Breast Cancer Screening in Semi-Rural Malaysia: Utilisation and Barriers

Breast cancer (BC) is the commonest cancer in Malaysia. Delayed diagnosis is a significant cause of BC mortality in the country. Early diagnosis and screening are vital strategies in mortality reduction. This study assessed the level of utilisation and barriers for breast self-examination (BSE), clinical breast examination (CBE) and mammogram in a semi-rural population in Malaysia and compared these across the different ethnic groups. This cross-sectional study was conducted among women aged 40 years and above, embedded within a health and demographic surveillance site (HDSS) in Segamat, Malaysia. Trained data collectors collected data on screening and barriers during home visits. Study participants (n = 250) were aged 59.4 ± 10.9 years and represented Malaysia’s three major ethnic groups. Practice of regular BSE, CBE uptake (ever) and mammogram (ever) was 23.2%, 36% and 22.4%, respectively. Regular BSE practice was highest in the Malay ethnic group and least among the Chinese. Regular CBE was very low in all ethnic groups (<5%). Mammogram uptake was highest among Chinese (34.4%), followed by Indians (30.4%) and Malays (16.6%). After adjusting for other socio-demographic variables, Malay ethnicity was positively associated with regular BSE (adjusted OR = 5.26, 95% CI 2.05, 13.50) and negatively associated with having had a mammogram (adjusted OR = 0.3, 95% CI 0.15, 0.57). Lower education was negatively associated (adjusted OR = 0.36, 95% CI 0.17, 0.74) with mammogram attendance (ever). Emotional and financial barriers were the most reported types of barriers, specifically, fear of diagnosis (74.8%), cost of diagnosis (69.6%) and fear of losing a breast (66.4%). Malay women more commonly reported most barriers compared to other ethnic groups. Screening uptake was low among semi-rural women in Malaysia. Implementing culturally appropriate interventions that consider ethnic differences is crucial to empowering women to engage in BC screening initiatives in these communities.

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PREDICTORS OF BREAST SELF-EXAMINATION UPTAKE AMONG WOMEN IN MALE’ REGION, MALDIVES

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine ◽

10.37268/mjphm/vol.21/no.2/art.1127 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 440-448

Author(s):

Aishath Niyaf ◽

Sairah AK ◽

Mohammed Abdalqader

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Early Detection ◽

Clinical Breast Examination ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Breast Self Examination ◽

Continued Education ◽

Clinical Breast ◽

Causes Of Mortality ◽

Self Examination

Breast cancer (BC), is the most common cancer that affects women, and one of the significant causes of mortality among them. Screening and early detection of the disease are encouraged as a means of reducing mortality and enhancing the prognosis. The purpose of the study is to determine the prevalence of Breast Self-Examination (BSE) uptake and to identify the factors that are associated with the BSE uptake among Maldivian women in the Male’ region. The cross-sectional study was carried out over a period of 3 months in the Male’ region, of the Maldives. A total of 600 female citizens aged 20-79 years were selected using stratified random sampling method. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. About 82.70%, 54.80%, and 63.30% of the respondents had heard about BC, breast cancer screening (BCS), and BSE respectively. 50.80% of the respondents had ever performed BSE with only 22.00% performed it regularly. The significant predictors for BSE uptake were: ever heard about BC [OR=2.069, 95% CI(1.081-3.959)], ever heard about BSE [OR=2.342, 95% CI(1.326-4.137)], ever heard about clinical breast examination (CBE) [OR=1.946, 95% CI(1.117-3.390)], knowledge on early detection of BC [OR=1.077, 95% CI(1.011-1.148)], perceptions on the severity of BC [OR=1.062, 95% CI(1.010-1.116)], perceptions on barriers towards BSE [OR=0.900, 95% CI(0.846-0.958)] and self-efficacy [OR=1.112, 95% CI(1.076-1.150)]. The findings indicated that there is a pressing need for continued education and behaviour modification intervention programs using theories and models to increase women’s overall knowledge and awareness of BC and BCS and modify the long-held incorrect beliefs and misconceptions. In particular, the relevant authorities should play a proactive role in raising awareness of BC and promote BCS.

