Traditional Masculinity and Aggression in Adolescence: Its Relationship with Emotional Processes

Traditional masculinity includes norms that encourage many of the aggressive behaviors whereas traditional femininity emphasizes aggression very little. In addition, the lack of emotional regulation as well as a poor impulse control have been related to aggression and, in particular, with reactive and proactive aggression. The objective of this study is to examine the role of gender stereotypes (masculinity/femininity) in reactive and proactive aggression, through regulatory emotional self-efficacy and emotion regulation. A total of 390 adolescents participated in a longitudinal study in Valencia, Spain. Structural equations modeling (SEM) was employed to explore a two-wave longitudinal model. The results show that femininity relates to reactive aggression through regulatory emotional self-efficacy and emotion regulation. This way, both emotional self-efficacy and emotional regulation mediate the relation between femininity and reactive aggression. Furthermore, reactive and proactive aggression relate positively and directly to masculinity and negatively to femininity. Therefore, violence prevention programs with adolescents should incorporate information to break down gender stereotypes and promote strategies to manage emotions. Such efforts may be helpful to reduce aggressive behaviors and violence.

Download Full-text

Peer Problems and Low Self-esteem Mediate the Suspicious and Non-suspicious Schizotypy–Reactive Aggression Relationship in Children and Adolescents

Journal of Youth and Adolescence ◽

10.1007/s10964-019-01125-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (11) ◽

pp. 2241-2254 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Keri Ka-Yee Wong ◽

Adrian Raine

Keyword(s):

Reactive Aggression ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Proactive Aggression ◽

Mediation Model ◽

Aggressive Behaviors ◽

Multiple Mediation ◽

Peer Problems ◽

Schizotypal Personality ◽

The Relationship ◽

Suspicious Feature

Abstract The relationship between schizophrenia and violence has been well-established. Yet very little prior research exists on the factors that might explain the nature of this relationship and even fewer studies seek to clarify the etiology of aggressive behavior in adolescents with specific features of schizotypal personality that might help improve the specificity of intervention. The current study tested whether one dimension of schizotypy alone (i.e., the ‘suspicious’ feature) or the other 8 dimensions (i.e., the ‘non-suspicious’ features) were particularly associated with aggressive behaviors (reactive and proactive aggression), and if peer problems and low self-esteem mediated these relationships. A serial multiple mediation model testing the hypothesized flow from suspicious and non-suspicious schizotypy to peer problems to low self-esteem and to increased aggression was tested in Hong Kong schoolchildren aged 8- to 14-years (N = 1412; Mage = 11.47, SD = 1.67 years, female = 47.6%). Increased suspicious and non-suspicious schizotypal features were found to be independently associated with increased reactive aggression, but not proactive aggression. Children with high levels of suspicious schizotypy and non-suspicious schizotypy were more likely to have poor peer problems and low self-esteem concurrently, which in turn was associated with reactive aggression only. This explanatory model suggests that future longitudinal intervention studies that enhance self-esteem in schizotypal adolescents may potentially reduce co-morbid reactive aggressive behaviors too.

Download Full-text

Lower Levels of Classroom Aggression Predict Stronger Relations Between Peer Victimization and Reactive Versus Proactive Aggression

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260521997956 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 088626052199795

Author(s):

Michael T. Morrow ◽

Julie A. Hubbard ◽

Megan K. Bookhout ◽

Marissa A. Docimo ◽

Lauren E. Swift ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peer Victimization ◽

Reactive Aggression ◽

Proactive Aggression ◽

Self Report ◽

Fifth Grade ◽

Classroom Norms ◽

Reactive And Proactive Aggression ◽

Low Levels ◽

Differential Relations

We examined the concurrent relations of children’s reactive and proactive aggression with their experience of peer victimization. Extending previous research, we assessed these relations at both the child and classroom levels. We predicted that reactive aggression would relate positively to peer victimization, proactive aggression would relate negatively to peer victimization, and that these relations would vary with classroom levels of aggression. Participants included 1,291 fourth- and fifth-grade children (681 girls; M age = 10.14 years) and their 72 teachers from 9 schools in one public school district in the Mid-Atlantic United States. Children completed self-report measures of peer victimization and teachers completed measures of aggression for each child in their classrooms. Via two-level regression (level 1 = child; level 2 = classroom), reactive aggression related positively to peer victimization and proactive aggression related negatively to peer victimization. The positive relation between reactive aggression and peer victimization was only significant in classrooms with low levels of reactive aggression. The negative relation between proactive aggression and peer victimization was only significant in classrooms with low levels of proactive aggression. Our hypotheses were supported and offered further evidence for differential relations of reactive and proactive aggression with peer victimization at the child level, while demonstrating the important role of classroom norms for aggression in moderating these relations.

