scholarly journals School-Level Economic Disparities in Police-Reported Crimes and Active Commuting to School

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (20) ◽  
pp. 10885
Author(s):  
Katie Burford ◽  
Leigh Ann Ganzar ◽  
Kevin Lanza ◽  
Harold W. Kohl ◽  
Deanna M. Hoelscher
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
School Level ◽  
Active Commuting ◽  
High Poverty ◽  
Vehicle Ownership ◽  
Perceived Safety ◽  
Active Commuting To School ◽  
School Poverty ◽  
Reported Crime

Perceived safety remains one of the main barriers for children to participate in active commuting to school (ACS). This ecological study examined the associations between the number of police-reported crimes in school neighborhoods and ACS. The percentage of active travel trips was assessed from a teacher tally survey collected from students across 63 elementary schools that were primarily classified as high-poverty (n = 27). Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to create a detailed measure of police-reported crimes during 2018 and neighborhood covariates that occurred within a one-mile Euclidean buffer of the schools. Statistical analyses included linear fixed effects regressions and negative binomial regressions. In fully-adjusted models, reported crime did not exhibit significant associations with ACS. Medium-poverty schools were indirectly associated with ACS when compared to high- and low-poverty schools in all models (p < 0.05). Connectivity and vehicle ownership were also directly associated with ACS (p < 0.05). Low- and medium-poverty schools were indirectly associated with all types of reported crime when compared to high-poverty schools (p < 0.05). Although reported crime was not associated with school-level ACS, differences in ACS and reported crime do exist across school poverty levels, suggesting a need to develop and promote safe and equitable ACS interventions.

Active Commuting to School in Mexican Adolescents: Evidence From the Mexican National Nutrition and Health Survey

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1088-1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Jáuregui ◽  
Catalina Medina ◽  
Deborah Salvo ◽  
Simon Barquera ◽  
Juan A. Rivera-Dommarco
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Active Commuting ◽  
Vehicle Ownership ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
The North ◽  
Active Commuting To School ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Mexican Adolescents

Background:Travel to school offers a convenient way to increase physical activity (PA) levels in youth. We examined the prevalence and correlates of active commuting to school (ACS) in a nationally representative sample of Mexican adolescents. A secondary objective was to explore the association between ACS and BMI status.Methods:Using data of adolescents (10–14 years old) from the 2012 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey (n = 2952) we ran multivariate regression models to explore the correlates of ACS and to test the association between ACS and BMI z-score or overweight/obesity. Models were adjusted for potential confounders and design effect.Results:70.8% of adolescents engaged in ACS (walking: 68.8%, bicycling: 2.0%). ACS was negatively associated with travel time, age, mother’s education level, household motor vehicle ownership, family socioeconomic status, and living in urban areas or the North region of the country (P < .05). Time in ACS was negatively associated with overweight/obesity: Each additional minute of ACS was associated with a 1% decrease in the odds for being overweight or obese (P < .05).Conclusions:Potential correlates of ACS that may result in benefits for Mexican adolescents are identified. More studies on this relationship are needed to develop interventions aimed at increasing PA through ACS in Mexico.

scholarly journals The association between a conditional cash transfer programme and malaria incidence: a longitudinal ecological study in the Brazilian Amazon between 2004 and 2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Layana Costa Alves ◽  
Mauro Niskier Sanchez ◽  
Thomas Hone ◽  
Luiz Felipe Pinto ◽  
Joilda Silva Nery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfer ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Malaria causes 400 thousand deaths worldwide annually. In 2018, 25% (187,693) of the total malaria cases in the Americas were in Brazil, with nearly all (99%) Brazilian cases in the Amazon region. The Bolsa Família Programme (BFP) is a conditional cash transfer (CCT) programme launched in 2003 to reduce poverty and has led to improvements in health outcomes. CCT programmes may reduce the burden of malaria by alleviating poverty and by promoting access to healthcare, however this relationship is underexplored. This study investigated the association between BFP coverage and malaria incidence in Brazil. Methods A longitudinal panel study was conducted of 807 municipalities in the Brazilian Amazon between 2004 and 2015. Negative binomial regression models adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic covariates and time trends were employed with fixed effects specifications. Results A one percentage point increase in municipal BFP coverage was associated with a 0.3% decrease in the incidence of malaria (RR = 0.997; 95% CI = 0.994–0.998). The average municipal BFP coverage increased 24 percentage points over the period 2004–2015 corresponding to be a reduction of 7.2% in the malaria incidence. Conclusions Higher coverage of the BFP was associated with a reduction in the incidence of malaria. CCT programmes should be encouraged in endemic regions for malaria in order to mitigate the impact of disease and poverty itself in these settings.

