scholarly journals Occupational Stress and Its Economic Cost in Hong Kong: The Role of Positive Emotions

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8601
Author(s):  
Oi Ling Siu ◽  
Cary L. Cooper ◽  
Lara C. Roll ◽  
Carol Lo
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Occupational Stress ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Job Insecurity ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Job Stressors ◽  
Organizational Constraints ◽  
The Cost

There has been less research on the costs of occupational stress attributed to certain job stressors in Chinese contexts. This study identified and validated common job stressors and estimated the economic cost in Hong Kong. The role of positive emotions in alleviating the economic costs of job stressors was also examined. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were adopted. The findings obtained from five focus group discussions and a survey validated five common job stressors: Job insecurity; quantitative workload; organizational constraints; interpersonal conflicts; and work/home interface. A total of 2511 employees were surveyed, with 2032 valid questionnaires returned (925 males, 1104 females, and 3 unidentified, whose ages ranged from 18 to 70 years). The economic costs were estimated by combining the costs of absenteeism, presenteeism, and medical expenses. Absenteeism mainly caused by job stressors of the work/home interface, job insecurity, and quantitative workload accounted for an annual economic cost of HK$550 million to HK$860 million. The annual economic cost due to presenteeism mainly caused by job stressors of job insecurity, interpersonal conflict, quantitative workload, and organizational constraints ranged from HK$1.373 billion to HK$2.146 billion. The cost of medical treatments associated with occupational stress was HK$2.889 billion to HK$4.083 billion. Therefore, the total annual economic cost of occupational stress was approximately HK$4.81 billion to HK$7.09 billion. Positive emotions, representing a less explored individual factor in the cost of occupational stress studies, was found to be negatively correlated with presenteeism and buffered the negative impact of job stressors on absenteeism. The theoretical contributions and practical implications of findings are discussed.

Modeling the likely economic cost of non-adherence to TB medicines in the Philippines

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 902-909
Author(s):  
D. Collins ◽  
H. Lam ◽  
H. Firdaus ◽  
J. Antipolo ◽  
P. Mangao
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Loss To Follow Up ◽  
The World ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
The Cost

SETTING: The Philippines has a population of over 90 million people and is one of the 22 highest TB burden countries in the world.OBJECTIVE: To understand the economic cost of non-adherence to TB medicines due to loss to follow up and stock-outs in the Philippines.DESIGN: Data were collected on the economic costs of non-adherence to TB medicines and a model was developed to show those costs under different scenarios.RESULTS: The model showed that as many as 1958 and 233 persons are likely to have died as a result of DS-TB and MDR-TB loss to follow up, respectively, and 588 persons are likely to have died as a result of TB medicine stock outs. The related economic impact in each case is likely have been to be as much as US$72.2 million, US$13.4 million and US$21.0 million, respectively.CONCLUSION: The economic costs of non-adherence to TB medicines due to loss to follow-up and stock-outs represent a significant economic burden for the country and it is likely that the cost of addressing these problems would be much less than this burden and, therefore, a wise investment.

scholarly journals Why Do People Seek Information? The Role of Personality Traits and Situation Perception

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayley Jach ◽  
Colin G. DeYoung ◽  
Luke D. Smillie
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Opportunity To Learn ◽  
Intellectual Engagement ◽  
Outcome Information ◽  
Uncertainty Intolerance ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Available Information

The opportunity to learn new knowledge is ever present. How do people decide if information has sufficient value to counteract the cost of obtaining it? We proposed a conceptual model of information seeking that emphasizes how personality traits and perceptions of situations may influence motivations to seek information to explore (related to trait curiosity and openness/intellect, and situations evoking more positive emotions and opportunities for intellectual engagement) or feel safe (related to trait uncertainty intolerance and neuroticism, and situations that evoke more negative emotions). Across two studies (N = 436; N = 316), information seeking was assessed with two widely-used paradigms (advance knowledge of a reward outcome and answers to trivia questions), as well as two variations of the trivia paradigm in Study 1. In all contexts, the available information was non-instrumental, having no practical utility within the context of the task. Consistent with our proposed exploration pathway, curiosity and openness/intellect predicted the choice to seek information for trivia and related stimuli, but not reward-outcome stimuli, and trivia stimuli were generally rated as more intellectually engaging, more positive, and less negative than reward-outcome stimuli. However, evidence for the safety pathway was only partially in line with predictions, with uncertainty intolerance predicting reward-outcome information seeking in Study 2 only. We consider possible modifications to our initial model and implications for information-seeking research. These studies provide a proof of concept that people display both trait- and context-dependent preferences for non-instrumental information, both of which are commonly overlooked in studies of information seeking.

