Integrated Analysis of Transcriptomic and Proteomics Data Reveals the Induction Effects of Rotenoid Biosynthesis of Mirabilis himalaica Caused by UV-B Radiation

Mirabilis himalaica (Edgew.) Heimerl is one of the most important genuine medicinal plants in Tibet, in which the special plateau habitat has been associated with its excellent medicinal quality and efficacy. However, the mechanisms by which environmental factors affect biosynthesis of secondary metabolic components remain unclear in this species. In this study, RNA sequencing and iTRAQ (isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantification) techniques were used to investigate the critical molecular “events” of rotenoid biosynthesis responding to UV-B radiation, a typical plateau ecological factor presented in native environment-grown M. himalaica plants. A total of 3641 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 106 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in M. himalaica between UV-B treatment and control check (CK). Comprehensive analysis of protein and transcript data sets resulted in 14 and 7 DEGs from the plant hormone signal transduction and phosphatidylinositol signaling system pathways, respectively, being significantly enriched. The result showed that the plant hormone signal transduction and phosphatidylinositol signaling system might be the key metabolic strategy of UV-B radiation to improve the biosynthesis of rotenoid in M. himalaica. At same time, most of the DEGs were associated with auxin and calcium signaling, inferring that they might drive the downstream transmission of these signal transduction pathways. Regarding those pathways, two chalcone synthase enzymes, which play key roles in the biosynthesis of rotenoid that were thought as the representative medicinal component of M. himalaica, were significantly upregulated in UV-B radiation. This study provides a theoretical basis for further exploration of the adaptation mechanism of M. himalaica to UV-B radiation, and references for cultivation standardization.

Download Full-text

Transcriptomic and epigenomic remodeling occurs during vascular cambium periodicity in Populus tomentosa

Horticulture Research ◽

10.1038/s41438-021-00535-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bo Chen ◽

Huimin Xu ◽

Yayu Guo ◽

Paul Grünhofer ◽

Lukas Schreiber ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Signal Transduction ◽

Plant Hormone ◽

Target Genes ◽

Populus Tomentosa ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Vascular Cambium ◽

Differentially Methylated Region ◽

Gene Body Methylation ◽

Transcription Analysis ◽

Global Methylation

AbstractTrees in temperate regions exhibit evident seasonal patterns, which play vital roles in their growth and development. The activity of cambial stem cells is the basis for regulating the quantity and quality of wood, which has received considerable attention. However, the underlying mechanisms of these processes have not been fully elucidated. Here we performed a comprehensive analysis of morphological observations, transcriptome profiles, the DNA methylome, and miRNAs of the cambium in Populus tomentosa during the transition from dormancy to activation. Anatomical analysis showed that the active cambial zone exhibited a significant increase in the width and number of cell layers compared with those of the dormant and reactivating cambium. Furthermore, we found that differentially expressed genes associated with vascular development were mainly involved in plant hormone signal transduction, cell division and expansion, and cell wall biosynthesis. In addition, we identified 235 known miRNAs and 125 novel miRNAs. Differentially expressed miRNAs and target genes showed stronger negative correlations than other miRNA/target pairs. Moreover, global methylation and transcription analysis revealed that CG gene body methylation was positively correlated with gene expression, whereas CHG exhibited the opposite trend in the downstream region. Most importantly, we observed that the number of CHH differentially methylated region (DMR) changes was the greatest during cambium periodicity. Intriguingly, the genes with hypomethylated CHH DMRs in the promoter were involved in plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and plant–pathogen interactions during vascular cambium development. These findings improve our systems-level understanding of the epigenomic diversity that exists in the annual growth cycle of trees.

Download Full-text

Identification of differentially expressed proteins in fresh and frozen–thawed boar spermatozoa by iTRAQ-coupled 2D LC–MS/MS

Reproduction ◽

10.1530/rep-13-0313 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 147 (3) ◽

pp. 321-330 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Xiaoli Chen ◽

Huabin Zhu ◽

Chuanhuo Hu ◽

Haisheng Hao ◽

Junfang Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Bioinformatic Analysis ◽

Absolute Quantification ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Differentially Expressed Proteins ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Boar Semen ◽

Isobaric Tags ◽

Boar Spermatozoa

Cryodamage is a major problem in semen cryopreservation, causing changes in the levels of proteins that influence the function and motility of spermatozoa. In this study, protein samples prepared from fresh and frozen–thawed boar spermatozoa were compared using the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling technique coupled to 2D LC–MS/MS analysis. A total of 41 differentially expressed proteins were identified and quantified, including 35 proteins that were present at higher levels and six proteins that were present at lower levels in frozen–thawed spermatozoa by at least a mean of 1.79-fold (P<0.05). On classifying into ten distinct categories using bioinformatic analysis, most of the 41 differentially expressed proteins were found to be closely relevant to sperm premature capacitation, adhesions, energy supply, and sperm–oocyte binding and fusion. The expression of four of these proteins, SOD1, TPI1, ODF2, and AKAP3, was verified by western blot analysis. We propose that alterations in these identified proteins affect the quality of cryopreserved semen and ultimately lower its fertilizing capacity. This is the first study to compare protein levels in fresh and frozen–thawed spermatozoa using the iTRAQ technology. Our preliminary results provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms of cryodamage in frozen–thawed spermatozoa and theoretical guidance to improve the cryopreservation of boar semen.

