scholarly journals Associations between Oral Hypofunction Tests, Age, and Sex

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10256
Author(s):  
Yukiko Hatanaka ◽  
Junichi Furuya ◽  
Yuji Sato ◽  
Yoshiki Uchida ◽  
Toshiharu Shichita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Tongue Pressure ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Swallowing Function ◽  
Occlusal Force ◽  
Oral Function ◽  
Masticatory Function ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Dental Hospital

Oral function declines in older individuals due to disease and age-related changes, making them vulnerable to oral and physical frailty. Therefore, it is important to manage the decline in oral function in older outpatients. Oral hypofunction is diagnosed by seven tests related to oral function, oral hygiene, oral moisture, occlusal force, oral diadochokinesis, tongue pressure, masticatory function, and swallowing function. However, sex or age were not factored into the current reference values of these tests. We included subjects attending the dental hospital clinic for maintenance, and recorded and analyzed oral hypofunction and the factors associated with its diagnosis. Of the 134 outpatients (53 males and 81 females, mean age 75.2 ± 11.2 years), 63% were diagnosed with oral hypofunction. Oral hypofunction prevalence increased significantly with age, and significant variations were observed in all tests. Furthermore, oral hygiene and swallowing function were not associated with oral hypofunction diagnosis. All examined factors decreased with increasing age, even after adjusting sex, except for oral hygiene and moisture. Occlusal force and masticatory function were higher in men after adjusting age. This study suggested that older outpatients were likely to be diagnosed with oral hypofunction, and that the test reference value and their selection for oral hypofunction should be reconsidered.

scholarly journals A Cross-Sectional Study of Age-Related Changes in Oral Function in Healthy Japanese Individuals

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyomi Iyota ◽  
Shinsuke Mizutani ◽  
Saori Oku ◽  
Misa Asao ◽  
Toshiko Futatsuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Function ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Tongue Pressure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Swallowing Function ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Occlusal Force ◽  
Oral Function ◽  
Age Related

Background: Oral function deterioration is related to a variety of factors, including aging, decline in activities of daily living, malnutrition, and cognitive decline. This cross-sectional study examined the effects of aging on oral function in healthy individuals. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 175 healthy, independent patients aged 40–89 years, without dementia and with ≥20 teeth, who visited a local dental clinic in Japan. Patients were compared with 92 university students aged 20–29 years. The seven criteria proposed by the Japanese Society of Gerodontology to diagnose “oral hypofunction” were observed and statistically analyzed. Results: Compared with those in the control group, the degree of tongue coating was increased in the group aged over 80 years, occlusal force was decreased in the group aged 70–79 years, tongue motor function was decreased in the groups aged 60–69 years and older, and tongue pressure was decreased in the groups aged 70–79 years and older. Conclusions: Healthy, independent individuals maintained several oral function criteria across aging, including oral mucosal wetness, occlusal force, lip motor function, masticatory function, and swallowing function. Tongue motor function and tongue pressure decreased with aging, indicating that these may be rehabilitation targets.

scholarly journals The Effects of Chewing Exercises on Masticatory Function after Surgical Orthodontic Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 8488
Author(s):  
Shinichi Negishi ◽  
Kota Sato ◽  
Kazutaka Kasai
Keyword(s):  
Orthognathic Surgery ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Tongue Pressure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sagittal Split Ramus Osteotomy ◽  
Occlusal Force ◽  
Oral Function ◽  
Masticatory Function ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pattern Width

Recovery of oral function is one of the most important objectives of orthognathic surgery. This study investigated the effects of a chewing exercise on chewing patterns and other oral functions after sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO). Ten subjects performed a chewing exercise. The control group comprised 19 patients. For masticatory function, the masticatory pattern, width, and height were assessed. For oral function, the occlusal, lip closure, and tongue pressure forces were measured. The chewing exercise was started 3 months after SSRO, and was performed for 5 min twice a day for 3 months. The masticatory pattern normalized in 60% of the patients and remained unchanged for the reversed and crossover types in 40% of the patients. In contrast, 21.0% of patients in the control group showed a change to the normal type. This may be a natural adaptation due to the changes in morphology. A more detailed study is needed to determine what does and does not improve with chewing exercise. The masticatory width significantly increased after performing the exercise. For oral function, a significant increase in the occlusal force was observed, with no significant difference in the control group. Chewing exercises immediately after SSRO improve masticatory patterns.

