The Impact of Reduced Training Activity of Elite Kickboxers on Physical Fitness, Body Build, and Performance during Competitions

Background: Kickboxing is a combat sport where athletes require constant supervision of a coach. The outbreak of the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has led to a crisis in many sectors, including sport. Global efforts to limit the spread of the pathogen resulted in temporary lockdowns that limited sporting activity, thus deteriorating athletes’ physical fitness. Methods: The participants included 20 kickboxers competing at the international level. Their physical fitness was evaluated based on the test developed by the International Committee on the Standardization of Physical Fitness Test (ICSPFT) and their body build was assessed using Tanita BC601 body composition monitor and a body height meter. Differences between physical fitness before the COVID-19 outbreak and during the pandemic after re-opening sports facilities were evaluated. Results: Temporary closing of sports clubs has led to the increase in body mass of the participants by 2.65 kg on average and significantly deteriorated physical fitness. Conclusions: Temporary closing of sports clubs and restrictions on physical activity aimed at containing the spread of COVID-19 caused a significant reduction in physical fitness and increased body mass of the participants. This is likely to cause worse performance in the nearest competitions and have a negative impact on the athletes’ health status and immunity to diseases.

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P1415PARATHYROIDECTOMY IMPROVES MUSCULAR FUNCTION BUT NOT MUSCLE MASS IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS WITH SEVERE HYPERPARATHYROIDISM

Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation ◽

10.1093/ndt/gfaa142.p1415 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽

Author(s):

Shirley Crispilho ◽

Eduardo J Duque ◽

Carla Avesani ◽

Rosa Maria R Pereira ◽

Ana Lúcia De Sá-Pinto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Hemodialysis Patients ◽

Skeletal Muscle Index ◽

Strength Tests ◽

Muscular Function ◽

And Performance ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background and Aims Increased levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) are associated with a negative impact on the bone-muscle axis including sarcopenia with muscle weakness and muscle atrophy and osteoporosis, and it is possible that treating hyperparathyroidism (HPT) can ameliorate these disturbances. However, the effects of parathyroidectomy (PTX) on muscle mass, strength and performance, and physical activity have not been thoroughly investigated. This study aims to evaluate the impact of PTX on muscle (mass, strength, and performance), physical activity, body fat and resting energy expenditure (REE) in patients on hemodialysis with severe HPT. Method We are prospectively evaluating muscle mass strength, performance and physical activity of 30 patients before and after 6 months of PTX by using Actigraph GT3X accelerometer, timed-up-and-Go (TuG), Sit-to-Stand-to-Sit (STS) and muscle strength tests [handgrip (HGS), supine (SP) and leg press (LP)]. Body composition changes were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and REE was examined by indirect calorimetry. Results At 6 months after PTX, 11 patients who already completed the protocol, showed a significant drop in PTH [1445 (1363-1937) vs. 54 (23-132) pg/mL; p = 0.002] and alkaline phosphatase [306 (235-744) vs. 77.5 (52-100] U/L); p = 0.002], a significant increase of number of steps/day [4321 (3384 – 6317) vs. 5950 (3918 – 7159); p = 0.04] and improvements of strength tests: HGS (27 ±14 vs. 31 ±15 kg; p = 0.01); SP (27 ±15 vs. 31 ±17 kg; p = 0.01] and LP [27 (2-36) vs. 36 (24-89) kg; p 0.04]. In addition, there was a significant reduction of TuG [10 (8-15) vs. 8 (7-11) seconds; p = 0.01], and a tendency towards STS improvement [6 (0-7) vs. 8 (7-11); p = 0.06]. A significant increase in body weight (66 ± 12 vs. 68 ± 14 Kg; p = 0.02), body mass index [24 (21–26) vs. 26 (21–28) kg/m2; p 0.001], and bone mineral content (BMC) [1.8 (1.3-2) vs. 2.1 (1.7-2.7); p=0.002] was seen. However, lean body mass (LBM) decreased [40.4 (38-55) vs. 39 (37-51) Kg; p=0.001], whereas fat mass (FAT) increased [18 (17-28) vs. 24 (17–30) kg; p = 0.02]. No change was noted in skeletal muscle index (SMI) and in REE [1580 (1193–1988) vs. 1473 (1326 - 1786) kcal/day; p = 0.7). We noticed a tendency toward an increase in IGF-1 levels [180 (141-207) vs. 223 (151-281) µg/L; p = 0.08], but no significant variation was found in serum albumin, insulin and HOMA index. Conclusion In hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism undergoing PTX, there were marked improvements of muscular function and bone mass, but not of muscle mass. Our findings suggest that PTH-associated sarcopenia is mediated not only by a decrease in muscle mass but also by muscle dysfunction. The long-term effect of PTX on muscle status remains to be further examined.