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Social Determinants of Breast Cancer Screening among Married Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

Journal of Research in Health Sciences ◽

10.34172/jrhs.2020.02 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. e00467-e00467 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Atefeh Ghanbari ◽

Pardis Rahmatpour ◽

Narges Hosseini ◽

Malahat Khalili

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Breast Cancer Screening ◽

Clinical Breast Examination ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Married Women ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

North Of Iran ◽

Clinical Breast

Background: Regular cancer screening is the best way for early detection of breast cancer, but studies showed the low participation rates of screening in Iran. We aimed to determine breast cancer screening among married women and related factors in North of Iran. Study design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out from Jan to Mar 2017 among 1472 married women in an urban population in Rasht City, North of Iran. Data were collected using a questionnaire included socio-demographic information and breast cancer screening behaviors. Descriptive statistics, chi-square and logistic regression were used for data analyzing with SPSS. Results: The mean age of women was 35.1 ±6.5 years. Majority of women never performed clinical breast examination (70.7%) and regular monthly breast self-examination (52.2%). Only women over 40 yr performed mammography. Mammography performance was associated with health insurance (OR=4.99; 95% CI: 1.10, 22.53) and family history (OR=1.60; 95% CI: 1.19, 2.19), clinical breast examination was associated with age of women (OR=2.87; 95% CI: 1.90, 4.32) and breast selfexamination was associated with age and occupation of women [OR=1.67; 95 % CI: 1.16, 2.39, OR=1.65; 95% CI: 1.19, 2.29) respectively]. Conclusion: The rate of breast cancer screening was low among married women. Therefore considering the structural and cultural barriers, effective health education is essential to reduce inequality and increase the efficiency of screening programs.

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Breast cancer awareness and downstaging practices among adult women in the Gulu City Main Market, Northern Uganda: A cross-sectional study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1136303/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Joyce Ayugi ◽

George Ndagijimana ◽

Stanley Luyima ◽

David Lagoro Kitara

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Clinical Breast Examination ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Adult Women ◽

Cancer Awareness ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Breast Cancer Awareness ◽

Breast Examination ◽

Clinical Breast ◽

Self Examination

Abstract Background: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers that occur worldwide among women. There were more disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost to breast cancer among women worldwide than any other cancers, and DALYs occurred in women globally after puberty, with increasing rates later in life. Improvements in breast cancer survival began in the 1980s in countries where early detection programs combined with different modes of treatment to eradicate the invasive form of the disease were practiced. Recent data showed that there was a higher prevalence of breast cancer among women in Northern Uganda than among women in the rest of Uganda.The objective of this study was to determine factors associated with breast cancer awareness, breast self-examination (BSE), clinical breast examination (CBE), and other modalities for screening and early breast cancer detection among adult women in the Gulu main market.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Gulu main market in 2020. A total of 98 adult women were recruited for the study by a random sampling method. The questionnaire had an internal validity of Cronbach’s α=0.72. The study was approved by a local IRB. SPSS version 26.0 was used for data analysis, and a p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant.Results: Most participants were 20-29 years 41(41.8%), married 44(44.9%), monthly incomes of >UGX1 million shillings 51(52.2%), Acholi 81(82.7%), Catholics 46(46.9%), vendors 75(76.5%), duration of work in the market (1-10 years) 64(65.4%), primary level of education 39(39.8%), and had 1-2 pregnancies 37(37.8%). The independent factors associated with breast cancer awareness, breast self-examination, and clinical breast examination were vendor (primary occupation) (β=-0.130, t=-2.979, p<0.004), duration of work in the market (1-10 years) (β=-0.186, t=-2.452, p<0.016), and higher level of education (β=-0.091, t=-2.506, p<0.014).Conclusions: Breast cancer awareness and downstaging practices in adult women in the Gulu main market were thought-provoking. Women with better socioeconomic status (higher education, moderate work duration in the market and primarily vendors) in the Gulu main market were more likely aware and practiced breast cancer downstaging activities. There is a need to strengthen publicity on breast cancer-related knowledge for lower-income occupational groups and those with lower education levels to better understand the importance of conducting BSE, CBE, and mammography for early breast cancer detection.

