scholarly journals Air Quality in a Dental Clinic during Er:YAG Laser Usage for Cavity Preparation on Human Teeth—An Ex-Vivo Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (20) ◽  
pp. 10920
Author(s):  
Angeliki Karveli ◽  
Ioannis G. Tzoutzas ◽  
Panagiotis Ioannis Raptis ◽  
Emmanouil-George C. Tzanakakis ◽  
Eleftherios Terry R. Farmakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Er:Yag Laser ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Dental Clinic ◽  
Dental Tissue ◽  
Cavity Preparation ◽  
Human Teeth ◽  
Limit Values

Chemical air pollution in dental clinics consists of the emission of gases and particulate matter (PM), both generated by dental equipment and tooth tissues. One basic application of Erbium Laser devices is cavity preparation on human teeth due to its strong affinity to water and hydroxyapatite. The objective of this study was the evaluation of indoor air quality during the application of an Er:YAG laser, as a dentin removal instrument, in a Dental Clinic. Particulate Matter (PM) was measured using the standard method of EN legislation. In order to measure total Volatile Organic compounds (VOCs), a portable monitor was used. In the first experiment, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were increased by approximately 10 and 15 times, respectively. From the second experiment it can be concluded that neither of the measured particle concentrations exceeded the recommended indoor limit values while windows were open, although laser influence was still detectable. Within the limitations applied herein, it was found that Er:YAG laser activity for hard dental tissue removal was associated with high PM and TVOCs concentration values in the working environment, under insufficient or no ventilation. Physical ventilation in the aforementioned setting proved to be an important key factor in improving air quality, as both PM and TVOCs concentrations decreased significantly.

Guided Endodontics: Volume of Dental Tissue Removed by Guided Access Cavity Preparation—An Ex Vivo Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1907-1912
Author(s):  
Marco Antônio Z. Loureiro ◽  
Marcela R.A. Elias ◽  
Lucas R. Capeletti ◽  
Julio A. Silva ◽  
Patrícia C. Siqueira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Dental Tissue ◽  
Cavity Preparation ◽  
Ex Vivo Study

Particulate Matter in Ambient Air

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 278-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhold Görgen ◽  
Udo Lambrecht
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
European Institutions ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Time Extension ◽  
The Eu

AbstractNumerous studies have demonstrated the negative effect of particulate matter on human health. The EU therefore introduced ambitious limit values for particulate matter (PM10) in ambient air as early as 1999: an annual limit and a daily limit that can be exceeded on up to 35 days a year. These values are binding since 2005. The daily limit is still exceeded in many cities throughout Europe. Heated debates on the future of the daily limit are taking place at all levels of the EU in the context of the negotiations on the Commission's proposal on a new Air Quality Directive. Suggestions range from allowing a compliance time extension to increasing the number of days the daily limit can be exceeded, and abolition of the daily limit value. The deliberations have not yet been concluded, but the decisive European institutions have voiced support for keeping the daily limit while at the same time extending the compliance deadline. In this article, we will make the point that the problem can most probably be solved by allowing a compliance extension of around 5 years after the new directive enters into force. This would give the competent local authorities and the EU the time necessary to intensify their measures in order to comply with the daily limit in most areas where it is currently exceeded. An increase in the number of days the limit values may be exceeded, as called for by the European Parliament (EP), would therefore amount to an unnecessary lowering of the limit value.

scholarly journals Removal Characteristics of Dental Tissue with Er:YAG Laser Irradiation (Effect of Laser Induced Bubble on Cavity Preparation)

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (794) ◽  
pp. 3594-3604
Author(s):  
Tatsuaki FURUMOTO ◽  
Kaoru NAKATANI ◽  
Tetsuya HAYASHI ◽  
Takashi UEDA ◽  
Akira HOSOKAWA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Irradiation ◽  
Er:Yag Laser ◽  
Irradiation Effect ◽  
Dental Tissue ◽  
Cavity Preparation

scholarly journals STUDY CONCERNING THE MONITORING OF PARTICULATE MATTER PM2,5 AND PM10 IN THE LIBRARY OF “VASILE ALECSANDRI” UNIVERSITY OF BACAU

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
OANA IRIMIA ◽  
MIRELA PANAINTE-LEHĂDUŞ ◽  
VALENTIN NEDEFF ◽  
CLAUDIA TOMOZEI ◽  
ALEXANDRA ŢÎRŢOACĂ
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Work Environment ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Reading Room ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
The Social ◽  
Closed Environment ◽  
Admissible Limit

