Life Expectancy of the Ethnically Mixed: Register-Based Evidence from Native Finns

As the ethnic composition around the world is becoming more diverse, the need to produce vital statistics for ethnically mixed populations is continuously increasing. Our aim is to provide the first life expectancy estimates for individuals with uniform Finnish, uniform Swedish, and mixed Finnish-Swedish backgrounds, based on individuals in the native population of Finland who can be linked to both their parents. Life expectancy at birth in the period 2005–2015 was calculated from population and mortality numbers at the one-year level based on each person’s sex, year of birth, and the unique ethnolinguistic affiliation of the index person and each parent. Swedish-registered individuals with Swedish-registered parents had the longest life expectancy at birth, or 85.68 years (95% CI: 85.60–85.77) for females and 81.36 for males (95% CI: 81.30–81.42), as compared to 84.76 years (95% CI: 84.72–84.79) and 78.89 years (95% CI: 78.86–78.92) for Finnish-registered females and males with Finnish-registered parents. Persons with mixed backgrounds were found in between those with uniform Finnish and uniform Swedish backgrounds. An individual’s own ethnolinguistic affiliation is nevertheless more important for longevity than parental affiliation. Similar register-based analyses for other countries with mixed populations would be useful.

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Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy in Madrid (Spain)

10.31219/osf.io/s53jx ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sergi Trias-Llimós ◽

Usama Bilal

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Surveillance System ◽

Excess Mortality ◽

Daily Mortality ◽

Life Expectancy At Birth ◽

The World ◽

Using Data ◽

The Impact ◽

Mortality Surveillance ◽

Annual Mortality

The COVID-19 pandemic is causing substantial increases in mortality across populations, potentially causing stagnation or decline in life expectancy. We explored this idea by examining the impact of excess mortality linked to the COVID-19 crisis on life expectancy in the region of Madrid (Spain). Using data from the Daily Mortality Surveillance System (MoMo), we calculated excess mortality (death counts) for the weeks 10th to 14th in 2020 using data on expected and observed mortality, assuming no further excess mortality during the rest of the year. The expected annual mortality variation was +6%, +21% and +25% among men aged under 65, between 65 and 74 and over 75, respectively, and +5%, +13%, and 18% for women, respectively. This excess mortality during weeks 10th to 14th resulted in a life expectancy at birth decline of 1.6 years among men and 1.1 years among women. These estimates confirm that Madrid and other severely hit regions in the world may face substantial life expectancy declines.

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GeroPsychology

European Psychologist ◽

10.1027/1016-9040.11.4.312 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 312-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Rocío Fernández-Ballesteros

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Applied Field ◽

Well Being ◽

European Population ◽

Expected Number ◽

Life Expectancy At Birth ◽

The World ◽

Year 2000

Europe is the oldest continent in the world; in the year 2000, about 17% of Europeans (EU-15) were older than 65, and projections say that in the year 2025 one-fourth of the European population will have reached this age. Nevertheless, the threat to the population is not aging but disability; although life expectancy at birth is about 80, the expected number of years with disability runs from 5.7 to 7.2 years ( WHO, 2002 ). The United Nations recently approved the II International Plan of Action on Aging (MIPAA, UN, 2002) with special recommendation for the European region. This situation is highly demanding both for the science of psychology and for European psychologists. This article introduces a set of research programs - linked with the three priority directions of the MIPAA - as examples of how psychology is one of the disciplines calling for improved quality of life and well-being in old age and, therefore, GeroPsychology as an applied field should be consolidated in the next decades.

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Is Longevity Acceleration Sustainable? An Entropy-Based Trial of the Population of Spain vs. Japan

Mathematics ◽

10.3390/math9151810 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (15) ◽

pp. 1810

Author(s):

Amancio Betzuen Zalbidegoitia ◽

Amaia Jone Betzuen Álvarez

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Long Term Care ◽

Social Benefits ◽

Longevity Risk ◽

Financial Industry ◽

Term Care ◽

Mathematical Life ◽

The World ◽

The One

Longevity risk is a major concern for governments around the world as they have to address social benefits, whether in the form of pensions, healthcare, or caring for dependents and providing long-term care, and so forth, which directly impact countries’ budgets. This paper uses a single entropy index to measure this type of risk. This methodology is clearly different from the one traditionally used in the literature, which is nearly entirely based on measuring the evolution of mathematical life expectancy. The authors used the longest-living populations in the world, Japan and Spain, to create a database in order to analyse the virtue of the indicator. The aim was to establish whether the longevity of those populations is accelerating or decelerating, compared by sex, and whether that occurs at the same intensity at different stages of a person’s life in each case. If the indicator showed differences in intensity, it would be a benchmark for the insurance and financial industry, providing it with information to market different products.