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Physical Fitness and Performance in Talented & Untalented Young Chinese Soccer Players

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare10010098 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 98

Author(s):

Alfredo Irurtia ◽

Víctor M. Torres-Mestre ◽

Álex Cebrián-Ponce ◽

Marta Carrasco-Marginet ◽

Albert Altarriba-Bartés ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Fitness ◽

Racial Differences ◽

Body Mass ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Body Height ◽

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Step Test ◽

Competitive Performance ◽

Youth Soccer ◽

And Performance

Sports performance is a complex process that involves many factors, including ethnic and racial differences. China’s youth soccer is in a process of constant development, although information about the characteristics of its players and their methodological systems is scarce. The aim of this retrospective study was to characterize the physical fitness and the competitive performance of 722 Chinese players of three sports categories (8.0–9.9, 10.0–11.9 and 12.0–13.9 years), who were classified by their coaches as talented (n = 204) or untalented (n = 518). Players were assessed for anthropometry (body height, body mass, body mass index), lung capacity (Forced Vital Capacity), jumping performance (Squat Jump, Countermovement Jump and Abalakov tests), sprinting performance (10 m and 30 m Sprint tests), agility performance (Repeated Side-Step test) and flexibility (Sit & Reach test). A descriptive, comparative, correlational and multivariate analysis was performed. Competitive ranking was created in order to act as dependent variable in multiple linear regression analysis. Results indicate that Chinese players classified as talented have better motor performance than untalented ones. However, these differences are neither related nor determine the competitive performance of one group or the other.

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The Relationship Between Physical Fitness, Urine Iodine Status, and Body-Mass Index in 6- to 7-year-old Polish Children

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.21.4.318 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 318-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sylwia Merkiel ◽

Wojciech Chalcarz

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Height ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Physical Fitness Test ◽

Iodine Status ◽

Fitness Test ◽

The Relationship ◽

Urine Iodine

The aim of this study was to assess physical fitness in 6- to 7-yr-old children and determine if there is any relationship between children’s physical fitness, their urine iodine status, and their body-mass index (BMI). The studied population included 121 children from southern Poland. Physical fitness was measured using a physical fitness test for children age 3–7 yr. Urinary iodine concentrations were measured in the children’s first urine output on waking using the modified PAMM (Program Against Micronutrient Malnutrition) method. Body height and weight were measured and BMI was calculated. The subjects were characterized by low physical fitness. Boys obtained better results in agility, power, and strength exercises (p ≤ .05). In girls, 11 correlation coefficients between the scores obtained in the physical fitness test, urinary iodine, and anthropometric measures were statistically significant, and in boys, only 2. BMI correlated positively with agility in girls and with strength in girls and boys. Our study revealed low physical fitness in Polish 6- to 7-yr-old children, which shows the need to implement programs aimed at increasing their physical activity. The relationship found between physical fitness and urine iodine status in girls indicates that future research in this area is needed.

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Relationships between somatic structure, physical fitness, and the results in passing selected obstacle courses by cadets from the General Tadeusz Kościuszko Military University of Land Forces

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.5865 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 198 (4) ◽

pp. 832-844

Author(s):