<p>Air pollution is a problem both for outdoor as well for indoor environment (working environment). The work environment is represented by ambient where the worker operates and includes the physical environment and on other part the social environment. This paper presents the results of measurements for particulate matter (PM<sub>2,5 </sub>and PM<sub>10</sub>) in a closed environment, respectively the library of “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau. The measurement for particulate matter PM<sub>2,5 </sub>and PM<sub>10</sub> in the library was performed in seven halls: two deposits for old books, two deposits for new books, newspaper deposit, reading room and computer room. After accomplishing the measurements, were established the points where the admissible limit values have been exceeded for particulate matter PM<sub>2,5 </sub>and PM<sub>10</sub>, according to law. Thus, it is observed that the permissible values were not exceeded for either PM<sub>2,5 </sub>and PM<sub>10</sub> particulate matter in any sampling points.</p>

Microleakage of Sealants after Phosphoric Acid, Er: YAG Laser and Air Abrasion Enamel Conditioning: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Caroline Fumes ◽  
Daniele Lucca Longo ◽  
Andiara De Rossi ◽  
Tatiana Kelly da Silva Fidalgo ◽  
Francisco Wanderley Garcia de Paula e Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Keyword Search ◽  
Er:Yag Laser ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Air Abrasion ◽  
Human Teeth ◽  
Mesh Terms

Purpose: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to answer the focused question: Does the application of phosphoric acid, Er:YAG laser and air abrasion enamel conditioning methods previous to the oclusal sealant application in human permanent molars influence the microleakage? Study design: A literature research was carried out in the Pubmed Medline, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane databases using with the MeSH terms and keyword search strategy. A supplemental hand search of the references of retrieved articles was also performed. Inclusion criteria comprised ex vivo studies (extracted teeth) with permanent human teeth that used chemical (phosphoric acid) or mechanical (Er:YAG laser and air abrasion) conditioning methods previous the sealant application. The studies should evaluate microleakage as an outcome. Meta-analysis pooled plot were obtained comparing the microleakage after pre-treatment with phosphoric acid, Er:YAG and air abrasion enamel conditioning for sealant application using RevMan software. Results: The search resulted in 164 articles, 55 records were excluded because they were duplicated. The analysis of titles and abstracts resulted in the exclusion of 105 studies. Four studies were included in the systematic review and the meta-analysis. According to the risk of bias evaluation, the four studies were considered low risk of bias. The meta-analysis showed that phosphoric acid had lower microleakage than Er:YAG laser (p &lt; 0.001) and air abrasion (p &lt; 0.001), with heterogeinity of I2 = 0% and I2 = 71%, respectively. It was not found statistical difference when compared phosphoric acid and phosphoric acid combined with Er:YAG laser and air abrasion (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusion: The evidence supports that the pretreatment with phosphoric acid leads lower microleakage in oclusal sealants than Er:YAG laser and air abrasion.

Revising the EU Air Quality Legislation: Experiences and Proposed Improvements

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 292-299
Author(s):  
Dick van den Hout ◽  
Marco Gasparinetti
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Member States ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Thematic Strategy ◽  
New Type

AbstractThe Commission has issued in 2005 a proposal for replacing the current Framework Directive on air quality and its first three daughter directives by a single new directive on ambient air quality. The proposal responds to the high priority given by the Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution to regulating PM2.5 in order to reduce the severe health risks associated with this component of particulate matter. One of the proposed changes is the adoption of an exposure reduction target for PM2.5, a new type of standard which, combined with a binding concentration cap, aims at delivering more substantial benefits in terms of population exposure, compared to the traditional approach. The directive also addresses certain difficulties that Member States are experiencing in implementing the existing directives. This concerns in particular the questions of where limit values apply and how to deal with natural sources of particulate matter when establishing compliance with limit values and the introduction of the possibility for extending, under strict conditions, the time frame for meeting limit values. This paper summarises the main elements of the existing directives, experience of its implementation in Member States and proposed changes. At the time of writing the paper, the proposal was under negotiation in Council and Parliament.

Temporal patterns and trends of air pollution over distinct European urban areas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Rodrigues ◽  
Carla Gama ◽  
Ana Ascenso ◽  
Kevin Oliveira ◽  
Sílvia Coelho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The Other ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Residential Heating ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The City