Download Full-text

RESILIENSI MAHASISWA KAMPUS V PAREPARE UNM (STUDI DESKRIPTIF PADA MAHASISWA PGSD KAMPUS V PAREPARE UNM)

JIKAP PGSD Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kependidikan ◽

10.26858/jkp.v4i2.13673 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 156

Author(s):

Musfirah Musfirah

Keyword(s):

Emotion Regulation ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Emotional Regulation ◽

Impulse Control ◽

Causal Analysis ◽

Statistical Test ◽

Research Approach ◽

High Category ◽

Quantitative Descriptive ◽

Very High

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of resilience of students at PGSD Campus V Parepare UNM. The research approach used in this study is a quantitative approach. The type of research used is quantitative descriptive. The level of resilience is seen from the seven indicators of ability according to Reivich and Shatte (2002), namely emotional regulation, impulse control, optimism, causal analysis, empathy, self efficacy, reaching out. Based on the results of the statistical descriptive statistical test, it was concluded that the level of resilience of the VSD Parepare UNM campus students on optimism indicators was in the very high category. On the indicators of emotion regulation, impulse control, and self efficacy are in the high category. In the causal analysis and empathy indicators are less high indicators and reaching out indicators are in the low category. although the level is different for each indicator, in general the resilience of students in the PGare V Campus Parepare is in the high category.

Download Full-text

Using Crime Data to Assess Longitudinal Relationships Between Community Violent Crime and Aggressive Behavior Among At-Risk Youth

The Journal of Early Adolescence ◽

10.1177/02724316211042941 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 027243162110429

Author(s):

Francesca Kassing ◽

John E. Lochman ◽

Eric Vernberg ◽

Matthew Hudnall

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Violent Crime ◽

Reactive Aggression ◽

Proactive Aggression ◽

At Risk Youth ◽

Law Enforcement Agencies ◽

Crime Data ◽

Local Law Enforcement ◽

Aggression Questionnaire ◽

Reactive And Proactive Aggression

The goal of this study was to assess longitudinal, predictive relationships between community violent crime and reactive and proactive aggression. Community violent crime data were gathered from local law enforcement agencies and combined with an existing dataset of at-risk youth. Aggression was assessed by parents using the Reactive and Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ). Data were examined over four time points. Autoregressive cross-lagged modeling was used to test two models: one for proactive aggression and one for reactive aggression. Results revealed a positive relationship between community violent crime and proactive aggression, whereas the model including reactive aggression had poor model fit. Therefore, results support reactive and proactive aggression as distinct constructs. Findings also demonstrate that publicly accessible violent crime data can be used to predict children’s behavior over time. Finally, results have important implications for preventive interventions for at-risk youth.

Download Full-text

Differential Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Borderline Personality Disorder

10.1101/452607 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jessica R. Peters ◽

Sarah A. Owens ◽

Katja M. Schmalenberger ◽

Tory A. Eisenlohr-Moul

Keyword(s):

Borderline Personality Disorder ◽

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Personality Disorder ◽

Aggressive Behavior ◽

Reactive Aggression ◽

Borderline Personality ◽

Proactive Aggression ◽

Cycle Phase ◽

Emotional Symptoms ◽

Reactive And Proactive Aggression

AbstractBorderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by rapidly shifting symptoms, including intense anger and aggressive behavior. Understanding how fluctuations in ovarian hormones across the menstrual cycle may contribute to symptom instability is key for accurate assessment of BPD symptoms and effective interventions. Reactive and proactive aggression, as well as anger in and out, were assessed daily in 15 physically healthy, unmedicated naturally cycling female individuals without dysmenorrhea meeting criteria for BPD across 35 days. Urine LH surge and salivary progesterone were used to confirm ovulation and verify cycle phase. Cyclical worsening of symptoms was evaluated using multilevel models to evaluate symptom differences between cycle phases. Both forms of aggressive behavior demonstrated marked cycle effects, with reactive aggression highest during perimenstrual cycle phases, co-occurring with increases in anger in and out. In contrast, highest levels of proactive aggression were observed during the follicular and ovulatory phases, when emotional symptoms and anger were otherwise at lowest levels. These findings highlight the importance of identifying the function of aggression when considering potential psychological and biological influences. Naturally cycling individuals with BPD may be at elevated risk for perimenstrual worsening of a range of interpersonally reactive symptoms, including reactive aggression, whereas proactive aggression may occur more in phases characterized by less emotional and cognitive vulnerability and greater reward sensitivity. Research on aggression in this population should consider cycle effects. Cycling individuals with BPD attempting to reduce aggressive behavior may benefit from cycle-tracking to increase awareness of these effects and to develop appropriate strategies.