Dariusz Lenart

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Height ◽

Forced Expiratory Volume ◽

The Body ◽

Significant Relationships ◽

Fitness Tests ◽

And Performance ◽

The Relationship

The study aims to assess the relationship between the body structure, physical fitness, and functional parameters of the respiratory system of the cadets from the General Tadeusz Kościuszko Military University of Land Forces (AWL) and their results in passing selected obstacle courses. The research material was collected from testing cadets of the third year of management studies. The research included anthropometric measurements, physical fitness tests, spirometry, and tests determining the level of passing selected obstacle courses. Body height and weight were measured. The body mass index was also calculated. Besides, the following functional characteristics were measured: cardiopulmonary endurance, functional strength, running speed and agility, balance, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced vital capacity, and peak expiratory flow. The study also included tests determining the level of passing the land and water obstacle courses. Statistically significant relationships were found between height and weight, balance, and forced expiratory volume in 1 second. Moreover, there were correlations between body weight and body mass index and the results in passing the land obstacle course. In addition, there were connections between cardiopulmonary endurance and performance in passing the land obstacle course, body balance, and performance in passing the land and water obstacle course. All the relationships mentioned above were low and statistically significant.

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Physical fitness of people with moderate and considerable intellectual disabilities

Physiotherapy ◽

10.2478/physio-2013-0012 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Marzena Ślężyńska ◽

Grzegorz Mięsok ◽

Kamila Mięsok

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Intellectual Disability ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Height ◽

Abdominal Muscle ◽

The Body ◽

Intellectually Disabled ◽

Fitness Tests ◽

Abdominal Muscle Strength

AbstractIntroduction: The aim of the physical activity of the intellectually disabled is the strengthening of health, creating movement habits, promoting active recreation, and maintaining exercise capacity. Skillfully applied physical activity allows to mitigate the effects of pathology and create the compensations to enable the intellectually disabled people to live relatively independently. Physical activity and sport also increase their chances to integrate with their families, peers, and social environment.Materials and methods: The research targeted a group of 134 people with moderate or considerable intellectual disability (65 women and 69 men), aged 20-53 years, who participated in occupational therapy workshops in Jastrzębie Zdrój, Rybnik, and Żory. Physical fitness was assessed using the “Eurofit Special” test and balance tests. Measurements of body height and mass were also taken and then used to calculate the body mass index (BMI).Results: A salient somatic trait was the greater body mass relative to height among the persons with considerable disability, clearly illustrated by the BMI. This explained their greater heaviness in performing physical exercises. An even greater difference between participants with moderate and considerable intellectual disability was visible in physical fitness. Obviously, older persons did not achieve as good results in fitness tests as the younger ones, yet the participants were more differentiated by the level of disability than age. Most symptomatic differences to the disadvantage of the considerably disabled were observed in explosive strength, speed, abdominal muscle strength, and flexibility.Conclusions: Significant differences in fitness between the compared groups make it necessary to take into account the level of intellectual disability in the course of physical education and sport, at work, and in household duties.

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The Effect of Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise on Increasing Body Immunity Through Physical Fitness Test

RSF Conference Series: Business, Management and Social Sciences ◽

10.31098/bmss.v1i4.308 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 71-76

Author(s):

Tri Saptono ◽

Sumitarsih Sumitarsih ◽

R. Agung Purwandono Saleh

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Body Mass ◽

High Body Mass Index ◽

Anaerobic Exercise ◽

Average Difference ◽

Physical Fitness Test ◽

Fitness Test ◽

Aerobic And Anaerobic

The research aims to determine: 1) differences in the effect of aerobic and anaerobic exercise on increasing body immunity, 2) differences in increasing body immunity between low and high Body Mass Index, 3) differences in increasing body immunity between high Body Mass Index aerobic exercise and high Body Mass Index anaerobic exercise, 4) differences in the increase in body immunity between low Body Mass Index aerobic exercise and low Body Mass Index anaerobic exercise, 5) the effect of interaction between Body Mass Index with aerobic and anaerobic exercise on increasing body immunity through Physical Fitness Test The research uses an experimental method with 2x2 factorial design. The population of this research is the SPIRITS Sleman Yogyakarta volleyball club. The sample size is 24 athletes. The research data analysis technique used ANOVA. Prerequisite test of data analysis using normality test (Lilliefors test = 0.05) and homogeneity test of variance (Bartlet test = 0.05) The results of the research: 1) There is a difference in the effect between aerobic exercise with an average of 4.016667 and anaerobic exercise with an average of 2.825, on the increase in physical fitness test ability with an average difference of 1.191667. 2) There is a different effect between low BMI with an average of 4.325 and high BMI with an average of 2.516667 on increasing physical fitness test abilities with an average difference of 1.808333. 3) There is a different effect between low BMI aerobic exercise with an average of 5.15 and low BMI anaerobic exercise with an average of 3.5 on increasing physical fitness test ability with an average difference of 1.65. 4) There is a difference between high BMI aerobic exercise with an average of 2.883333 and high BMI anaerobic exercise with an average of 2.15 on the increase in physical fitness test with an average difference of 0.7333333. 5) Interaction between aerobic exercise, anaerobic exercise and BMI 0.656866

