scholarly journals Stress Impact of COVID-19 Sports Restrictions on Disabled Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 12040
Author(s):  
Giovanni Fiorilli ◽  
Andrea Buonsenso ◽  
Nicola Davola ◽  
Giulia Di Martino ◽  
Francesca Baralla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Structural Barriers ◽  
Buffer Effect ◽  
Subjective Distress ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Sports

The stress impact of COVID-19 restrictions has put the adapted sports community at an unprecedented level of emergency. The self-report Event Scale—Revised (IES-R) questionnaire was administered to assess the level of psychological distress and emotive reactions such as intrusion (INT), avoidance (AV) and hyperarousal (HYP) following training and competitions suspension within a sample of Italian disabled athletes. A total of 146 self-selected volunteers were included in this study: 73 disabled athletes (aged 42.11 ± 13.70) and 73 athletes (aged 40.23 ± 13.73) who served as the control group. Only 8.22% of the disabled participants vs. 30.14% of athletes were affected by subjective distress. MANOVA showed significant differences in IES-R subjective distress for age, where the emerging adults had a higher level of stress than adults (p = 0.031), and for the type of sport, where the individual sports group showed higher scores than the team sports group (p = 0.049). Regarding the IES-R subscales, significant differences were found in INT and AV for age, where the emerging adults showed higher scores than adults (p = 0.018 and p = 0.046, respectively). Significant differences were found in HYP for type of sport, where the individual sports group showed higher scores than the team sports group (p = 0.014). The results confirmed a lower distress level of disabled athletes to adverse events than that expressed by athletes. Both sports engagement and the experience of living with impairment, overcoming structural barriers, could act as a buffer effect against stress due to COVID-19 restrictions.

scholarly journals Examination of Cognitive Flexibility Levels of Young Individual and Team Sport Athletes

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Şehmus Aslan
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
School Students ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Sports

The purpose of this study was to compare the level of cognitive flexibility of individual and team athletes who are students. The study included a total of 237 volunteer athletes, comprising 140 males (59.1%) and 97 females (40.9%) with a mean age of 18.98 ± 2.18 years (range, 16-26 years) who were licensed to participate in individual and team sports. Study data were collected using the Cognitive Flexibility Scale developed by Martin and Rubin (1995), which consists of 12 items in total. International validity and reliability studies were conducted by Martin and Rubin, and Turkish validity and reliability studies were conducted by Çelikkaleli on high school students (Çelikkaleli, 2014). The scores of the Cognitive Flexibility Scale were found to be higher in the team sports athletes compared with the individual sports athletes (p<0.05). No difference was determined between the levels of cognitive flexibility in male and female athletes. The results indicated that the cognitive flexibility levels of team athletes are higher than those of individual athletes.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Service Quality of the Hotel Establishments in Sports Tourism With Regard to the Athletes

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Hasan Osmanoglu ◽  
Hanifi Üzüm
Keyword(s):  
Service Quality ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Sport Tourism ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Quality Perception ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sport Facilities ◽  
Individual Sports

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the service quality of the hotels which are provided sport tourism by athletes according to some variables.The research was conducted with cross-sectional research method as one of the general survey models and relational screening model. Target group of the study also constituted the sample group. This sample was formed of 389 athletes in total as 247 males and 142 females from team sports in Turkish Football, Volleyball, Basketball leagues in years 2016-2017 and individual sports.“Sport Tourism Service Quality Scale” (STSQS) developed by Osmanoğlu et al. (2017) was employed as data collecting tool in this study. The scale was formed of 28 items and 5 sub-dimensions as “Sport facilities, α=0.96”, “Staff, α=0.82”, “Entertainment, α=0.90”, “Hygiene, α=0.85” and “Room quality, α=0.80”. The data was analysed by applying one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey’s Post-Hoc test and Pearson Correlation analysis. The level of significance for this study was decided as p<0.05.In conclusion with the study, service quality perception scores of the athletes were established to be high-level at room quality, hygiene and staff sub-dimensions and medium level at sport facilities and entertainment sub-dimensions. It was noted that service quality perception of the individual sports athletes is higher than the team sports athletes at staff and hygiene sub-dimensions (p<0.05). Regarding duration of stay, the mean of the ones that stay for 5 nights and above was observed to be significantly higher than the ones that stay one-two days and three-four days at sport facilities and staff sub-dimensions. Between the sport facilities, staff, hygiene and entertainment sub-dimensions of hotel classification and service quality, a significant distinction was seen in favor of the five star hotels (p<0,05). 