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Covid-19 Will Reduce US Life Expectancy at Birth by More Than One Year in 2020

10.1101/2020.12.03.20243717 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Patrick Heuveline

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Opioid Overdose ◽

Cumulative Number ◽

Life Expectancy At Birth ◽

Johns Hopkins University ◽

Causes Of Mortality ◽

One Year ◽

The Impact ◽

The U.S

AbstractOn December 3rd, 2020, the cumulative number of U.S. Covid-19 deaths tallied by Johns Hopkins University (JHU) online dashboard reached 275,000, surpassing the number at which life table calculations show Covid-19 mortality will lower the U.S. life expectancy at birth (LEB) for 2020 by one full year. Such an impact on the U.S. LEB is unprecedented since the end of World War II. With additional deaths by the year end, the reduction in 2020 LEB induced by Covid-19 deaths will inexorably exceed one year. Factoring the expected continuation of secular gains against other causes of mortality, the U.S. LEB should still drop by more than a full year between 2019 and 2020. By comparison, the opioid-overdose crisis led to a decline in U.S. LEB averaging .1 year annually, from 78.9 years in 2014 to 78.6 years in 2017. At its peak, the HIV epidemic reduced the U.S. LEB by .3 year in a single year, from 75.8 years in 1992 to 75.5 years in 1993. As of now, the US LEB is expected to fall back to the level it first reached in 2010. In other words, the impact of Covid-19 on U.S. mortality can be expected to cancel a decade of gains against all other causes of mortality combined.

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The Cause and Benefits of GDP

Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal ◽

10.14738/assrj.87.10542 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 413-423

Author(s):

Gordon Bechtel

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

World Bank ◽

Polynomial Regression ◽

Well Being ◽

Fractional Polynomial ◽

Life Expectancy At Birth ◽

The World Bank ◽

The World ◽

Employment Rates ◽

Wealth Of Nations

It has recently been shown that world GDP FP-Causes world life expectancy at birth, where FP denotes fractional polynomial (Bechtel, 2021). This article shows that American and Chinese GDPs FP-Cause world life expectancy even more strongly than world GDP does. These striking results beg the question: what FP-Causes American and Chinese GDPs? The answer is globalization, which is also shown here. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that American and Chinese GDPs also FP-Cause world literacy and employment rates. It remains to be seen if the World Bank or International Monetary Fund can show that the GDPs of the other (less affluent) 18 nations in the G20 Fp-cause their country’s life expectancy, as well as their literacy and employment rates. Yearly, pre-pandemic, within-nation increments in these variables can then be compared with subsequent decrements to assess an endogenous viral effect on each country’s well-being. These comparisons will expose inequalities across nations due to the varying wealth of nations. The results in this article are brought by Royston and Altman’s (1994) generalization of polynomial regression, which estimates both coefficients and their powers.

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Discovery of Lipitor

Triumph of the Heart ◽

10.1093/oso/9780195323573.003.0010 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

Jie Jack Li

Keyword(s):

Drug Company ◽

Pharmaceutical Manufacturer ◽

Net Worth ◽

The World ◽

The Status ◽

Ann Arbor ◽

Von Liebig ◽

One Year ◽

The One ◽

The University

Parke-Davis was not the first drug company to put a statin on the market (Merck was), but it was the one to do it the best, with Lipitor (atorva statin). When Parke-Davis Pharmaceuticals in Ann Arbor, Michigan, began to look for its own statin in 1982, it was late in the game. Parke-Davis’s Lipitor was discovered in the mid- to late 1980s and brought to market in 1997. Already ahead of it were four statins: Merck’s Mevacor was released in September 1987 and Zocor in December 1991, Bristol-Myers Squibb’s Pravachol in October 1991, and Sandoz’s Lescol in March 1994. Despite the competition, by 2006 Lipitor had become the best-selling drug in history, with one-year sales totaling $12.9 billion, more than the net worth of the 10th biggest drug company in the world. Although the drug firm Parke-Davis had in recent times been relegated to history books, half a century ago, Parke, Davis and Company once enjoyed the status of the largest pharmaceutical manufacturer in the world. In 1866, 38-year-old Hervey C. Parke, a businessman, and Samuel P. Duffield, a chemist and physician, founded Duffield, Parke & Company— Manufacturing Chemists in Detroit, Michigan. Duffield originally studied under the father of organic chemistry, Justus von Liebig, at the University of Giessen in Germany. He continued to pursue his academic interests even after the founding of the company and published several articles in the American Journal of Pharmacy. In 1867, 22-year-old George S. Davis joined the company as the firm’s first salesman. Four years later, Parke and Davis bought out Duffield’s shares of the company. In November 1871, Parke, Davis & Company was born, with Parke as the president and Davis as the general manager. The company’s inventory was typical of the time: aconite, belladonna, ergot, spirit of ammonia, arsenic, and ether. Davis, a Napoleonic, small-statured man, was clearly responsible for building the company’s sales and its enterprise in many directions. He pioneered product promotion by publishing books and magazines, a practice later followed by many other companies. When vaccines were first invented in Europe, Parke-Davis was one of the first pharmaceutical companies to move into this new field.