scholarly journals Association of Oral Hypofunction with Frailty, Sarcopenia, and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Cross-Sectional Study of Community-Dwelling Japanese Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1626
Author(s):  
Maya Nakamura ◽  
Tomofumi Hamada ◽  
Akihiko Tanaka ◽  
Keitaro Nishi ◽  
Kenichi Kume ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Tongue Pressure ◽  
Swallowing Function ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Occlusal Force ◽  
Oral Function

Oral hypofunction is a new concept that addresses the oral function of older adults. Few studies have investigated the relationship between oral hypofunction and general health conditions such as frailty, sarcopenia, and mild cognitive impairment. This paper explores these relationships in a large-scale, cross-sectional cohort study. The relationships of oral hypofunction with frailty, sarcopenia, and mild cognitive impairment were examined using data from 832 individuals who participated in the 2018 health survey of the residents of Tarumizu City, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. Individuals with frailty, sarcopenia, and mild cognitive impairment had significantly higher rates of oral hypofunction. Frailty was independently associated with deterioration of the swallowing function (odds ratio 2.56; 95% confidence interval, 1.26–5.20), and mild cognitive impairment was independently associated with reduced occlusal force (odds ratio 1.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.05–2.08) and decreased tongue pressure (odds ratio 1.77; 95% confidence interval, 1.28–2.43). There was no independent association found between sarcopenia and oral function. In conclusion, early intervention for related factors such as deterioration of the swallowing function in frailty, reduced occlusal force, and decreased tongue pressure in mild cognitive impairment could lead to the prevention of general hypofunction in older adults.

scholarly journals Assessment of Age-Related Changes on Masticatory Function in a Population with Normal Dentition

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6899
Author(s):  
Seonhui Kim ◽  
Re-Mee Doh ◽  
Leegang Yoo ◽  
Sol-Ah Jeong ◽  
Bock-Young Jung
Keyword(s):  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Bite Force ◽  
Tongue Pressure ◽  
Masticatory Performance ◽  
Masticatory Function ◽  
Age Related

This study aimed to investigate the influence of changes in age-related physiological muscular and dental factors on masticatory function. This study was conducted in 211 healthy participants divided into four different age groups: 20–45 years (Gr1); 45–60 years (Gr2); 61–70 years (Gr3); and ≥71 years (Gr4). For objective evaluation of masticatory function, the masticatory performance, bite force, posterior bite area (PBA), functional tooth units (FTUs), the number of remaining teeth, tongue pressure, masseter muscle thickness (MMT), and handgrip strength were examined. Food intake ability (FIA) and the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 score were assessed subjectively using questionnaires. A significant decrease in the number of remaining teeth, FTUs, handgrip strength, and FIA was found in Gr4, and a significant decrease in the tongue pressure, PBA, and bite force was found in those aged ≥61 years. In groups 1 and 3, an association of the PBA with masticatory performance was observed. However, there was no significant decreasing trend in the MMT with respect to masticatory performance with aging. With sufficient FTUs and posterior tooth support, although age-dependent decreases in the bite force, tongue pressure and handgrip strength were observed, masticatory performance was maintained. Establishing the PBA by improving occlusion through dental treatment is thought to be important for masticatory function.

scholarly journals Oral Functions Are Associated with Muscle Strength and Physical Performance in Old-Old Japanese

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 13199
Author(s):  
Yuki Murotani ◽  
Kodai Hatta ◽  
Toshihito Takahashi ◽  
Yasuyuki Gondo ◽  
Kei Kamide ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Tongue Pressure ◽  
Masticatory Performance ◽  
Physical Frailty ◽  
Swallowing Function ◽  
Occlusal Force

Grip strength and walking speed are considered to be important indicators of physical frailty. However, no study has contemporaneously examined any association of multiple oral functions with grip strength and walking speed. The purpose of this study was to examine which oral functions are associated with muscle strength (grip strength), physical performance (walking speed) or both. The study participants were 511 community-dwelling people (254 men and 257 women) aged 77–81 years old. Six oral functions—oral wetness, occlusal force, tongue-lip motor function, tongue pressure, masticatory performance and swallowing function—were measured. Grip strength and walking speed were also measured. A partial correlation analysis, adjusted for gender, showed that occlusal force, tongue-lip motor function, masticatory performance and swallowing function were significantly associated with both grip strength and walking speed. In addition, tongue pressure was significantly associated with grip strength. A general linear model showed that tongue pressure and occlusal force were significantly associated with grip strength. Swallowing function and tongue-lip motor function were significantly associated with walking speed. It is suggested that there are different oral function measures for muscle strength and physical performance, and these oral function measures could be a useful proxy for physical frailty.