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Anthropometric characteristics, physical fitness and the prediction of throwing velocity in handball men young players

Kinesiology ◽

10.26582/k.51.2.14 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 253-260 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jose M. Saavedra ◽

Kristján Halldórsson ◽

Hafrún Kristjánsdóttir ◽

Sveinn Þorgeirsson ◽

Geir Sveinsson

Keyword(s):

Physical Fitness ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Height ◽

Anthropometric Parameters ◽

Ball Speed ◽

National Team ◽

Counter Movement Jump ◽

Run Up ◽

Almost All ◽

Medicine Ball

The objectives of this study were: (i) to analyse anthropometric parameters, physical fitness, and throwing velocity of handball male elite youth players of different ages; and (ii) to develop a multivariate model that explains throwing velocity. Fifty-three handball men players (17.99±1.68 years old), members of the Icelandic National Teams, participated in the study. The participants were classified into the U21 National Team (n=12), U19 National Team (n=17), and U17 National Team (n=24). All were evaluated by basic anthropometry (body height, body mass, body mass index), physical fitness tests (counter movement jump, medicine ball throw, hand dynamometry, 10 m and 30 m sprint, yo-yo IR2 test) and ball speed after various handball throws at goal (a 7-m throw, a 9-m ground shot after a three-step run-up, and a 9-m jump shot after a three-step approach). A one-way analysis of variance with a Bonferroni post-hoc test was used to establish the differences between the teams. Multiple linear regression was used to predict the speed of the ball from each of the three shots taken for each team. There were no differences between the U21 and U19 teams except for the medicine ball throw, but the U19 team scored better than the U17 team in almost all variables. Ball speed after a handball shot was predicted (between 22% and 70% of accuracy) with only one or two physical fitness variables in each model ‒ medicine ball throw (in four models), counter movement jump (in two models), and 10 m sprint (in two models), being the variables that were most selective.

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Seasonal Changes in Anthropometry, Body Composition, and Physical Fitness and the Relationships with Sporting Success in Young Sub-Elite Judo Athletes: An Exploratory Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17197169 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (19) ◽

pp. 7169

Author(s):

Olaf Prieske ◽

Helmi Chaabene ◽

Martijn Gäbler ◽

Michael Herz ◽

Norman Helm ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Lean Body Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Exploratory Study ◽

Handgrip Strength ◽

Body Height ◽

Isometric Handgrip ◽

Balance Test ◽

Judo Athletes

This exploratory study aimed to monitor long-term seasonal developments in measures of anthropometry, body composition, and physical fitness in young judo athletes, and to compute associations between these measures and sporting success. Forty-four young judoka (20 females, 24 males) volunteered to participate. Tests for the assessment of anthropometry (e.g., body height/mass), body-composition (e.g., lean body mass), muscle strength (isometric handgrip strength), vertical jumping (e.g., countermovement-jump (CMJ) height), and dynamic balance (Y-balance test) were conducted at the beginning and end of a 10-month training season. Additionally, sporting success at the end of the season was recorded for each athlete. Analyses revealed significant time × sex interaction effects for lean-body-mass, isometric handgrip strength, and CMJ height (0.7 ≤ d ≤ 1.6). Post-hoc analyses showed larger gains for all measures in young males (1.9 ≤ d ≤6.0) compared with females (d = 2.4) across the season. Additionally, significant increases in body height and mass as well as Y-balance test scores were found from pre-to-post-test (1.2 ≤ d ≤4.3), irrespective of sex. Further, non-significant small-to-moderate-sized correlations were identified between changes in anthropometry/body composition/physical fitness and sporting success (p > 0.05; −0.34 ≤ ρ ≤ 0.32). Regression analysis confirmed that no model significantly predicted sporting success. Ten months of judo training and/or growth/maturation contributed to significant changes in anthropometry, body composition, and physical fitness, particularly in young male judo athletes.