The Economic Cost of Suicide in Ireland

Crisis ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan Kennelly
Keyword(s):  
Gross National Product ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Human Cost ◽  
Human Costs ◽  
The Cost

Abstract. Objective: To calculate the costs of suicide in Ireland. Method: The paper identifies all episodes of suicide in Ireland in 2001 and 2002, and projects the economic costs arising from these episodes over subsequent years. All prices have been converted to 2001 euros. Both direct and indirect costs were calculated. Indirect costs included both the cost of lost output and human costs. Results: The total cost of suicide is estimated at over Euro 906 million in 2001, and over Euro 835 million in 2002 (in 2001 prices). This is equivalent to a little under 1% of the gross national product in Ireland for those years. Conclusions: The results show that investment in health education and health promotion can be justified on the basis of the costs associated with suicide in Ireland. These costs fall on individuals, families, and society. The huge human cost of suffering associated with suicide can also be prevented through appropriate intervention to prevent death occurring. It is important that any suicide prevention strategy should include an evaluative framework to ensure that investment occurs in the areas most likely to generate the highest returns in term of suicides prevented and lives saved.

The role of personal resources in the relationship between job stressors and emotional exhaustion

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Szczygieł ◽  
Łukasz Baka
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Emotional Exhaustion ◽  
Job Stressors ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Interpersonal Conflicts ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Affective Traits ◽  
Organizational Constraints ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractOur study was designed to examine an individuals’ affective traits (i.e., dispositional affectivity and emotional intelligence) and job stressors (i.e., interpersonal conflicts, quantitative workload and organizational constraints) on emotional exhaustion. One hundred and fifty-three employees participated in our study. All of them worked in teams and their job required face-to-face contacts with clients. Our main hypothesis was that emotional intelligence acts as a moderator in the relationship between job stressors and emotional exhaustion. The results indicate that employees who report more interpersonal conflicts at work, greater quantitative workloads and greater organizational constraints also report more symptoms of emotional exhaustion. Moreover, the results show that all three stressors were significant as predictors of emotional exhaustion beyond the employee’s dispositional affectivity. The moderating effect of emotional intelligence was observed in the relationship between interpersonal conflicts at work and emotional exhaustion. The relationship between interpersonal conflicts and emotional exhaustion was observed only among employees who were low in emotional intelligence. In contrast, interpersonal conflicts and emotional exhaustion were unrelated among employees who were high in emotional intelligence. The results are discussed from the Job Demands–Resources model perspective.

scholarly journals Analysis and Modeling of Corruption among Entrepreneurs

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (16) ◽  
pp. 262-311
Author(s):  
Zhou Xiaohu ◽  
Mohammad Heydari ◽  
Kin Keung Lai ◽  
Zheng Yuxi
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
General Hypothesis ◽  
Rational Player ◽  
The Cost

Bribery may eradicate social welfare. In the current research, we inspected the mechanism of bribery behaviour based on the (NASH Theory or Non-Cooperative static game theory) which stated by John Forbes Nash Jr. in 1978. With the general hypothesis of “Rational Player,” two bimatrix game models are settled to evaluate the briber and the bribee strategy choice. After discussing the cost-benefit of the (Participants or players), some useful conclusions and dissolve analysis are drawn out. The current study provides three novel experiments that put both metaphors to the test. Overall, a little quantitative study has investigated sequential unethical behaviour. Insomuch prior studies focus on third-party observers’ acceptance of continuous vs. abrupt immoral acts, or the role of self-control and ethical disengagement in the slippery slope of lesser cheating acts empirical investigation contrasting ongoing to the abrupt occurrence of corruption is missing altogether. Recent advances in empirical corruption studies methodology allow the first examination of these different procedures while preserving the economic costs and benefits constant. In the current study, we used a recently improved corruption game by [Köbis, van Prooijen, Righetti, Van Lange, 2015].

scholarly journals Perception and evaluation of 23 positive emotions in Hong Kong and the Netherlands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Sun ◽  
Wai Kai Hou ◽  
Pui Hung Hui ◽  
Nicolson Y. F. Siu ◽  
Tiarah Engels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Social Engagement ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Emotional Experiences ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Individual Perceptions ◽  
Societal Level

Positive emotions are linked to numerous benefits, but not everyone appreciates the same kinds of positive emotional experiences. We examined how distinct positive emotions are perceived and whether individuals’ perceptions were linked to how societies evaluate those emotions. Participants from Hong Kong and the Netherlands rated 23 positive emotions on their individual perceptions (positivity, arousal, socially engaging) and societal evaluations (appropriate, valued, and approved of). We found that (1) there were cultural differences in judgements of all six aspects of positive emotions; (2) positivity, arousal, and social engagement predicted emotions being positively regarded at the societal level in both cultures; and (3) positivity mattered more for the Dutch, while arousal and social engagement mattered more in Hong Kong for societal evaluations. These findings provided a granular map of perception and evaluation of distinct positive emotions in two cultures, and highlight the role of cultures in the understanding of how positive emotions are perceived and evaluated.

