scholarly journals A Network Perspective on the Relationship between Screen Time, Executive Function, and Fundamental Motor Skills among Preschoolers

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (23) ◽  
pp. 8861
Author(s):  
Clarice Maria de Lucena Martins ◽  
Paulo Felipe Ribeiro Bandeira ◽  
Natália Batista Albuquerque Goulart Lemos ◽  
Thaynã Alves Bezerra ◽  
Cain Craig Truman Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Screen Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fundamental Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Abilities ◽  
The Relationship

The present study aimed to analyze the dynamic and nonlinear association between screen time, executive function (EF), and fundamental motor skills (FMS) in preschoolers, considering sex and body mass index (BMI) from a network perspective. Forty-two preschoolers (24 boys, 3.91 ± 0.77 years old) provided screen time, EF, FMS, and BMI data. EF was measured using the Go/No Go task, and accuracy of Go (sustain attention), reaction time of Go, and accuracy of No Go (inhibitory control) were considered. Relationships between screen time, EF, FMS, sex, and BMI were explored using a network analysis. The emerged network highlights that screen time is intensely associated with the other variables in the network, while the accuracy of Go has the greater connectivity with other nodes in the network (2.27), being the most sensitive to potential intervention changes. Moreover, sex (1.74), screen time (0.93), and accuracy of Go (0.71) showed the greatest closeness. This study showed that in the emerged network, independent of sex, screen exposure affects the accuracy on Go task, and these components affect the variables in the network, as motor abilities and tasks involved in inhibitory control.

Mental Ability, Reaction Time, Perceptual Motor and Motor Abilities in Handicapped Children

1969 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-30E ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Groden
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Mental Ability ◽  
Motor Abilities ◽  
Mental Age ◽  
Simple Motor ◽  
Complex Motor ◽  
Complex Motor Skills ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Outpatient Children

54 outpatient children of a mental retardation facility were administered tests of reaction time and simple and complex motor skills. The relationship between reaction time and mental age was eliminated when the complex, but not the simple, motor skills were held constant.

Haematocrit: Relationships with Blood Lipids, Blood Pressure and other Cardiovascular Risk Factors

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (01) ◽  
pp. 058-064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goya Wannamethee ◽  
A Gerald Shaper
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Blood Lipids ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryThe relationship between haematocrit and cardiovascular risk factors, particularly blood pressure and blood lipids, has been examined in detail in a large prospective study of 7735 middle-aged men drawn from general practices in 24 British towns. The analyses are restricted to the 5494 men free of any evidence of ischaemic heart disease at screening.Smoking, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol intake and lung function (FEV1) were factors strongly associated with haematocrit levels independent of each other. Age showed a significant but small independent association with haematocrit. Non-manual workers had slightly higher haematocrit levels than manual workers; this difference increased considerably and became significant after adjustment for the other risk factors. Diabetics showed significantly lower levels of haematocrit than non-diabetics. In the univariate analysis, haematocrit was significantly associated with total serum protein (r = 0*18), cholesterol (r = 0.16), triglyceride (r = 0.15), diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.17) and heart rate (r = 0.14); all at p <0.0001. A weaker but significant association was seen with systolic blood pressure (r = 0.09, p <0.001). These relationships remained significant even after adjustment for age, smoking, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol intake, lung function, presence of diabetes, social class and for each of the other biological variables; the relationship with systolic blood pressure was considerably weakened. No association was seen with blood glucose and HDL-cholesterol. This study has shown significant associations between several lifestyle characteristics and the haematocrit and supports the findings of a significant relationship between the haematocrit and blood lipids and blood pressure. It emphasises the role of the haematocrit in assessing the risk of ischaemic heart disease and stroke in individuals, and the need to take haematocrit levels into account in determining the importance of other cardiovascular risk factors.

scholarly journals PROBING THE CONSTRUCT VALIDITY OF LLAMA_D AS A MEASURE OF IMPLICIT LEARNING APTITUDE

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Yuichi Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Implicit Learning ◽  
Incidental Learning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aptitude Test ◽  
Oral Fluency ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Potential Test ◽  
Confidence Ratings

Abstract A subtest of the LLAMA test battery (LLAMA_D) has been proposed as a potential test of implicit learning aptitude. To improve its construct validity, in the present study, the original LLAMA_D (a) instructions for incidental learning were modified, and (b) confidence ratings of test responses and (c) reaction time (RT) measurements were added. This revised LLAMA_D was administered along with the other LLAMA subtests (LLAMA-B, -E, and -F). Unconscious knowledge that may (not) result from the exposure was assessed through the relationship between the accuracy/RT and confidence ratings. The results suggest that LLAMA_D accuracy largely reflects conscious retrieval of previously heard sound sequences. However, an index derived from the LLAMA_D RT measure (coefficient of variance) was associated with an aspect of oral fluency, which is presumably dependent on proceduralization. Several recommendations are proposed to redesign and extend LLAMA_D as a potential aptitude test for proceduralization.