Download Full-text

Integrated mRNA and small RNA sequencing reveals microRNA regulatory network associated with internode elongation in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)

BMC Genomics ◽

10.1186/s12864-019-6201-4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lihang Qiu ◽

Rongfa Chen ◽

Yegeng Fan ◽

Xing Huang ◽

Hanmin Luo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Signal Transduction ◽

Nitrogen Metabolism ◽

Differentially Expressed Genes ◽

Small Rna ◽

Plant Hormone ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Small Rna Sequencing ◽

Internode Elongation ◽

Mirna Regulation

Abstract Background Internode elongation is one of the most important traits in sugarcane because of its relation to crop productivity. Understanding the microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA expression profiles related to sugarcane internode elongation would help develop molecular improvement strategies but they are not yet well-investigated. To identify genes and miRNAs involved in internode elongation, the cDNA and small RNA libraries from the pre-elongation stage (EI), early elongation stage (EII) and rapid elongation stage (EIII) were sequenced and their expression were studied. Results Based on the sequencing results, 499,495,518 reads and 80,745 unigenes were identified from stem internodes of sugarcane. The comparisons of EI vs. EII, EI vs. EIII, and EII vs. EIII identified 493, 5035 and 3041 differentially expressed genes, respectively. Further analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes were enriched in the GO terms oxidoreductase activity and tetrapyrrole binding. KEGG pathway annotation showed significant enrichment in “zeatin biosynthesis”, “nitrogen metabolism” and “plant hormone signal transduction”, which might be participating in internode elongation. miRNA identification showed 241 known miRNAs and 245 novel candidate miRNAs. By pairwise comparison, 11, 42 and 26 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified from EI and EII, EI and EIII, and EII and EIII comparisons, respectively. The target prediction revealed that the genes involved in “zeatin biosynthesis”, “nitrogen metabolism” and “plant hormone signal transduction” pathways are targets of the miRNAs. We found that the known miRNAs miR2592-y, miR1520-x, miR390-x, miR5658-x, miR6169-x and miR8154-x were likely regulators of genes with internode elongation in sugarcane. Conclusions The results of this study provided a global view of mRNA and miRNA regulation during sugarcane internode elongation. A genetic network of miRNA-mRNA was identified with miRNA-mediated gene expression as a mechanism in sugarcane internode elongation. Such evidence will be valuable for further investigations of the molecular regulatory mechanisms underpinning sugarcane growth and development.

Download Full-text

Bioinformatics Combined with Quantitative Proteomics Analyses and Identification of Potential Biomarkers in Cholangiocarcinoma

10.21203/rs.2.23092/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Zijian Da ◽

Long Gao ◽

Gang Su ◽

Jia Yao ◽

Wenkang Fu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Poor Prognosis ◽

Independent Risk Factor ◽

Primary Tumour ◽

Absolute Quantification ◽

Gene Expression Omnibus ◽

The Cancer Genome Atlas ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Integrated Analysis ◽

Protein Levels

Abstract Background Cholangiocarcinoma(CCA)is an invasive malignancy arising from biliary epithelial cells; it is the most common primary tumour of the bile tract and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to screen prognostic biomarkers for CCA by integrated multiomics analysis. Methods The GSE32225 dataset was derived from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and comprehensively analysed by using R software and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to obtain the differentially expressed RNAs (DERNAs) associated with CCA prognosis. Quantitative isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) proteomics was used to screen differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between CCA and nontumour tissues. Through integrated analysis of DERNA and DEP data, we obtained candidate proteins APOF, ITGAV and CASK, and immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of these proteins in CCA. The relationship between CASK expression and CCA prognosis was further analysed. Results Through bioinformatics analysis, 875 DERNAs were identified, of which 10 were associated with the prognosis of the CCA patients. A total of 487 DEPs were obtained by using the iTRAQ technique. Comprehensive analysis of multiomics data showed that CASK, ITGAV and APOF expression at both the mRNA and protein levels were different in CCA compared with nontumour tissues. CASK was found to be expressed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of CCA cells in 38 (45%) of 84 patients with CCA. Our results suggested that patients with positive CASK expression had significantly better overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) than those with negative CASK expression. Univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that negative expression of CASK was a significantly independent risk factor for OS and RFS in CCA patients. Conclusions CASK may be a tumour suppressor; its low expression is an independent risk factor for a poor prognosis in CCA patients, and so it could be used as a clinically valuable prognostic marker.

