opened extensive research activity into this compound. Ever since, several pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancerous, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective properties, were attributed to RE. However, results from the available human clinical trials were controversial concerning the protective effects of RE against diseases and their sequelae. The reason for these conflicting findings is varied but differences in the characteristics of the enrolled patients, RE doses used, and duration of RE supplementation were proposed, at least in part, as possible causes. In particular, the optimal RE dosage capable of maximizing its health benefits without raising toxicity issues remains an area of extensive research. In this context, while there is a consistent body of literature on the protective effects of RE against diseases, there are relatively few reports investigating its possible toxicity. Indeed, toxicity and adverse effects were reported following consumption of RE; therefore, extensive future studies on the long-term effects, as well as the in vivo adverse effects, of RE supplementation in humans are needed. Furthermore, data on the interactions of RE when combined with other therapies are still lacking, as well as results related to its absorption and bioavailability in the human body. In this review, we collect and summarize the available literature about RE toxicity and side effects. In this process, we analyze in vitro and in vivo studies that have addressed this stilbenoid. These studies suggest that RE still has an unexplored side. Finally, we discuss the new delivery methods that are being employed to overcome the low bioavailability of RE.

Ultrastructural investigations of MDL 19,660-induced effects on the canine platelet and megakaryocyte

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
D.E. Loudy ◽  
J. Sprinkle-Cavallo ◽  
J.T. Yarrington ◽  
F.Y. Thompson ◽  
J.P. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Induced Aggregation ◽  
Internal Architecture

Previous short term toxicological studies of one to two weeks duration have demonstrated that MDL 19,660 (5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-2,4-dimethyl-3Hl, 2,4-triazole-3-thione), an antidepressant drug, causes a dose-related thrombocytopenia in dogs. Platelet counts started to decline after two days of dosing with 30 mg/kg/day and continued to decrease to their lowest levels by 5-7 days. The loss in platelets was primarily of the small discoid subpopulation. In vitro studies have also indicated that MDL 19,660: does not spontaneously aggregate canine platelets and has moderate antiaggregating properties by inhibiting ADP-induced aggregation. The objectives of the present investigation of MDL 19,660 were to evaluate ultrastructurally long term effects on platelet internal architecture and changes in subpopulations of platelets and megakaryocytes.Nine male and nine female beagle dogs were divided equally into three groups and were administered orally 0, 15, or 30 mg/kg/day of MDL 19,660 for three months. Compared to a control platelet range of 353,000- 452,000/μl, a doserelated thrombocytopenia reached a maximum severity of an average of 135,000/μl for the 15 mg/kg/day dogs after two weeks and 81,000/μl for the 30 mg/kg/day dogs after one week.

scholarly journals Ginsenoside Rh1: A Systematic Review of Its Pharmacological Properties

Planta Medica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (03) ◽  
pp. 139-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dao Tam ◽  
Duy Truong ◽  
Thi Nguyen ◽  
Le Quynh ◽  
Linh Tran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grey Literature ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Systemic Review ◽  
York Academy ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Literature Report ◽  
Positive Effects

AbstractGinsenoside Rh1 is one of major bioactive compounds extracted from red ginseng, which has been increasingly used for enhancing cognition and physical health worldwide. The objective of this study was to review the pharmacological effects of ginsenoside Rh1 in a systematic manner. We performed searches on eight electronic databases including MEDLINE (Pubmed), Scopus, Google Scholar, POPLINE, Global Health Library, Virtual Health Library, the System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe, and the New York Academy of Medicine Grey Literature Report to select the original research publications reporting the biological and pharmacological effects of ginsenoside Rh1 from in vitro and in vivo studies regardless of publication language and study design. Upon applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we included a total of 57 studies for our systemic review. Ginsenoside Rh1 exhibited the potent characteristics of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory effects, and positive effects on the nervous system. The cytotoxic effects of ginsenoside Rh1 were dependent on different types of cell lines. Other pharmacological effects including estrogenic, enzymatic, anti-microorganism activities, and cardiovascular effects have been mentioned, but the results were considerably diverged. A higher quality of evidence on clinical trial studies is highly recommended to confirm the consistent efficacy of ginsenoside Rh1.