Download Full-text

Parsing Associations Between Dimensions of Empathy and Reactive and Proactive Aggression

Journal of Personality Disorders ◽

10.1521/pedi_2021_35_522 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-19

Author(s):

Isabella M. Palumbo ◽

Robert D. Latzman

Keyword(s):

Reactive Aggression ◽

Higher Order ◽

Proactive Aggression ◽

Order Model ◽

Negatively Associated ◽

Item Level ◽

Reactive And Proactive Aggression ◽

Broad Dimension

The broad dimension of empathy has been shown to underlie various forms of psychopathology, most extensively studied for the externalizing spectrum of psychopathology. However, associations between subdimensions of empathy and functions of aggression remain unclear. The current study (N = 409) aimed to investigate common and specific associations between a higher-order model of aggression, comprising reactive aggression (RA) and proactive aggression (PA) factors with an overarching general aggression factor, and item-level factor analytically derived dimensions of empathy: affective/self-oriented empathy and cognitive/other-oriented empathy. Results demonstrated specific and opposing associations between dimensions of empathy and the general aggression factor, such that affective/self-oriented empathy was positively associated, and cognitive/other-oriented empathy was negatively associated with general aggression. Affective/self-oriented empathy was positively associated with RA, whereas cognitive/other-oriented empathy was negatively associated with RA and PA. Results confirm the importance of considering the multidimensionality of empathy and aggression and suggest both common and distinct pathways from empathy to aggression.

Download Full-text

Gender Differences in the Personality Correlates of Reactive and Proactive Aggression in a Spanish Sample of Young Adults

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260520957697 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 088626052095769

Author(s):

Lorena Maneiro ◽

Olalla Cutrín ◽

Xosé Antón Gómez-Fraguela

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Young Adults ◽

Sensation Seeking ◽

Reactive Aggression ◽

Psychopathic Traits ◽

Proactive Aggression ◽

Current Debate ◽

Personality Correlates ◽

Conceptual Distinction ◽

Reactive And Proactive Aggression

Since the conceptual distinction of reactive and proactive aggression has been proposed, numerous studies have tried to disentangle the correlates of each function of aggression. While reactive aggression tends to be more strongly related to impulsivity, angry reactivity, or hostility, proactive aggression has proved to be more associated with psychopathic traits and goal-directed behaviors. However, in addition to the current debate about the actual distinction of reactive and proactive aggression, the study of gender differences is still scarce. Thus, the aim of the current study is to evaluate the distinctiveness of reactive and proactive aggression by means of the examination of their differential personality correlates (i.e., HEXACO, psychopathic traits, and impulsivity facets), as well as the assessment of gender differences in those relationships. To that end, a sample composed of 326 young adults aged 18–34 was recruited in Spain. The results evidenced unique associations of reactive and proactive aggression with a set of personality traits, including the HEXACO factors, psychopathic traits, and impulsivity facets, both at raw and residual level. Furthermore, when all the variables were entered in the model, proactive aggression remained strongly related to the factor of Honesty/humility and Emotionality, whereas reactive aggression remained associated with the impulsive/irresponsive factor of psychopathy and, specifically, with the facet of negative urgency, as well as with lack of Agreeableness. Likewise, some gender differences emerged as regards certain correlates. Specifically, proactive aggression was related with lack of Agreeableness and sensation seeking only in males and with the impulsive/irresponsive factor of psychopathy only in females, although these differences were not statistically significant. The conceptual and practical implications of these finding are discussed in terms of prevention.