Perceptions of Collegiate Student-Athletes About Their Youth Sport Specialization or Diversification Process

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Pantuosco-Hensch
Keyword(s):  
Student Athletes ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Youth Sport ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Sport Type ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Youth Sport Participation ◽  
Individual Sports ◽  
Main Effects

The present study addressed the critical question of whether or not sport specialization is necessary for future collegiate participation. Male and female collegiate student-athletes were studied using a mixed method approach (N = 469). Athletes were studied using the Youth Sport Participation Questionnaire. The data obtained from the quantitative items and open-ended survey items were analyzed, triangulated, and summarized. On average, athletes did not specialize in sport until high school (M = 15.47 ± 3.49 years). Comparisons were made between participants using factorial ANOVAs based on gender, sport type and NCAA Division. Two significant first order interactions were noted between: (1) gender and sport type and (2) NCAA Division and sport type (p < .05). Specifically, males and females from individual sports specialized earlier than their counterparts from team sports. The individual sport participants from both Divisions I and III specialized sooner than team sport participants from both divisions. Three main effects also existed for gender, NCAA Division and sport type (p < .05). The perceptions and experiences of student-athletes based were evidence that specializing in sport may not be necessary, despite the increased sense of competition in youth sports. Practical implications will be provided for coaches and youth sport professionals.

Financing Model for the Development of Latvian Athletes

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-41
Author(s):  
Mārtiņš Lauva ◽  
Uldis Grāvītis
Keyword(s):  
Support System ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
The State ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
State Budget ◽  
The Public ◽  
Current Economic Situation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Sports

Abstract The organization of Latvian sports has come a long way since its foundation in the period of independence between the first and second World Wars. The following situation has developed in the organisational structure in sport in Latvia, individual sports and training expenses for individuals in these disciplines are financed by the state, whereas, team sports depend on funding provided by local governments, private sponsors and contributors. Subsidies to enable the participation of national teams in international games are allocated from the state budget, but there is no support system for the best representatives of team sports in order to develop their individual skill, as with individual disciplines. A support system for team athletes can facilitate success of a particular kind of sport at an international level. The youth sports system is mainly based on sports schools, which are maintained by local governments and are developing the most talented future athletes. The necessity for the establishment of specialized boardingschools, to bring together the best representatives in each kind of sport, in each age group nationwide, as well as the best professional coaches, is being frequently accentuated. Deficiencies in the public system can be remedied by attracting private capital investors. Organizations operating under the aegis of the Ministry of Education and Science have developed criteria for the allocation of funding to provide training for athletes. The respective allocated funding is intended just for the improvement of the individual skills of athletes. Due to the current economic situation, it is obvious that funding is insufficient to achieve all goals.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMPETITIVE STATE ANXIETY AMONG TEAM SPORT AND INDIVIDUAL SPORT ATHLETES IN IRAN

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soltani Hossein ◽  
Hojati Zahra ◽  
Reza Attarzadeh Hossini Seyed
Keyword(s):  
State Anxiety ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Persian Version ◽  
Cognitive Anxiety ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Sports ◽  
One Way Anova