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Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to breast cancer screening among female health care professionals: a cross sectional study

BMC Women s Health ◽

10.1186/s12905-019-0819-x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Humariya Heena ◽

Sajid Durrani ◽

Muhammad Riaz ◽

Isamme AlFayyad ◽

Rabeena Tabasim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Health Care ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Breast Cancer Screening ◽

Clinical Breast Examination ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Attitudes And Practices ◽

Clinical Breast ◽

Knowledge Attitudes And Practices

Abstract Background Incidence of breast cancer in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has increased in recent years. Screening helps in early detection of cancer and early diagnosis and timely treatment of breast cancer lead to a better prognosis. Women in the healthcare profession can have a positive impact on the attitudes, beliefs, and practices of general public. Therefore, it is important that the healthcare workers themselves have adequate knowledge and positive attitudes. We conducted a study to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to breast cancer screening among female healthcare professionals. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on female health professional of KFMC (King Fahad Medical City). Data was collected using a pre-designed, tested, self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire included specific sections to test the participants’ knowledge, attitude, and practices related to cervical cancer and its screening. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics. Results A total of 395 health care workers participated in this study. The mean age of the participants was 34.7 years. Participants included physicians (n = 63, 16.0%), nurses (n = 261, 66.1%), and allied health workers (n = 71, 18.0%). Only 6 (1.5%) participants had a good level of knowledge of breast cancer and 104 (26.8%) participants demonstrated a fair level of knowledge. Overall, 370 (93.7%), 339 (85.8%), and 368 (93.2%) participants had heard of breast self-examination, clinical breast examination, and mammography, respectively. A total of 295 (74.7%) participants reported practicing breast self-examination, 95 (24.1%) had undergone clinical breast examination, and 74 (18.7%) had ever undergone mammography. Conclusion The knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to breast cancer screening were found to be lower than expected. Active steps are required to develop educational programs for the health care staff, which might empower them to spread the knowledge and positively influence the attitudes of female patients in the hospital.

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Breast cancer among young girls: a KAP study conducted in Lahore

International Journal of Scientific Reports ◽

10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20182206 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (6) ◽

pp. 166

Author(s):

Amna Khalid ◽

Shamaila Hassnain ◽

Hafsah Gakhar ◽

Badar Khalid ◽

Fatima Zulfiqar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Clinical Breast Examination ◽

Malignant Tumour ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Screening Methods ◽

Small Lesion ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Clinical Breast

Background: Breast cancer is the second most frequently occurring malignant tumour. It's a progressive disease hence gradually developing into more fatal form from very small lesion. Knowledge and awareness about risk factors, symptoms and screening methods reduces the mortality and morbidity.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Lahore. Data was collected anonymously on self-administrated questionnaire regarding awareness and knowledge about risk factors, presentations of breast cancer and screening practices about breast self-examination (BSE), clinical breast examination (CBE) and mammography. Results: A total of 400 females participated in this study. 34% had heard of BSE, 30% of CBE and 29.5% of the mammography. Only 21.8% had ever performed BSE and 14% had ever received CBE. On enquiring the reasons for not performing BSE 29% did not know how to do it and 14.3% indicated embarrassment as the cause of not performing CBE. Regarding the source of information internet was identified as the most popular one (64.8%) followed by breast cancer campaigns (58.5%). Participants had inadequate knowledge about risk factors and its presentations. There is much lack of information about mammography but participants were aware of the age (35-40years) to start this screening procedure.Conclusions: Our studies revealed lack of awareness and knowledge with regard to breast cancer and it screening methods. There is utmost need to enhance the awareness and encouraging the performance of BSE, CBE and mammography among females from very young age to reduce its incidence.