scholarly journals Low costs and opportunities for efficiency: a cost analysis of the first year of programmatic PrEP delivery in Kenya’s public sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Peebles ◽  
Kenneth K. Mugwanya ◽  
Elizabeth Irungu ◽  
Josephine Odoyo ◽  
Elizabeth Wamoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Care Service ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
High Volume ◽  
First Year ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Time And Motion ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract Background In 2017, the Kenyan Ministry of Health integrated provision of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) into public HIV-1 care clinics as a key component of the national HIV-1 prevention strategy. Estimates of the cost of PrEP provision are needed to inform the affordability and cost-effectiveness of PrEP in Kenya. Methods We conducted activity-based micro-costing from the payer perspective to estimate both the financial and economic costs of all resources and activities required to provide PrEP in Kenya’s public sector. We estimated total and unit costs in 2019 United States dollars from a combination of project expense reports, Ministry of Health training reports, clinic staff interviews, time-and-motion observations, and routinely collected data from PrEP recipient files from 25 high-volume HIV-1 care clinics. Results In the first year of programmatic PrEP delivery in 25 HIV-1 care clinics, 2,567 persons initiated PrEP and accrued 8,847 total months of PrEP coverage, accounting for 2 % of total outpatient clinic visits. The total financial cost to the Ministry of Health was $91,175, translating to an average of $10.31 per person per month. The majority (69 %) of financial costs were attributable to PrEP medication, followed by administrative supplies (17 %) and training (9 %). Economic costs were higher ($188,584 total; $21.32 per person per month) due to the inclusion of the opportunity cost of staff time re-allocated to provide PrEP and a proportional fraction of facility overhead. The vast majority (88 %) of the annual $80,811 economic cost of personnel time was incurred during activities to recruit new clients (e.g., discussion of PrEP within HIV-1 testing and counselling services), while the remaining 12 % was for activities related to both initiation and maintenance of PrEP provision (e.g., client consultations, technical advising, support groups). Conclusions Integration of PrEP provision into existing public health HIV-1 care service delivery platforms resulted in minimal additional staff burden and low incremental costs. Efforts to improve the efficiency of PrEP provision should focus on reductions in the cost of PrEP medication and extra-clinic demand creation and community sensitization to reduce personnel time dedicated to recruitment-related activities. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT03052010. Retrospectively registered on February 14, 2017.

scholarly journals Enumerating the Economic Cost of Antimicrobial Resistance Per Antibiotic Consumed to Inform the Evaluation of Interventions Affecting their Use

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poojan Shrestha ◽  
Ben S Cooper ◽  
Joanna Coast ◽  
Raymond Oppong ◽  
Nga T. T. Do ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Cost

AbstractBackground– Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a colossal threat to global health and incurs high economic costs to society. Economic evaluations of antimicrobials and interventions such as diagnostics and vaccines that affect their consumption rarely include the costs of AMR, resulting in sub-optimal policy recommendations. We estimate the economic cost of AMR per antibiotic consumed, stratified by drug class and national income level.Methods– The model is comprised of three components: correlation coefficients between human antibiotic consumption and subsequent resistance; the economic costs of AMR for five key pathogens; and consumption data for antibiotic classes driving resistance in these organisms. These were used to calculate the economic cost of AMR per antibiotic consumed for different drug classes, using data from Thailand and the United States (US) to represent low/middle and high-income countries.Results– The correlation coefficients between consumption of antibiotics that drive resistance in S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, A. baumanii, and P. aeruginosa and resistance rates were 0.37, 0.27, 0.35, 0.45, and 0.52, respectively. The total economic cost of AMR due to resistance in these five pathogens was $0.5 billion and $2.8 billion in Thailand and the US, respectively. The cost of AMR associated with the consumption of one standard unit (SU) of antibiotics ranged from $0.1 for macrolides to $0.7 for quinolones, cephalosporins and broad-spectrum penicillins in the Thai context. In the US context, the cost of AMR per SU of antibiotic consumed ranged from $0.1 for carbapenems to $0.6 for quinolones, cephalosporins and broad spectrum penicillins.Conclusion– The economic costs of AMR per antibiotic consumed were considerable, often exceeding their purchase cost. Differences between Thailand and the US were apparent, corresponding with variation in the overall burden of AMR and relative prevalence of different pathogens. Notwithstanding their limitations, use of these estimates in economic evaluations can make better-informed policy recommendations regarding interventions that affect antimicrobial consumption and those aimed specifically at reducing the burden of AMR.

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