Purpose: With respect to the fact that every sport field has its own special nature, the aim of present study was to compare competitive state anxiety among team sport and individual sport athletes in Iran. Material: The statistic sample included 120 male athletes, 60 athletes in individual sports (wrestling, taekwondo and karate) and 60 athletes in team sports (futsal, volleyball and basketball). The research instrument employed was the Persian version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2. This inventory was distributed among the subjects about 30 minutes before the first competition. Finally by one-way ANOVA data was analyzed. Results: The results indicated that the mean score of somatic anxiety and cognitive anxiety among individual sport athletes was significantly higher than that of team sport athletes (p0.05). Conclusion: It seems the being part of a team alleviates some of the pressure experienced by those who compete alone. It seems the individual sport athletes may be more exposed to evaluation and more engaged in their own skills and abilities than team sport athletes given that responsibility for performance is not distributed across several performers.

scholarly journals Self-Esteem, Individual versus Team Sports

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 12915
Author(s):  
Peter Šagát ◽  
Peter Bartik ◽  
Anja Lazić ◽  
Dragoș Ioan Tohănean ◽  
Vasilios Koronas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Team Sports ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Self ◽  
Confidence Levels ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Preparation Period ◽  
Competition Period ◽  
Integrative Concept ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Sports

On the basis of the integrative concept of self-esteem discussed in sport-related literature, various studies refer to its importance in the context of sports activities. Self-esteem is often understood as a personality trait because it tends to be durable and stable. No accurate description is available regarding the types of sports in which subjects participated. The main purpose of the research was to identify and compare the levels of self-esteem and self-confidence of athletes practicing individual and team sports. The self-esteem and self-confidence levels were measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg 1979) and the Self-Confidence Test (Romek, 2000). All participants were males. Subjects were divided into two categories: 40 for individual sports and 40 for team sports. There were two evaluation periods: P1, the beginning of the preparation period, and P2, the beginning of the competition period. There were statistically significant differences for P1 (p < 0.002) and P2 (p < 0.003). The differences between the average values of the two periods were 5.8 points and 3.8 points, both favorable to the group of athletes who practiced individual sports. There were significant differences between the individual and team athletes in self-esteem level. Individual athletes presented a higher level of self-esteem.

scholarly journals How Much Sleep Does an Elite Athlete Need?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Charli Sargent ◽  
Michele Lastella ◽  
Shona L. Halson ◽  
Gregory D. Roach
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Elite Athlete ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Activity Monitor ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Sleep Diary ◽  
Sleep Deficit ◽  
Individual Sports

Purpose: Anecdotal reports indicate that many elite athletes are dissatisfied with their sleep, but little is known about their actual sleep requirements. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the self-assessed sleep need of elite athletes with an objective measure of their habitual sleep duration. Methods: Participants were 175 elite athletes (n = 30 females), age 22.2 (3.8) years (mean [SD]) from 12 individual and team sports. The athletes answered the question “how many hours of sleep do you need to feel rested?” and they kept a self-report sleep diary and wore a wrist activity monitor for ∼12 nights during a normal phase of training. For each athlete, a sleep deficit index was calculated by subtracting their average sleep duration from their self-assessed sleep need. Results: The athletes needed 8.3 (0.9) hours of sleep to feel rested, their average sleep duration was 6.7 (0.8) hours, and they had a sleep deficit index of 96.0 (60.6) minutes. Only 3% of athletes obtained enough sleep to satisfy their self-assessed sleep need, and 71% of athletes fell short by an hour or more. Specifically, habitual sleep duration was shorter in athletes from individual sports than in athletes from team sports (F1,173 = 13.1, P < .001; d = 0.6, medium), despite their similar sleep need (F1,173 = 1.40, P = .24; d = 0.2, small). Conclusions: The majority of elite athletes obtain substantially less than their self-assessed sleep need. This is a critical finding, given that insufficient sleep may compromise an athlete’s capacity to train effectively and/or compete optimally.

scholarly journals A national COVID-19 quarantine survey and its impact on the Italian sports community: Implications and recommendations

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248345
Author(s):  
Giovanni Fiorilli ◽  
Elisa Grazioli ◽  
Andrea Buonsenso ◽  
Giulia Di Martino ◽  
Tsopani Despina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Psychological Resilience ◽  
Subjective Distress ◽  
Sports Activity ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
High Level