Download Full-text

Sex Differences in the Relationships between Forms of Peer Victimization and Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Schoolchildren

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18105443 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 5443

Author(s):

Annis Lai-Chu Fung

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Peer Victimization ◽

Social Exclusion ◽

Reactive Aggression ◽

Proactive Aggression ◽

Self Report ◽

Multiple Forms ◽

Physical Victimization ◽

Reactive And Proactive Aggression ◽

The Relationship

The original study investigated sex differences in the relationships between multiple forms of peer victimization (physical victimization, verbal victimization, and social exclusion) and subtypes of aggression (reactive aggression and proactive aggression) in schoolchildren. A self-report questionnaire assessing levels of peer victimization and aggression was administered to 3790 schoolchildren (1916 males and 1874 females) aged 11 to 17 (M = 13.19; SD = 1.17) from 10 middle schools in Hong Kong. The pure effect of each subtype of aggression were evaluated by statistically controlling for another subtype of aggression in analyses. Furthermore, participants were classified as non-aggressors, reactive aggressors, proactive aggressors, and reactive–proactive aggressors to investigate their differences in specific forms of peer victimization. Data were analyzed by hierarchical linear regression and ANOVA. The results showed: (1) Sex significantly moderated the relationship between specific forms of peer victimization and subtypes of aggression; (2) In males, reactive aggression was positively predicted by verbal victimization; proactive aggression was positively predicted by physical victimization and social exclusion, and negatively predicted by verbal victimization; (3) In females, reactive aggression was positively predicted by physical victimization and social exclusion; proactive aggression was negatively predicted by social exclusion; and (4) Reactive–proactive aggressors reported more physical victimization than other types of aggressors. The findings have significant implications for distinctive functions of reactive and proactive aggression and the need to develop differentiated interventions for male and female schoolchildren.

Download Full-text

The Roles of Shame and Guilt in the Development of Aggression in Adolescents With and Without Hearing Loss

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology ◽

10.1007/s10802-021-00769-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Evelien Broekhof ◽

Marieke G. N. Bos ◽

Carolien Rieffe

Keyword(s):

Hearing Loss ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Reactive Aggression ◽

Proactive Aggression ◽

Unique Role ◽

Adolescent Aggression ◽

Self Reports ◽

Shame And Guilt ◽

Reactive And Proactive Aggression ◽

Longitudinal Associations

AbstractThis longitudinal study examined how shame and guilt contribute to the development of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescents with and without hearing loss. Adolescents between 9 and 16 years old (adolescents with hearing loss (n = 80; Mage = 11.91) and without hearing loss (n = 227; Mage = 11.63)) completed self-reports on three occasions with an interval of 9 months. Mixed model analyses revealed that both reactive aggression and proactive aggression decreased with age, whereas shame and guilt peaked in early adolescence. Adolescents with hearing loss reported higher levels of proactive aggression, lower levels of shame and guilt, and showed protracted development for guilt compared to their hearing peers. In both groups, shame contributed to an increase in reactive aggression, whereas guilt contributed to a decrease in proactive aggression. These longitudinal associations highlight the unique role that shame and guilt play in the development of adolescent aggression.

Download Full-text

The Effects of Forgiveness, Gratitude, and Self-Control on Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Bullying

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17165760 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (16) ◽

pp. 5760

Author(s):

Fernanda Inéz García-Vázquez ◽

Angel Alberto Valdés-Cuervo ◽

Lizeth Guadalupe Parra-Pérez

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation ◽

Reactive Aggression ◽

Personal Characteristics ◽

Proactive Aggression ◽

Self Control ◽

Cognitive Approach ◽

Moral Self ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Proactive And Reactive Aggression ◽

Reactive And Proactive Aggression

The social cognitive approach to moral development posits that moral self-schemas encourage character strengths and reduce adolescents’ aggression. However, limited research has examined the influence of positive personal characteristics on proactive behaviors and reactive aggression in bullying. This study examined direct and mediational relationships between forgiveness, gratitude, self-control, and both proactive and reactive aggression in bullying. The extent to which the structural relations of this model were invariant by gender and stage of adolescence were also evaluated. Participants in this study were 1000 Mexican students, 500 early adolescents (M age = 12.36, SD = 0.77 years) and 500 middle adolescents (M age = 16.64, SD = 0.89 years), between 12 and 17 years old. Structural equation and multi-group invariance analysis were performed. Results indicate that gratitude and forgiveness are positively related to self-control. Gratitude, forgiveness, and self-control are also negatively related to reactive and proactive aggression. Forgiveness and gratitude had an indirect relationship by decreasing both proactive and reactive aggression through their positive effects on self-control. Additionally, gender moderated the relationships between variables proposed in the model, whereas stage of adolescence did not. Overall findings suggest that moral self-schemas and strengths explained both types of aggression in bullying.

Download Full-text