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Prevalence of obesity and longevity: cohort study using national statistics

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.217 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

V V Vlassov ◽

G Lyapin

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Purchasing Power Parity ◽

Obesity Prevalence ◽

Power Parity ◽

Poor Countries ◽

Life Expectancy At Birth ◽

Upper Limit ◽

The World ◽

Prevalence Of Obesity ◽

Positive Effect

Abstract Background Obesity is a problem of major concern all around the world. On the personal level it leads not only to a decrease in life expectancy, but also increases the burden on health care. Objective of this study was to review the correlation between the longevity and prevalence of obesity in countries stratified by their economic prosperity. Methods We did a retrospective longitudinal analysis based on the World Bank and Global Burden of Disease data for the period from 1980 to 2015. We grouped countries by the national gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in purchasing power parity, and analyzed the correlation between life expectancy at birth, obesity prevalence for both sexes, 20+ years old, age-adjusted. For calculations and plotting we employ Python, libraries pandas, NumPy. Results We grouped countries at different time point during the study interval. Some countries changed their place in the range of GDP, and thus the shape of the curves describing the connection of obesity and longevity changed. In all groupings countries that are more affluent demonstrates higher longevity and higher prevalence of obesity. At all levels of GDP during the period of analysis we found the increase in obesity prevalence and increase of longevity. In poor countries the small increase in obesity prevalence is accompanied by the significant increase in longevity. Obesity-longevity tracks for individual countries suggest that they reflect the specific periods of the blossom or crisis in national economy and related aspects of life. For rich countries obesity-longevity curves suggest that the positive correlation is approaching the upper limit. Conclusions During the period 1980-2015 life expectancy is increasing at all levels of GDP with increase in the prevalence of obesity. Positive effect of a better nutrition, reflected by the prevalence of obesity, is powerful, but approaching its upper limit in the affluent countries. Key messages At all levels of economic development the life expectance is increasing with prevalence of obesity. Positive effect of a better nutrition, reflected by the prevalence of obesity, is powerful, but approaching its upper limit in the affluent countries.

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Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy in Madrid (Spain)

10.31235/osf.io/4w9bx ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sergi Trias-Llimós ◽

Usama Bilal

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Surveillance System ◽

Excess Mortality ◽

Daily Mortality ◽

Life Expectancy At Birth ◽

The World ◽

Using Data ◽

The Impact ◽

Mortality Surveillance ◽

Annual Mortality

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The Determinants of Mortality

The Journal of Economic Perspectives ◽

10.1257/jep.20.3.97 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 97-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 571

Author(s):

David Cutler ◽

Angus Deaton ◽

Adriana Lleras-Muney

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

The United States ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Good Theory ◽

World War ◽

Poor Countries ◽

Aids Epidemic ◽

Life Expectancy At Birth ◽

The World

The pleasures of life are worth nothing if one is not alive to experience them. Through the twentieth century in the United States and other high-income countries, growth in real incomes was accompanied by a historically unprecedented decline in mortality rates that caused life expectancy at birth to grow by nearly 30 years. In the years just after World War II, life expectancy gaps between countries were falling across the world. Poor countries enjoyed rapid increases in life-expectancy through the 1970s, with the gains in some cases exceeding an additional year of life expectancy per year, though the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the transition in Russia and Eastern Europe have changed that situation. We investigate the determinants of the historical decline in mortality, of differences in mortality across countries, and of differences in mortality across groups within countries. A good theory of mortality should explain all of the facts we will outline. No such theory exists at present, but at the end of the paper we will sketch a tentative synthesis.

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Management of Hip Fractures in the Era of the Subspecialist Orthopaedic Surgeon

Bulletin of The Royal College of Surgeons of England ◽

10.1308/147363510x514145 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 92 (7) ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

MA Bhutta ◽

M Mawdsley ◽

M Jones ◽

M Fehily

Keyword(s):

Hip Fracture ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Hip Fractures ◽

Burden Of Disease ◽

Significant Morbidity ◽

Common Cause ◽

The World ◽

Significant Burden ◽

One Year ◽

The Uk

Increased life expectancy throughout the world is producing an aging population. With an estimated lifetime incidence of hip fracture in women and men of 18% and 6%, respectively, this represents the most common cause of injury requiring hospitalisation in those over the age of 65. In the UK in 2007 70,000 people over the age of 60 sustained a hip fracture. With numbers expected to rise by 2% every year, by 2020 101,000 patients will require medical care for this injury (National Hip Fracture Database (NHFD) website: http://www.nhfd.co.uk/). There is significant morbidity and mortality associated with hip fracture and one-year mortality ranges from 14% to 36%, presenting a significant burden of disease both medically and socially.

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