The outbreak of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) created an international public health emergency, challenging the psychological resilience of the general population. Regarding this matter, a web-based survey was performed. Data were collected from the following 1,668 self-selected volunteers: 800 athletes (28.30 ± 10.93 years old); 558 coaches (36.91 ± 11.93 years old); and 310 sports managers (42.07 ± 13.38 years old). To assess the level of psychological stress, an Impact of the Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) questionnaire was used. The results indicated that 34.4% of the participants who were interviewed were affected by subjective distress while 26.4% rated their psychological impact from the sports activity interruption as severe. Separated one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests showed significant differences in the IES-R total score (TS), indicating that the level of stress in terms of gender revealed that women were more stressed than men (p = 0.000), for “sports roles” in which the manager and coaches were more stressed than the athletes (p < 0.05), and “type of sport” in which fitness and individual athletes were more stressed than team athletes (p < 0.01). The middle-level athletes showed significantly more hyperarousal levels than high-level athletes (p = 0.012). The results of this survey may raise awareness of this problem and help athletic associations to have appropriate guidelines in order to better sustain their memberships and organize an optimal resumption of their sports activities. Along these lines, social interactions, which are typical of team sports, are crucial to warrant resilience and psychological health. The athletes by managing independently the new rules and measures, thanks to a clear communication, could improve their adaptive stress reaction.

scholarly journals Study regarding the motivational differences of professional athletes

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
Radu Ababei
Keyword(s):  
Team Sports ◽  
Professional Athletes ◽  
Peak Performance ◽  
Professional Literature ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Sports

The subject of motivation in sports is a widely debated one in the professional literature, either by psychologists or by coaches, most of the times stopping at the identification of the main markers that favor or hurt top performance.The purpose variable in relation to the nature and aim of the sport, and to the motivation, where the results were almost identical. This study provides information regarding the reaching of motivational goals by individual and team sports athletes, by highlighting the components that will allow the athletes to face the negative psychological states successfully and to be able to express their peak performance ability.For this study, a group of 86 male athletes were selected, aged 18-25, divided into two groups, one for individual sports and one for team sports. The hypothesis was that there are not any significant differences between the individual and team sports athletes in regards to motivation.

scholarly journals The Effect of Life Kinetik Training Models to Improve Self-Confidence in Team and Individuals Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 220-226
Author(s):  
Komarudin Komarudin ◽  
Boyke Mulyana ◽  
Geraldi Novian
Keyword(s):  
Team Sports ◽  
Training Model ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Training Models ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Right ◽  
Individual Sports ◽  
And Control

Introduction: Athletes are known to have confidence in individual abilities. Meanwhile, athletes that lack self-confidence often doubt their ability to perform at best. To increase self-confidence, it is necessary to train with the right model such as Life Kinetik training. Objectives: This study aims to examine the effect and differences in Life Kinetik and conventional training model to improve self-confidence in the team and individual athletes. Methods: This was an experimental study conducted using the “pre-posttest control group design.” The athlete’s confidence was tested pre and post-training treatments. Meanwhile, the study population, involving male athletes (mean age 17.4 ± 1.65 years), was from one of the state universities in Indonesia. Thirty-four tested athletes actively trained and competed in team sports, while thirty-two athletes engaged in an individual sport. Moreover, subjects were divided into two groups through random assignment, namely experimental and control groups. The experimental group used the Life Kinetik training model for eleven sessions, twice a week whereas, the control group utilized a conventional training model. Besides, data analysis was carried out using the t-test and MANOVA with SPSS version 24 for Windows. Results: The results showed that the Life Kinetik and conventional training model significantly increased self-confidence in the team and individual athletes. Furthermore, there were differences in the effect of the Life Kinetik and conventional training model on increasing the athlete's confidence in the team and individual sports. Conclusion: Based on the results, the Life Kinetik and conventional training models improve athletes' confidence. Meanwhile, there were differences in the effect of the Life Kinetik and conventional training models on increasing the athlete's confidence in the team and individual sports. The Life Kinetik training model is more effective compared to the conventional model. Therefore, the Life Kinetik training model can be recommended to train the self-confidence of athletes.

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