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Overall Clinical Breast Examination as a Factor in Delayed Diagnosis of Breast Cancer—Correction

Archives of Surgery ◽

10.1001/archsurg.138.2.184 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 138 (2) ◽

pp. 184

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Delayed Diagnosis ◽

Clinical Breast Examination ◽

Breast Examination ◽

Clinical Breast

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Major dietary patterns in relation to demographic and socio-economic status and food insecurity in two Iranian ethnic groups living in Urmia, Iran

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980016001634 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 19 (18) ◽

pp. 3337-3348 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Arezoo Rezazadeh ◽

Nasrin Omidvar ◽

Hassan Eini-Zinab ◽

Mahmoud Ghazi-Tabatabaie ◽

Reza Majdzadeh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Insecurity ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Economic Status ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Activity Level ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Negatively Associated ◽

North West ◽

Socio Economic Status

AbstractObjectiveTo identify major dietary patterns and their association with socio-economic status (SES) and food insecurity in two major ethnic groups living in Urmia, north-west Iran.DesignA cross-sectional study.SettingAll four geographical zones of Urmia city.SubjectsParticipants (n 723; 427 women and 296 men), aged 20–64 years, from two ethnic groups (445 Azeri Turks and 278 Kurds).ResultsThree major dietary patterns were extracted: ‘Traditional High SES’ (THS), ‘Traditional Low SES’ (TLS) and ‘Transitional’. After adjusting for confounders, the THS pattern was positively associated with education level and negatively associated with moderate or severe food insecurity in Azeri Turks; whereas, among Kurds, it was more common in women and positively associated with age. The TLS pattern was more common among men and negatively associated with educational level and all levels of food insecurity in Azeris; while, among Kurds, it was more common among men, positively associated with being married and negatively associated with household income/capita. The ‘Transitional’ pattern was positively associated with being employed and negatively associated with age and all levels of food insecurity in Azeris; while, among Kurds, it was more common among men and negatively associated with age, being married and physical activity level.ConclusionsFindings suggest that household SES and food insecurity are associated with detrimental dietary patterns and that this effect may be stronger than cultural and ethnic background. These patterns differ by age and gender. Therefore, such characteristics should be considered in planning and formulating diet-related policies and programmes.

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Perceived Fears, Barriers, and Benefits Regarding Breast Cancer Screening: A Comparison of Lebanese and Lebanese-American Women

JCO Global Oncology ◽

10.1200/go.20.00019 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1200-1210

Author(s):

Laura Bourdeanu ◽

Manal Alatrash ◽

Nayiri Ketchedjian ◽

Barbara Pate

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Breast Cancer Screening ◽

Clinical Breast Examination ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

American Women ◽

Screening Guidelines ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Breast Examination ◽

Clinical Breast

Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy among Lebanese women, and nearly half of these women are age < 50 years at diagnosis. Despite the current screening guidelines in Lebanon to start mammograms at 40 years of age, monthly self-breast examination, and yearly clinical breast examination, compliance with these recommendations remains low in both Lebanese and Lebanese-American women. This study aimed to examine different factors associated with breast cancer screening compliance in Lebanese and Lebanese-American women and determine and compare factors that predict breast cancer screening for these 2 groups. A cross-sectional study design was used to examine the factors associated with breast cancer screening compliance in Lebanese and Lebanese-American women. A total of 250 Lebanese women and 105 Lebanese-American women completed the questionnaires. Of these, 74.3% of Lebanese-American women and 72.5% of Lebanese women had ever had a mammogram, and 58.4% of Lebanese women had had a clinical breast examination, compared with 84.8% of Lebanese-American women. In both groups, health care provider recommendation was a predictor of having had a mammogram. Although the breast cancer screening practices of both groups are higher than previously reported, they continue to fall below the recommended rate of 81% according to the Healthy People Project. Given the susceptibility of Lebanese women age > 40 years to develop breast cancer, promotional breast cancer screening campaigns must emphasize the importance of adhering to screening guidelines for both Lebanese and Lebanese-American women.

