scholarly journals Competency in Object Control Skills at an Early Age Benefit Future Movement Application: Longitudinal Data from the NW-CHILD Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1648
Author(s):  
Anita E. Pienaar ◽  
Carli Gericke ◽  
Wilmarié du Plessis
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Skill Assessment ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Object Control ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
Child Study ◽  
Transfer Of Skills ◽  
Movement Skill Assessment

The level of competency in object control skills (OCSs) during early childhood is considered to be a possible determinant of the successful generalization of these skills during later childhood. This study aimed to determine if an association exists between competency in object control skills during early childhood (6–9 years) and the application of these skills during later childhood (12 years). The NW-CHILD longitudinal study (2010–2016), included a baseline and two time-point follow-up measures in grades 1, 4, and 7 of South African children. A total of 374 participants (boys = 178, 47.59% and girls = 196, 52.41%) completed testing at all three time-points and were analyzed. The Test of Gross Motor Development, Second Edition, and the Canadian Agility and Movement Skill Assessment were used to determine associations between object control skill competency during early and later childhood by using descriptive statistics, Spearman rank order correlations, and stepwise regression analysis. The level of object control skill competency at 6 and 9 years, significantly influences the application of these skills at 12 years. A high overall and significant contribution of OCS (4.6%, p < 0.01) to the variance in the skills and time scores at 12 years; p < 0.05 were found. Competence in object control skills at an early age can provide a baseline from where opportunities for progression or transfer of skills can result in more advanced skillful executions which consequently can be considered to be a cornerstone of improved future physical activity and healthier lifestyles.

scholarly journals Fundamental Motor Skills of Children in Deprived Areas of England: A Focus on Age, Gender and Ethnicity

Children ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leanne Adeyemi-Walker ◽  
Michael Duncan ◽  
Jason Tallis ◽  
Emma Eyre
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
Object Control ◽  
Fundamental Motor Skills ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
Males And Females

This study compared the mastery of fundamental motor skills (FMS) of males and females in early-childhood (four to five years, n = 170) and in middle-childhood (nine to ten years, n = 109) who attend schools in deprived and ethnically diverse areas of England. Process FMS (object control and locomotor skills) were observed using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2. Sprint speed over 10 meters and jump distance assessments were conducted using light gates and tape measures. A gender (male vs. female) by year-group (early-childhood vs. middle-childhood) interaction was shown for the process and product-oriented FMS measurements. Middle-childhood males and females demonstrated significantly greater FMS mastery, as compared to early-childhood (p < 0.05). Furthermore, middle-childhood males demonstrated significantly greater mastery of total FMS, object control skills, and product-oriented assessments, in comparison to females (p < 0.05). Children of Black and White ethnic groups achieved significantly greater mastery of locomotor skills, compared to Asian children, though this did not differ by year-group (p < 0.05). The results suggest that FMS development in deprived and ethnically diverse areas in England varies between genders during middle-childhood and ethnicity. Thus, interventions addressing the lack of FMS mastery achievement, shown in middle-childhood girls and children from Asian ethnic backgrounds, may be pivotal. Further exploration of the role of ethnicity would provide greater clarity in approaching interventions to improve FMS.

scholarly journals Fundamental Movement Skills and Physical Activity of 3–4-Year-Old Children within Early Childhood Centers in New Zealand

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 742
Author(s):  
Ajmol Ali ◽  
Claire McLachlan ◽  
Tara McLaughlin ◽  
Owen Mugridge ◽  
Cathryn Conlon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Object Control ◽  
Childhood Education ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
Movement Skills ◽  
Fundamental Movement Skills ◽  
Light Medium

We sought to describe and explore relationships between fundamental movement skills (FMS) and level of physical activity (PA; light-, medium-, vigorous, and kCal/hour) in preschool children, aged 3–4-years-old, across four early childhood education (ECE) settings. Children’s FMS were assessed using the Test for Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2; n = 81) and PA via accelerometers (S = 53). Eighty-four children participated, with 50 in both assessments. The TGMD-2 showed as the children got older, their locomotor skills (p < 0.001, r = 0.512) and object control motor skills (p < 0.001, r = 0.383) improved. Accelerometry showed children were primarily inactive at ECE (78.3% of the time). There were significant correlations between kCal/hour and light (p < 0.001, r = −0.688), moderate (p < 0.001, r = 0.599) and vigorous (p < 0.001, rs = 0.707) activity, and between gross motor quotient and locomotor (p < 0.001, r = 0.798) and object control (p < 0.001, r = 0.367) skills. No correlation was observed between gross motor quotient and kCal/hour. To conclude, children in this cohort were primarily inactive during ECE center hours. Moreover, gross motor quotient was significantly correlated to locomotor and object control skills.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic and Familial Factors Associated with Gross Motor Skills among US Children Aged 3–5 Years: The 2012 NHANES National Youth Fitness Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 4491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soyang Kwon ◽  
Meghan O’Neill
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Gross Motor Skills ◽  
Object Control ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
Us Children