scholarly journals Metformin decreases hyaluronan synthesis by vascular smooth muscle cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annele Sainio ◽  
Piia Takabe ◽  
Sanna Oikari ◽  
Henriikka Salomäki-Myftari ◽  
Markku Koulu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Vascular Smooth Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Long Term Effects

Metformin is the first-line drug in the treatment of type 2 diabetes worldwide based on its effectiveness and cardiovascular safety. Currently metformin is increasingly used during pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes mellitus, even if the long-term effects of metformin on offspring are not exactly known. We have previously shown that high glucose concentration increases hyaluronan (HA) production of cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) via stimulating the expression of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2). This offers a potential mechanism whereby hyperglycemia leads to vascular macroangiopathy. In this study, we examined whether gestational metformin use affects HA content in the aortic wall of mouse offspring in vivo. We also examined the effect of metformin on HA synthesis by cultured human VSMCs in vitro. We found that gestational metformin use significantly decreased HA content in the intima-media of mouse offspring aortas. In accordance with this, the synthesis of HA by VSMCs was also significantly decreased in response to treatment with metformin. This decrease in HA synthesis was shown to be due to the reduction of both the expression of HAS2 and the amount of HAS substrates, particularly UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. As shown here, gestational metformin use is capable to program reduced HA content in the vascular wall of the offspring strongly supporting the idea, that metformin possesses long-term vasculoprotective effects.

Nontoxic Silicon Nanocrystals and Nanodiamonds as Substitution for Harmful Quantum Dots

2009 ◽  
Vol 1241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Fucikova ◽  
Jan Valenta ◽  
Ivan Pelant ◽  
Vitezslav Brezina
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Silicon Nanocrystals ◽  
Nanocrystalline Silicon ◽  
Semiconductor Quantum Dots ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Long Term Stability

AbstractThe commercially available semiconductor quantum dots have been proven to be slightly to significantly toxic by recent publications depending on the chemical composition. We are developing new non-toxic fluorescent labels based on (i) nanocrystalline silicon, suitable for in vivo studies due to their biodegrability, and on (ii) nanodiamonds, intended mainly for in vitro use due to their long-term stability and nondegradilibity.

scholarly journals Long-term nicotine exposure dampens LPS-induced nerve-mediated airway hyperreactivity in murine airways

2017 ◽  
Vol 313 (3) ◽  
pp. L516-L523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Xu ◽  
Lars-Olaf Cardell
Keyword(s):  
Airway Hyperreactivity ◽  
Nicotine Exposure ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Contractile Responses ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms ◽  
Airway Infections ◽  
Before And After

Nicotine is a major component of cigarette smoke. It causes addiction and is used clinically to aid smoke cessation. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of nicotine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced airway hyperreactivity (AHR) and to explore the potential involvement of neuronal mechanisms behind nicotine’s effects in murine models in vivo and in vitro. BALB/c mice were exposed to nicotine in vivo via subcutaneous Alzet osmotic minipumps containing nicotine tartate salt solution (24 mg·kg−1·day−1) for 28 days. LPS (0.1 mg/ml, 20 µl) was administered intranasally for 3 consecutive days during the end of this period. Lung functions were measured with flexiVent. For the in vitro experiments, mice tracheae were organcultured with either nicotine (10 μM) or vehicle (DMSO, 0.1%) for 4 days. Contractile responses of the tracheal segments were measured in myographs following electric field stimulation (EFS; increasing frequencies of 0.2 to 12.8 Hz) before and after incubation with 10 µg/ml LPS for 1 h. Results showed that LPS induced AHR to methacholine in vivo and increased contractile responses to EFS in vitro. Interestingly, long-term nicotine exposure markedly dampened this LPS-induced AHR both in vitro and in vivo. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) inhibited LPS-induced AHR but did not further inhibit nicotine-suppressed AHR in vivo. In conclusion, long-term nicotine exposure dampened LPS-induced AHR. The effect of nicotine was mimicked by TTX, suggesting the involvement of neuronal mechanisms. This information might be used for evaluating the long-term effects of nicotine and further exploring of how tobacco products interact with bacterial airway infections.