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;European cities have made significant progress over the last decades towards a clean air. Despite all this progress, several urban areas are frequently exceeding air quality levels allowed by the European legal standards. The ClairCity project funded by the H2020 program addressed air pollution bringing a key missing factor in the way cities and societies organized themselves and work: citizens at the heart not only of the air pollution issues, but also of the solution, focusing on their behaviour, activities and practices. In this work, the ClairCity European pilot cities and regions (Bristol in the UK, Amsterdam in the Netherlands, Ljubljana in Slovenia, Sosnowiec in Poland, the Aveiro region in Portugal and the Liguria region around Genoa in Italy&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;) are studied in terms of air quality for a 10 year period regarding the main atmospheric pollutants over urban areas, namely particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Therefore, the main objective of this work is to present a comprehensive diagnosis of the air quality and its main emission sources for each case study. The concentrations trends in the different typology of monitoring stations (background, traffic and industrial) were addressed, together with the knowledge of daily, weekly and seasonal pollution patterns to better understand the city specific profiles and to characterise pollutant dynamics and variations in multiple locations. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Each city/ region faces different issues and causes of air pollution, but all of these case studies have been working on to improve their air quality. In Bristol there have been strong downward trends in many air pollutants, but the levels of NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; remain persistently high and of concern, with transport the key contributor. PM on the other hand is not widely monitored in Bristol, but background levels at least are under limit values. Similarly, the main sources of air pollution in Amsterdam are traffic, in particular for NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, and international shipping. Decreasing emissions and concentration levels point to some success of Amsterdam air quality policies in recent years. PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; exceedances are a seasonal pollution problem in Ljubljana, with the main particulate matter sources attributed to residential heating, which is still significantly outdated in some parts of the city, where households still heat with burning wood and biomass during winter. The most pressing issue for air quality within Sosnowiec is emissions from residential heating. Particulate matter are the main critical pollutants, linked with the use of inefficient heating systems, together with poor quality fuels, in winter. On the other hand, NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; limit values are also exceeded in Sosnowiec, but in comparison to the low-stack emissions, the problem is far smaller. On contrary, air quality in the Aveiro region is relatively good, due to an overall relatively low population density in the region, and an open landscape in a maritime climate. PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; and O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; exceedances do occur occasionally. While, exceedances of NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations are still problematic in Liguria region, with road transport, industrial plants and port activities being the main contributors to these problems.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Monitoring the Particulate Matter (PM10) Emissions from Bacau City Termo-Energetic Industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 2869-2872
Author(s):  
Mirela Panainte Lehadus ◽  
Valentin Nedeff ◽  
Narcis Barsan ◽  
Andrei Victor Sandu ◽  
Emilian Mosnegutu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Emission Limit ◽  
Combustion Processes ◽  
Pm10 Emissions

Air pollution is one of the major environmental problems with short, medium and long-term effects. Substances emitted into the atmosphere (CO2, SO2, NOx, PM10) contribute to the amplification of the effects of climate change, acidification, air quality deterioration. The most important sources of PM10 emissions come from commercial, institutional and household sectors, industrial processes, road transport and agriculture. In order to protect the atmosphere and improve air quality, are needed measures of control at pollutant emissions. Early pollution reduction actions have led to a significant decrease of PM10 emissions especially from the production and distribution of energy, combustion processes and road transport has significantly diminished. Improving air quality requires continuous monitoring of emissions and, in particular emissions of particulate matter/ PM10. The paper presents the results of the monitoring activity of particulate matter/ PM10 from the thermo-energetic industry. The results of the monitoring include the particulate matter/ PM10 values in the range (68.083 mg/Nm3 - 93.166 mg/Nm3), values that do not exceed the emission limit values.

scholarly journals Five-Year Analysis of Air Pollution in Istanbul Including Also the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilüfer Aykaç ◽  
Pınar Pazarlı Bostan ◽  
Sabri Serhan Olcay ◽  
Berker Öztürk
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Nitrogen Oxide ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
World Health ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Public Data ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

INTRODUCTION: Particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and nitrogen oxide compounds are the main air pollutants. The purpose of this research is to analyze the five-year air quality of Istanbul and examine the effect of movement restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic on pollutants. METHODS: The public data of the National Air Quality Observation Network has been utilized. The research has been conducted based on the five-year daily averages of PM10, NO2, and NOx pollutants for Istanbul between 2016 - 2020. The data of stations which measured for 75% and more throughout the year has been used. The effect of lockdowns enforced due to COVID-19 was revealed by comparing data of pollutants from April and May of 2020 to the same period in 2019. RESULTS: There were 12 stations between 2016 – 2018, and 39 stations in 2019 and 2020 which measured particulate matter and nitrogen oxide compounds. Only 9 stations reached the standard of measuring pollution for 75% and more throughout the year. The PM10, NO2, and NOx levels measured by all the 9 stations between 2016 - 2020 are above the limit values set by the World Health Organization (WHO). The lockdowns in 2020 have not been helping improvements in air pollution issue. However, there have been regressions of 33.4%, 59.6%, and 52.6% in the overall average particulate matter, nitrogen oxide, and nitrogen dioxide concentrations during the lockdowns between 23-26 of April, 1-3 of May, and 23-26 of May, respectively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The air pollution issue in Istanbul has not improved in a meaningful and significant manner for the last five years. There is a significant deficiency in measuring traffic pollution. It has been found that two days long lockdowns and physical movement restrictions due to COVID-19 have significantly contributed to a significant regression in the overall concentration of air pollutants.

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