The first aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of below average gross motor skills in a representative sample of US children aged 3 to 5 years. The second aim was to identify socioeconomic and familial characteristics that are associated with below average gross motor skills. Secondary analysis was conducted using the datasets from the 2012 National Health and Examination Survey National Youth Fitness Survey (NNYFS). The NNYFS assessed gross motor skills among 329 children aged 3–5 years, using the Test of Gross Motor Development-Second Edition (TGMD-2). Socioeconomic and familial characteristics of interest, such as family income and family structure, were asked in an in-person interview. This study estimated that one in three US children age 3 to 5 years old (33.9%) scored below average for gross motor quotient. In the gross motor subsets, one in four (24.4%) scored below average for locomotion and two in five (39.9%) scored below average for object control. Children living below the poverty threshold were more likely to have a higher gross motor quotient (odds ratio, OR = 2.76; 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.09–7.00). Girls were more likely to have a higher locomotor score (OR = 2.17; 95% CI = 1.10–4.25). Those living with other child(ren) aged ≤5 years were more likely to have a higher locomotor score (OR = 2.36; 95% CI = 1.01–5.54), while those living with child(ren) aged 6–17 years were more likely to have a higher object control score (OR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.24–2.69). This study revealed risk factors associated with poor gross motor development, furthering our understanding of gross motor development in early childhood.

Fundamental Motor Skill Proficiency of 6- to 9-Year-Old Singaporean Children

2017 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 584-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swarup Mukherjee ◽  
Lye Ching Ting Jamie ◽  
Leong Hin Fong
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Object Control ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
Fundamental Movement Skills ◽  
Early School ◽  
Age Appropriate ◽  
Motivation To Participate

Fundamental movement proficiency (FMS) is most successfully acquired during early school years. This cross-sectional study assessed FMS proficiency in Singaporean children at the start of and following 2.5 years of primary school physical education (PE). Participants were 244 children from Primary 1 and 3 levels. Fundamental movement skills (FMS) were assessed with the Test of Gross Motor Development–Second Edition (TGMD-2) that includes locomotor (LOCO) and object control (OC) subtests. Most children were rated “average” and “below average” for LOCO skills but “poor” and “below average” for OC skills without significant gender differences on either subtest or overall FMS proficiency and without FMS mastery. These young Singaporean children failed to exhibit age-appropriate FMS proficiency despite early PE exposure, and they demonstrated lags in FMS compared with the TGMD-2 U.S. normative sample. We discuss implications for sports competence perception, difficulty in coping with later movement learning expectations and reduced later motivation to participate in PE and play. We also discuss implications for preschool and lower primary school PE curricula with a particular focus on both OC skills and LOCO skills requiring muscular fitness like hopping and jumping.

A Quantitative Approach to Movement Skill Assessment for Children with Mental Retardation

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joonkoo Yun ◽  
Deborah R. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Skill Assessment ◽  
Multidimensional Model ◽  
Physical Competence ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Object Control ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Movement Skill Assessment

This study examined the psychometric properties of Ulrich’s (1988) Actual Physical Competence Scale for children with mental retardation. A total of 139 children with MR, 7 to 13 years of age participated. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a multidimensional model of skill assessment captures the motor performance of those with MR more accurately than a unidimensional model. Indices of goodness of fit for the multidimensional model were GFI = .91, RMSEA = .09, (χ2/df) = 2.15, and CFI = .93. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency for the total test battery was ICC = .91 and α = .62, respectively. When evaluating movement skills of children with mental retardation, a multidimensional model incorporating both locomotor and object control skills is recommended.

scholarly journals Memahami Pola Perkembangan Motorik Pada Anak Usia Dini

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-470
Author(s):  
Riris Eka Setiani
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Logical Consequence ◽  
Physical Growth ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Psychological Harm ◽  
Fixed Order

Abstract: Golden period, a phase which is essential for the growth and development of children. Not all parents and teachers have been comprehensively understand the importance of the golden period of development at an early age. As an important future, past all the potential sensitivity of children to thrive. Therefore, it would need to support an environment conducive to the development potential of children. Developments that first occurred in children are physical-motor development, motor development of the child within the meaning along with physical growth. Infants and children develop the skills of rolling, sitting, standing, and other motor skills in a fixed order and according to the specified time range. It is very important to be known by the parents and other educators. This discussion approach life. Motor skills are not developed an ability for granted, but rather through a process of learning and practice. Have motor development principles in its development so that there is a logical consequence of the development of such skills as motor development in childhood has a function and hazard category in its development that may result in physical or psychological harm. Understand it to be a necessity in order to avoid delays in the development of early childhood motor skills. Keywords: development, motor, child.