Age-Related Functional Reserve Decline Is Not Seen in Pharyngeal Swallowing Pressures

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Corinne A. Jones ◽  
Christina M. Colletti
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Tongue Pressure ◽  
Maximum Output ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Functional Reserve ◽  
High Resolution Manometry ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Pharyngeal Swallowing

Purpose Functional reserve represents the difference between an individual's ability to produce a maximum output function and the ability to perform a functional task. Several studies have documented an age-related decrease in functional reserve with oral tongue pressure generation. Whether this pattern is seen in pharyngeal swallowing pressures is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate pharyngeal functional reserve using high-resolution manometry during normal-effort and effortful swallows. Method Pharyngeal high-resolution manometry was performed on 38 younger healthy individuals (≤ 40 years) and 18 older healthy individuals (≥ 60 years) during normal-effort and effortful water swallows. Pressure metrics included maximum pressure in the velopharynx, tongue base, and hypopharynx, as well as pharyngeal contractile integral and minimum pressure in the upper esophageal sphincter (UES). Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to determine the effects of swallow task, age, and pharyngeal region on pressure generation. Results Maximum pharyngeal pressures and pharyngeal contractile integral were significantly increased during the effortful swallows compared to normal-effort swallows ( p < .001), but there were no interactions between task and age in pharyngeal pressures. In the UES, minimum pressures were significantly elevated in older individuals during effortful swallows compared to normal-effort swallows ( p = .007) but did not follow a pattern consistent with reduced functional reserve. Conclusions Healthy individuals increase pharyngeal driving pressures during effortful swallows, without an age-related reduction in the magnitude of pressure increase. Thus, this study did not find evidence for an age-related reduction in pharyngeal functional reserve. The preserved ability to increase pharyngeal pressures during effortful swallowing in aging may support the use of behavioral swallowing interventions in older individuals without neuromuscular conditions. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.16606709

Effect of Tongue and Lip Motor Training for Cognitive Function in Older People: -The Relationship of Oral Function and Cognitive Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minoru Innami ◽  
Masayo Okumura ◽  
Junichi Otogoto ◽  
Eiji Kondo ◽  
Norio Sogawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Older People ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Motor Training ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Occlusal Force ◽  
Oral Function ◽  
Masticatory Function ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction: The oral function with many teeth affects the health maintenance of the whole body and brain activation of the older people. This study investigates the relationship between cognitive and oral functions, and the effect of tongue and lip motor training on cognitive function. Methods: One hundred subjects (age > 65) were investigated Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), their number of present teeth, masticatory function, occlusal force, and oral diadochokinesis (ODK), and correlations between their MMSE scores and the other factors were discussed. Fifteen subjects (5 non-impairment group: NIG, 10 impairment group: IG) participated in tongue and lip motor training three times daily for 15 months. Their MMSE scores, masticatory function, occlusal force, and ODK times were measured every three months. Results: Their MMSE scores correlated with age, number of present teeth, masticatory function, and ODK. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis showed that MMSE scores were strongly related to age and ODK. MMSE scores of IG were significantly higher after 15 months of pronunciation than before training and three months after training started. In both groups, ODK times after 15 months of training were significantly higher than before the training and three months training started. Their masticatory function and occlusal force in the IG showed no significant differences during the 15 months of training. Conclusions: The findings suggest that cognitive function may be related to oral function, especially pronunciation, and those 15 months of tongue and lip motor training is effective in improving cognitive and pronunciation functions.

scholarly journals AGE-RELATED FUNCTIONAL RESERVE DECLINE IS NOT SEEN IN PHARYNGEAL SWALLOWING PRESSURES

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S172-S172
Author(s):  
Corinne A Jones ◽  
Melanie Looper ◽  
Timothy McCulloch
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Upper Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Tongue Pressure ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Functional Reserve ◽  
Muscle Properties ◽  
High Resolution Manometry ◽  
Pharyngeal Pressure ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Pharyngeal Swallowing