RELATIONS OF MOTOR ABILITY OF BALANCE AND SUCCESS OF PERFORMANCE OF GYMNASTICS ELEMENTS ON THE FLOOR EXERCISE

sportlogia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-43
Author(s):  
Saša Jovanović ◽  
◽  
Snežana Bijelić ◽  
Adriana Ljubojević ◽  
Dalibor Fulurija ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Prediction Model ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Predictor Variable ◽  
The Other ◽  
Motor Ability ◽  
Training Methodology ◽  
Balance Ability ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between motor ability for balance and the performance of selected gymnastic elements on the floor in students aged 7-8 years, to provide an overview of the current motor status of the respondents at this age, and to develop suggestions for possible changes in the curriculum at this age, and to develop suggestions for supplementing training methodology. Training of selected gymnastics elements was conducted on a sample of 42 subjects who had no previous experience in performing gymnastics elements during regular physical education classes, and the predictor variable was tested using four tests assessing motor balance ability. The tests assessing motor balance ability showed a statistically significant predictive value for the performance of all three gymnastics exercises. It is noticeable that the value of the prediction model increased the more complex an item was derived, indicating the complexity of the motor balance space and the high and stable level of the same in the subjects at the time of testing. Regarding the tests used, it can be noted that the test FLAM was significantly involved in the prediction of performance success in all three gymnastic elements, while the other two tests showed their predictive value in the execution of the hand stand. On the other hand, the study shows that the gymnastic elements used should be used in physical education classes to contribute to the promotion and development of all motor skills of students and as part of the preparation for the execution of more complex elements on the floor and apparatus in higher grades.

scholarly journals Body Mass Index Moderates Brain Dynamics and Executive Function: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Kupis ◽  
Zachary T. Goodman ◽  
Salome Kornfeld ◽  
Celia Romero ◽  
Bryce Dirks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Brain Dynamics ◽  
Latent Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Obesity is associated with negative physical and mental health outcomes. Being overweight/obese is also associated with executive functioning impairments and structural changes in the brain. However, the impact of body mass index (BMI) on the relationship between brain dynamics and executive function (EF) is unknown. The goal of the study was to assess the modulatory effects of BMI on brain dynamics and EF. A large sample of publicly available neuroimaging and neuropsychological assessment data collected from 253 adults (18–45 years; mean BMI 26.95 kg/m2 ± 5.90 SD) from the Nathan Kline Institute (NKI) were included (http://fcon_1000.projects.nitrc.org/indi/enhanced/). Participants underwent resting-state functional MRI and completed the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) test battery (1). Time series were extracted from 400 brain nodes and used in a co-activation pattern (CAP) analysis. Dynamic CAP metrics including dwell time (DT), frequency of occurrence, and transitions were computed. Multiple measurement models were compared based on model fit with indicators from the D-KEFS assigned a priori (shifting, inhibition, and fluency). Multiple structural equation models were computed with interactions between BMI and the dynamic CAP metrics predicting the three latent factors of shifting, inhibition, and fluency while controlling for age, sex, and head motion. Models were assessed for the main effects of BMI and CAP metrics predicting the latent factors. A three-factor model (shifting, inhibition, and fluency) resulted in the best model fit. Significant interactions were present between BMI and CAP 2 (lateral frontoparietal (L-FPN), medial frontoparietal (M-FPN), and limbic nodes) and CAP 5 (dorsal frontoparietal (D-FPN), midcingulo-insular (M-CIN), somatosensory motor, and visual network nodes) DTs associated with shifting. A higher BMI was associated with a positive relationship between CAP DTs and shifting. Conversely, in average and low BMI participants, a negative relationship was seen between CAP DTs and shifting. Our findings indicate that BMI moderates the relationship between brain dynamics of networks important for cognitive control and shifting, an index of cognitive flexibility. Furthermore, higher BMI is linked with altered brain dynamic patterns associated with shifting.

scholarly journals A brief review on motor development: fundamental motor skills as a basis for motor skill learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 342-355
Author(s):  
Rodolfo N. Benda ◽  
Nádia F. S. Marinho ◽  
Marcelo G. Duarte ◽  
Patrick C. Ribeiro-Silva ◽  
Paloma R. Ortigas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Skill Learning ◽  
Motor Skill Learning ◽  
Motor Competence ◽  
Fundamental Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Activities ◽  
The Relationship

In this study, we review the relationship between motor development and motor learning, and present a new metaphor that represents the sequence of motor development, which highlights fundamental motor skills as an important phase in the process. As one of the most relevant phases of motor development, several studies that analyzed fundamental motor skills were reviewed in typical developing children as well as in children with disabilities. Most studies revealed motor performance levels below expected since proficiency was not observed. We discuss these results considering fundamental motor skills as essential for the motor development process. Such results raise the awareness of the need to offer children conditions to explore and experience motor activities in order to enhance motor competence.

Effects of Speed and Accuracy of Exertion of Force on the Relationship between Force Output and Fractionated Reaction Time

1991 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 327-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoko Kawabe-Himeno
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Isometric Contraction ◽  
Light Signal ◽  
The Other ◽  
Force Output ◽  
Motor Time ◽  
Premotor Time ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of speed and accuracy of force exertion on the relationship between force output and fractionated reaction time. Subjects exerted their force (10% or 40% of maximum isometric contraction) on “accurate” and “fast” tasks as rapidly as possible at the light signal. On the “fast” task, premotor time for the 40% target was lengthened in comparison with that for the 10% target, and motor time was shortened with an increase of force output. On the “accurate” task, on the other hand, premotor time was independent of magnitude of force, and no relation between motor time and force output was found. These findings show that the relationship between force output and fractionated reaction time may be affected by the effort to exert force accurately.

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