scholarly journals PERMAINAN KANCING UNTUK PENINGKATAN PERKEMBANGAN KETERAMPILAN FISIK-MOTORIK ANAK USIA DINI

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Clara Siti Sendari ◽  
Iin Indriani ◽  
Arifah A Riyanto ◽  
Dedah Jumiatin
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Skills Development ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Assessment Guidelines ◽  
Active Child ◽  
Statistical Analysis Methods

One aspect of physical-motor development in early childhood is the muscles that affect the development of strength and motor skills (rough and smooth) which can be increased through learning activities or play activities that are varied, creative, and fun in accordance with the character of an active child, dynamic and enthusiastic. Button play is an activity of playing using button media that has a variety of shapes, colors and sizes, which are carried out or packaged in various ways or strategies, including inserting buttons into bottles, rooting, connecting ribbons, attaching buttons according to their shape and color, moving buttons using tweezers, which is done by walking or running. The action research conducted in this class aims to find out the improvement of the child's physical-motor skills development through the button game approach which is carried out in two cycles. The technique used in data collection is through assessment guidelines and observation sheets. Data obtained from the results of research using statistical analysis methods and description analysis. The study was conducted on 15 children at an early age. Data from the results of research and analysis showed an increase in the development of physical-motor skills in children as subjects of the study. This shows that the button game can improve the development of physical-motor skills in the early childhood group.

Girls From Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Schools Exhibit Greater Object Control Skills Than Girls From Schools on the Upper Levels of Socioeconomic Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-335
Author(s):  
Ross D. Neville ◽  
Fergal Lyons ◽  
Brendan Doyle ◽  
Kimberley D. Lakes
Keyword(s):  
Motor Development ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Social Disadvantage ◽  
Socioeconomically Disadvantaged ◽  
Object Control ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Fundamental Movement Skills ◽  
Nested Structure ◽  
Status Data

This study compared fundamental movement skills (FMS) in children from schools on the lower and upper levels of socioeconomic status. Data were collected from 228 schoolchildren across five schools in Ireland. There were 147 children from schools of social disadvantage (Mage  = 7.67 [SD = 0.62] years; 55% boys) and 81 children from schools considered in the normal range for socioeconomic development (Mage  = 7.34 [SD = 0.26] years; 56% boys). FMS were assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development–2. Mixed models were used to estimate differences in FMS, while controlling for the nested structure of the data and for sex, age, body mass index, and class size. There was a substantial sex×school interaction, with girls from schools of social disadvantage exhibiting greater object-control skills proficiency than their counterparts in schools on the upper tertiles of socioeconomic development (standardized effect size = 0.66 [±95% confidence limits, ±0.50]; p = .02). The suggestion that children from social disadvantage are delayed in FMS is unsupported in this cohort. Differences in the structure of physical education and types of sports undertaken by children in schools of social disadvantage in Ireland are considered as explanations for this departure from previous studies.

Comparability of the Test of Gross Motor Development–Second Edition and the Test of Gross Motor Development–Third Edition

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie C. Field ◽  
Christina B. Esposito Bosma ◽  
Viviene A. Temple
Keyword(s):  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Reference Data ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Object Control ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
Grade 5 ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
Ball Skills

When a test is revised, it is important that test users are made aware of the comparability of scores of the new and the original test. We examined how scores on the Test of Gross Motor Development–Second Edition (TGMD-2) and Test of Gross Motor Development–Third Edition (TGMD-3) compared among children in middle childhood. Participants were 270 children recruited in grade 3 (54% female; Mage = 8 years 6 months) and followed through grade 5. Participants completed the skills of both tests. Subtest scores were converted into percent of maximum possible (POMP) scores to facilitate comparison. Although similar, uniformly the TGMD-3 POMP scores were slightly lower. Repeated measures analyses of variance revealed that locomotor subtest scores derived from both tests improved from grade 3 to grade 5, as did TGMD-3 assessed ball skills. However, there was no difference in TGMD-2 assessed object control skills over time. It appears that under-contribution by the underhand roll suppressed the trajectory of improvement of TGMD-2 assessed object control skills. This finding supports the exclusion of the roll from the TGMD-3. The consistent pattern of sex-based differences in TGMD-2 object control skill and TGMD-3 ball skills reinforces the need for male and female norm-reference data for ball skills.

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