scholarly journals Tedizolid: new data and experiences for clinical practice

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
Miguel Salavert Lletí ◽  
◽  
Víctor García-Bustos ◽  
Laura Morata Ruiz ◽  
Marta Dafne Cabañero-Navalon
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Information ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Recent Trial ◽  
Important Data ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Osteoarticular Infections ◽  
Potential Use

The most relevant information on the clinical uses of tedizolid from studies published in the last 18 months is presented in this brief review. The most important data indicate better tolerance and safety profile of long-term therapeutic regimes in off-label indications, such as osteoarticular infections and those caused by mycobacteria. Its lower risk of hazardous interactions compared to linezolid should be emphasized. Furthermore, tedizolid in its combination with rifampicin shows a more favourable way of acting as demonstrated in vitro and in vivo studies. A recent trial also opens the door for its potential use in nosocomial pneumonia caused by Gram-positive bacteria.

scholarly journals Scrophulariae Radix: An Overview of Its Biological Activities and Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Applications

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (17) ◽  
pp. 5250
Author(s):  
Hae-Jin Lee ◽  
Hae-Lim Kim ◽  
Dong-Ryung Lee ◽  
Bong-Keun Choi ◽  
Seung-Hwan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Amnesic Effect ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Apoptotic Effect ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Scrophulariae Radix (SR) has an important role as a medicinal plant, the roots of which are recorded used to cure fever, swelling, constipation, pharyngitis, laryngitis, neuritis, sore throat, rheumatism, and arthritis in Asia for more than two thousand years. In this paper, the studies published on Scrophularia buergeriana (SB) and Scrophularia ningpoensis (SN) in the latest 20 years were reviewed, and the biological activities of SB and SN were evaluated based on in vitro and in vivo studies. SB presented anti-inflammatory activities, immune-enhancing effects, bone disorder prevention activity, neuroprotective effect, anti-amnesic effect, and anti-allergic effect; SN showed a neuroprotective effect, anti-apoptotic effect, anti-amnesic effect, and anti-depressant effect; and SR exhibited an immune-enhancing effect and cardioprotective effects through in vitro and in vivo experiments. SB and SN are both known to exert neuroprotective and anti-amensice effects. This review investigated their applicability in the nutraceutical, functional foods, and pharmaceutical industries. Further studies, such as toxicological studies and clinical trials, on the efficacy and safety of SR, including SB and SN, need to be conducted.

scholarly journals Glyphosate Herbicide: Reproductive Outcomes and Multigenerational Effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Mercedes Milesi ◽  
Virginia Lorenz ◽  
Milena Durando ◽  
María Florencia Rossetti ◽  
Jorgelina Varayoud
Keyword(s):  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Social Concern ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Estrogenic Effects ◽  
Multigenerational Effects ◽  
Successive Generations

Glyphosate base herbicides (GBHs) are the most widely applied pesticides in the world and are mainly used in association with GBH-tolerant crop varieties. Indiscriminate and negligent use of GBHs has promoted the emergence of glyphosate resistant weeds, and consequently the rise in the use of these herbicides. Glyphosate, the active ingredient of all GBHs, is combined with other chemicals known as co-formulants that enhance the herbicide action. Nowadays, the safety of glyphosate and its formulations remain to be a controversial issue, as evidence is not conclusive whether the adverse effects are caused by GBH or glyphosate, and little is known about the contribution of co-formulants to the toxicity of herbicides. Currently, alarmingly increased levels of glyphosate have been detected in different environmental matrixes and in foodstuff, becoming an issue of social concern. Some in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that glyphosate and its formulations exhibit estrogen-like properties, and growing evidence has indicated they may disrupt normal endocrine function, with adverse consequences for reproductive health. Moreover, multigenerational effects have been reported and epigenetic mechanisms have been proved to be involved in the alterations induced by the herbicide. In this review, we provide an overview of: i) the routes and levels of human exposure to GBHs, ii) the potential estrogenic effects of glyphosate and GBHs in cell culture and animal models, iii) their long-term effects on female fertility and mechanisms of action, and iv) the consequences on health of successive generations.

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