Abstract Age-related decline in functional reserve has been described in tongue strength: tongue pressure during swallowing does not change with age, but maximal-effort isometric tongue pressure decreases with age. Healthy persons show a slight increase in pharyngeal swallowing pressure with age, but it is unknown if there is a similar decline in functional reserve. Fifty-six healthy adults (n=38 60 years) underwent pharyngeal high-resolution manometry during effortful and normal-effort thin liquid swallows. Repeated measures ANOVAs were performed on maximum pressures, pharyngeal contractile integral (PCI), pharyngeal pressure gradients, and upper esophageal sphincter minimum pressures. We hypothesized that older individuals would generate a less-robust pressure increase with effortful swallowing than younger individuals. Maximum pressures, PCI, and gradients increase during effortful swallowing (p&lt;0.001), but there was no interaction effect with age, suggesting a lack of age-related functional reserve decline. Older individuals had greater UES minimum pressures than younger individuals in the effortful swallowing task (p=0.03), which may stem from reduced muscular compliance in this area. These findings do not align with those reported in tongue pressures, suggesting that muscle properties and pressure generation may be fundamentally different between the pharynx and the oral tongue. Alternatively, the effortful swallowing task may not elicit maximum contractility of the pharyngeal musculature. The preserved ability to increase pharyngeal pressure during effortful swallowing may support the use of the effortful swallow exercise in older adults with swallowing disorders.

Effect of Isometric Tongue Lifting Exercise on Oral Function, Physical Function, and Body Composition in Community-Dwelling Older Individuals: A Pilot Study

Gerontology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Kiyomi Iyota ◽  
Shinsuke Mizutani ◽  
Hiro Kishimoto ◽  
Saori Oku ◽  
Asuka Tani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Tongue Pressure ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Physical Frailty ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Oral Function ◽  
Sit To Stand ◽  
Oral Frailty

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> It is known that oral frailty is one of the risk factors for physical frailty. Therefore, early detection, appropriate treatment, and prevention of oral frailty are really important. Tongue lifting exercise has been identified as a well-known method for improving decreased tongue pressure, one of the factors for oral frailty. However, few reports have investigated how tongue-strengthening exercises affect physical function and body composition. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of isometric tongue lifting exercises on oral function, physical function, and body composition. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Participants were 49 elderly people aged 68–79 years, who had previously participated in the “Itoshima Frail Study.” Participants performed isometric tongue lift exercises for 3 months. Oral function (tongue pressure and oral diadocokinesis), physical function (grip strength, open-eyed one-leg standing, sit-to-stand motion time, 5-m gait speed, and 3-m Timed up and go [TUG]), and body composition were measured at baseline and post-intervention, and the extent of changes in each item was statistically analyzed. Furthermore, participants were divided into physical frailty/pre-frailty and robust groups based on the Japanese version of the frail scale proposed by [BMC Geriatr. 2015 Apr;15:36] and were compared in terms of the extent of changes in each item baseline and the post-intervention. <b><i>Results:</i></b> After the intervention, oral function increased significantly together with a significant improvement in physical function, open-eyed one-leg standing time, sit-to-stand motion, and 3-m TUG. For body composition, visceral fat level and basal metabolic rate decreased significantly. Although no significant change in body composition was observed in the physical frailty/pre-frailty group after the intervention, significant improvements in several items were observed in the robust group. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Isometric tongue lifting exercise can effectively improve oral function. Furthermore, it might affect physical function and body composition.

scholarly journals Is a History of Falling Related to Oral Function? A Cross-Sectional Survey of Elderly Subjects in Rural Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 3843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoko Hasegawa ◽  
Nobuhide Horii ◽  
Ayumi Sakuramoto-Sadakane ◽  
Koutatsu Nagai ◽  
Takahiro Ono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Tongue Pressure ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Risk Of Falling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Occlusal Force ◽  
Oral Function ◽  
History Of

Background: Deteriorated physical function makes older adults prone to fall, and it is therefore known to prompt elders to require long-term care. In this regard, oral function can be related to the loss of motor function. This cross-sectional study assessed the oral factors that increase the risk of falling among older adults. Methods: We surveyed 672 self-reliant elderly individuals aged ≥65 years who were dwelling in a rural area. We assessed each subject’s risk of falling and any related anxiety. Oral-related conditions (number of teeth, occlusal support, masticatory performance, occlusal force, and tongue pressure) and physical motor functions (gait speed, knee extension force, and one-legged standing) were also assessed. Statistical analyses were performed using Mann-Whitney’s U-test, the χ2 test, and a logistic regression model. Results: In all subjects, 23% had a history of falling, while 40% had anxiety over falling. Both factors were significantly higher among female subjects, who also had slower gait speeds, and greater lateral differences in occlusion. The subjects with histories of falling were older, had impaired physical motor function, and exhibited a decrease in occlusal force and left/right occlusal imbalances. We recognized similar trends for anxiety about falling. Conclusions: These results revealed that the risk of falling might be lessened by maintaining healthy teeth occlusion and promoting healthy oral function.

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