scholarly journals Active commuting to school among 36,781 Spanish children and adolescents: A temporal trend study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Gálvez‐Fernández ◽  
Manuel Herrador‐Colmenero ◽  
Irene Esteban‐Cornejo ◽  
José Castro‐Piñero ◽  
Javier Molina‐García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Temporal Trend ◽  
Active Commuting ◽  
Trend Study ◽  
Active Commuting To School

scholarly journals NATO between Exclusivity and Inclusivity: Measuring NATO’s Partnerships

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Branislav Mičko
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
Strategic Approach ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Relationship

Building on an original dataset, this article focuses on the interactions between NATO and its declared worldwide partners. It argues that the analysis of these interactions can reveal NATO’s strategic approach to partnerships, but it can also provide a tool for its classification as an organisation that is either exclusive – defined by the focus on defence of its members, or inclusive – emphasising the global protection of democracies and human rights. The relationship between types of interactions and NATO categorisation is estimated using an unconditional negative binomial regression with fixed effects as well as a within-between (hybrid) model. Furthermore, they are illustrated on two brief case studies of Sweden and Japan. The results of the study suggest that NATO engages primarily with countries that are powerful relative to their neighbourhood, even though they are not the most powerful among the partners. The given country’s level of democracy, integration into the international institutions, and stability, do not seem to play any overarching role here.

Parental barriers to active commuting to school in children: does parental gender matter?

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 141-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Aibar Solana ◽  
Sandra Mandic ◽  
Eduardo Generelo Lanaspa ◽  
Laura O. Gallardo ◽  
Javier Zaragoza Casterad
Keyword(s):  
Active Commuting ◽  
Active Commuting To School ◽  
Parental Gender ◽  
Parental Barriers

scholarly journals Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of active commuting to school in a nationwide representative sample of German adolescents

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne K. Reimers ◽  
Darko Jekauc ◽  
Eliane Peterhans ◽  
Matthias O. Wagner ◽  
Alexander Woll
Keyword(s):  
Representative Sample ◽  
Active Commuting ◽  
Active Commuting To School ◽  
Demographic Correlates

Active Commuting to School Among 36, 781 Spanish Children and Adolescents: A Temporal Trend Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Gálvez-Fernández ◽  
Manuel Herrador-Colmenero ◽  
Irene Esteban-Cornejo ◽  
José Castro-Piñero ◽  
Javier Molina-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Active Commuting ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Active Commuting To School ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Health Practitioners ◽  
Public Health Practitioners

Abstract Background Active commuting to school (ACS) is an important source to increase the total daily physical activity in youth and improve their health. How the ACS rates change along the time is of interest. The objective of this study was to examine trends in the rates of ACS in a large sample of Spanish children and adolescents aged 6–18 years from 2010 to 2017. The study period included the economic crisis in Spain (2008 to 2013) and secondary analysis was conducted to compare ACS rates during and after the economic crisis. Methods To investigate trends in ACS among Spanish children and adolescents, data were obtained from 28 studies conducted across Spain. The study sample comprised 18,343 children (6 to 11.9 years old; 50.5% girls) and 18,438 adolescents (12 to 18 years old; 49.5% girls). The overall trends in ACS were evaluated using multilevel logistic regression analysis. Results The rates of ACS in Spanish children and adolescents did not change significantly during the 2010–2017 period, except a sporadic increase in the rate of ACS in adolescents in 2012–2013. No significant association between the ACS and the economic crisis time period in either children or adolescents were found. These findings are in contrast to recently reported declines in ACS rates in other countries. Conclusions Strong partnerships between researchers, public health practitioners, policy-makers and communities, as well as long-term commitment and evaluations of interventions aiming to increase ACS are necessary to ensure positive results in the long term.

scholarly journals Does development reduce damage risk from climate extremes? Empirical evidence for floods in India

Water Policy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 748-767
Author(s):  
Chandra Sekhar Bahinipati ◽  
Unmesh Patnaik
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
National Level ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Loss And Damage ◽  
Damage Indicators

Abstract Using a dataset on reported loss and damage (L&D) from flood-affected Indian states between 1953 and 2011, this paper inquires whether development makes states become flood resilient. Although the disaster-specific and the generic adaptation measures have been largely researched, there are limited empirical studies, particularly those that conducted an analysis at the sub-national level and used a dataset of more than 50 years. Considering human development and different loss and damage indicators is another advantage. Employing zero-inflated negative binomial and fixed effects models, this study produces three major findings. First, an increasing trend is observed for the reported loss and damage indicators across the states. Second, both human development and income are mostly found as statistically insignificant, indicating that the states are not becoming flood-resilient with respect to the present development. Third, there is a lack of evidence of learning effect, however, disaster risk management programme mitigates risk. Therefore, the paper suggests that the ongoing development strategies must take into account climate risk and address the persistent adaptation deficit. These findings could have larger policy implications since Indian states are likely to encounter such events frequently, and they also provide inputs to several states' action plans on climate change.

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