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Awareness of Breast Cancer & Breast Self-Examination among Rural Women in Western India – A Cross Sectional Study

Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare ◽

10.18410/jebmh/2021/410 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (25) ◽

pp. 2192-2196

Author(s):

Harishchandra Dyanoba Gore ◽

Surekha Sachin Gawade ◽

Shubhangi Uttam Agawane ◽

Sachin Arun Gawade ◽

Abhay Babruwahan Mane ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Rural Women ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Western India ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Breast Self Examination ◽

Cancer Breast ◽

Self Examination

BACKGROUND Breast cancer is becoming the most common cancer among women in the world. It is estimated that about 2.1 million new cases were diagnosed in the year 2018. When breast cancer is detected early, there is a good chance of cure. Early detection of the disease remains the cornerstone of breast cancer control. Breast self-examination (BSE) and awareness have a major role in early detection of this cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the awareness of breast cancer & breast self-examination among the rural women in western India. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in rural field practice area of Medical College in western India. Out of 19 villages three villages were selected by simple random sampling method and participants in the selected village were identified by systematic random sampling method. A standardized Marathi questionnaire was used, containing demographic profile, knowledge and impressions about breast cancer and BSE. Analysis was done by Microsoft excel 2007 and Epi Info 7.2. RESULTS Out of 522 women, 249 (47.70 %) were know or heard about breast cancer and only 111 (21.26 %) ever heard about breast self-examination (BSE). Out of 111 women ever heard about BSE only 12 (10.51 %) were performing BSE; of which 03 (2.87 %) were doing BSE daily, 03 were weekly, 04 were monthly and 02 were very rarely. Most of the women, 186 (76 %) perceived balanced diet was good for prevention of breast cancer, followed by breast self-examination 167 (68.42 %). Most of the 200 (81.87 %) women responded that medical treatment is the main treatment for breast cancer, followed by surgical treatment 142 (57.89 %), radiotherapy 127 (52 %), spiritual and traditional treatment was 14 - 20 (6 - 8 %). CONCLUSIONS Awareness about breast cancer was considerable but there was poor knowledge about BSE and risk factors among the rural women in western India. KEYWORDS Breast cancer, Breast self-examination, Awareness, Rural, Prevention

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Acquisition and completion of pregnant woman's medical booklet in four populational-based surveys

Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil ◽

10.1590/1806-93042019000200007 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 375-382

Author(s):

Tatiane Nogueira Gonzalez ◽

Juraci Almeida Cesar

Keyword(s):

Health Professionals ◽

Standard Form ◽

Clinical Breast Examination ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Public ◽

Clinical Breast ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Time Of Admission

Abstract Objectives: to measure the prevalence of acquiring and evaluating the level of completion of the pregnant women's medical booklet on the occasion of childbirth in Rio Grande, Brazil. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study including all puerperals residing in this municipality in 2007, 2010, 2013 and 2016. The mothers were interviewed at the only two local maternities up to 48 hours after childbirth. The data from the pregnant woman’s medical booklet were copied on a standard form. The chi-square test was used to compare proportions. Results: 10,242 pregnant women were included in this study. Of these, 54.8% (CI95%=53.8%-55.7%) had their pregnant woman's medical booklet with them at the time of admission. The completion pattern of the pregnant woman's medical booklet is divided into three groups, namely: with at least 95%: date of the last consultation visit, maternal height and blood pressure verification, uterine height, cardio-fetal heart rate and the Rh factor; 85% or more: date of the last menstruation, qualitative urine test, VDRL and HIV; and less than 30%: performance of clinical breast examination and cytopathology of the uterine cervix. In the private sector, the acquisition of the pregnant woman's medical booklet was 41% lower than at the public sector (62% vs. 44%). Conclusions: the use of the pregnant woman's medical booklet and its completion were lower than expected on several items. Local managers need to work together with the health professionals and these health professionals should work with the mothers to promote the full use of this essential document for the maternal and child's health.

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