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Physical Fitness Differences between Freestyle and Greco-Roman Junior Wrestlers

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.2478/hukin-2014-0052 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 245-251 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Erkan Demirkan ◽

Mehmet Kutlu ◽

Mitat Koz ◽

Mehmet Özal ◽

Mike Favre

Keyword(s):

Physical Fitness ◽

Body Mass ◽

Function Analysis ◽

Body Height ◽

Anaerobic Power ◽

Greco Roman ◽

Hand Grip ◽

Power Peak ◽

Maximal Anaerobic Power ◽

Physical Features

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to examine physical fitness differences between Freestyle and Greco-Roman junior wrestlers. One hundred twenty-six junior wrestlers, comprising 70 Freestyle and 56 Greco-Roman wrestlers, participated in this study. The somatic and physical fitness profile included body mass, body height, body mass index, body composition, flexibility, maximal anaerobic power of the legs and arms, aerobic endurance, hand grip strength, leg and back strength, and speed. No significant differences were found in the anthropometric and physical features between Freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers. The Greco-Roman wrestlers had a significantly higher level of relative leg power, peak arm power, relative peak arm power, and relative average arm power than Freestyle wrestlers (p < 0.05). Greco-Roman wrestlers were significantly faster, had better agility, and had a greater level of leg strength than Freestyle wrestlers, but Freestyle wrestlers were more flexible than Greco-Roman wrestlers (p < 0.05). Discriminant function analysis indicated that peak arm power, agility, speed, and flexibility were selective factors for the differences between Freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the differences between these wrestling styles promote physical fitness differences in elite wrestlers. The results reflect specific features of each wrestling style.

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The Effect of Pandemic Movement Restriction Policies on Children's Physical Fitness, Activity, Screen Time, and Sleep

Frontiers in Public Health ◽

10.3389/fpubh.2021.785679 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Shawnda A. Morrison ◽

Kaja Meh ◽

Vedrana Sember ◽

Gregor Starc ◽

Gregor Jurak

Keyword(s):

Physical Fitness ◽

Interaction Effect ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Screen Time ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Total Duration ◽

Movement Behavior ◽

Movement Restriction ◽

The Impact

Background: The negative impact of isolation, confinement, and physical (in)activity due to pandemic movement restriction has been well-documented over the past year, but less is known on the impact of these policies on children's physical fitness. This study was designed to determine the effects of pandemic movement restriction policies on the 24-hour movement behavior (24-HMB) of children, and whether any alterations are reflected in worsening physical fitness outcomes determined via direct testing.Methods: A two-phase, repeated-measures study with matched controls was conducted. Phase One: N = 62 schoolchildren (N = 31 female) completed self-assessment questionnaires on 24-HMB in October 2018 (pre-pandemic) and again in April 2020, at the height of movement restrictions enacted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic first wave. Phase Two: physical fitness of the original N = 62 children were determined directly pre- and post-isolation using an eight-component standardized fitness test battery and compared to N = 62 control children who were matched for age, sex, school region, and fitness centile scores.Results: During lockdown (total duration: 63 days), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) decreased by ~46 min per day, screen time demonstrated a significant interaction effect, such that kids reported spending less recreational screen time on weekends during lockdown compared to no restriction, and sleep duration was consistently lower (95% CI: −104.1 to −45.5 min, p < 0.001). No interaction effect was present for direct fitness indicators, including: hand tapping (reaction time), standing broad jump, polygon backward obstacle course (coordination), sit-ups, stand-and-reach, bent-arm hang, 60-m, and 600-m run (p ≥ 0.05) although significant main effects are noted for both sexes.Conclusion: Initial changes in 24-HMB did not translate to reductions in physical fitness per se, likely due to the high initial fitness levels of the children. Further work is needed to confirm whether longer or repeated movement restrictions exacerbate initial negative 24-HMB trends, especially for children who are less fit when restrictions are initiated, prolonged, or repeated.

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