Download Full-text

iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Changes in Metabolite Biosynthesis in Monascus purpureus in Response to a Low-Frequency Magnetic Field

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins10110440 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 440 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jialan Zhang ◽

Yingbao Liu ◽

Li Li ◽

Mengxiang Gao

Keyword(s):

Protein Level ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Absolute Quantification ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Monascus Purpureus ◽

Monacolin K ◽

Yellow Orange ◽

Frequency Magnetic Field ◽

Isobaric Tags ◽

Control Protein

Background: Low-frequency magnetic fields (LF-MFs) dampen the citrinin output by Monascus purpureus in fermentations. The influence of LF-MFs on biosynthesis by M. purpureus was evaluated at the protein level. Methods: Cultures were treated with a 1.6-mT MF from day 0 to day 2 of incubation, and secondary metabolite production was evaluated on the day 12 of incubation. All proteins were extracted from M. purpureus mycelia and subjected to isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling and subsequent liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis on day 6 of fermentation. Results: There was no difference in biomass between the treated samples and the control. Citrinin production was 46.7% lower, and the yields of monacolin K and yellow, orange, and red pigment were 29.3%, 31.3%, 41.7%, and 40.3% higher, respectively, in the exposed samples compared to the control. Protein expression in M. purpureus under LF-MF treatment was quantified using iTRAQ technology. Of 2031 detected proteins, 205 were differentially expressed. The differentially-expressed proteins were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation and statistical analysis, which revealed that they mainly refer to biological metabolism, translation, antioxidant, transport and defense pathways. Among all the tagged proteins, emphasis was placed on the analysis of those involved in the synthesis of citrinin, pigment and monacolin K was emphasized. Conclusions: LF-MFs affected Monascus secondary metabolism at the protein level, and aggregate data for all the protein profiles in LF-MF-treated Monascus was obtained.

Download Full-text

Comparative Proteomics of Schistosoma Japonicum Developed From Different Oncomelania Snails Permissive Areas

10.21203/rs.3.rs-198108/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Feng Miao ◽

Yongbin Wang ◽

Kun Yang ◽

Wei Li ◽

Chunrong Xiong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Absolute Quantification ◽

Shandong Province ◽

Receptor Expression ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Water Diversion ◽

Differentially Expressed Proteins ◽

Histone H4 ◽

Intermediate Hosts ◽

Male Adult ◽

Isobaric Tags

Abstract Background: Schistosomiasis is an important zoonotic parasitic disease that is widely prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries and regions in the worldwide.Methods: We aimed to analyze the proteomic differences between adult S. japonicum worms in Weishan Lake of Shandong province and the Jiangsu Yangtse river. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) assays were used to analyze the differential proteomic profiles between female and male adult worms.Results: A total of 2364 adult S. japonicum proteins were identified, and 1901 proteins were quantified by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) technology. Our results revealed 68 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in female adult worms and 55 DEPs in male adult worms. LC-MS/MS and bioinformatics analysis indicated that these DEPs are enriched in cellular composition, molecular function, biological function and catabolism pathways. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Domain and Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) analyses indicated that several groups of DEPs were involved in regulating transport, metabolism, signal transduction, energy production and conversion, defense and biosynthesis in adult S. japonicum worms. Our findings indicated that adult S. japonicum worms derived from O. hupensis that were transferred from permissive to nonpermissive areas exhibited moderate changes at the proteomic level. Moreover, snails transferred to the Weishan Lake did not change their schistosomiasis transmission ability and remained pathogenic in mice. In addition, three upregulated proteins (peptidylprolyl isomerase, heat shock protein 90α and receptor expression-enhancing protein (Q5DBJ1)) and three downregulated proteins (histone H3, histone H4 and receptor expression-enhancing protein (C1L9D7)) were found in both female and male adult worms. Conclusions: Proteomic analysis showed that differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between adult S. japonicum worms in Weishan Lake of Shandong province and the Jiangsu Yangtse river. The results of this proteomics analysis of adult worms that hatched in two separate intermediate hosts help to improve our understanding of the growth and developmental mechanisms of S. japonicum in different environments. Under the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP) framework, long-term surveillance is needed to prevent the diffusion of O. hupensis and to reduce the risk of schistosomiasis transmission.

Download Full-text

RNA-Seq And WGCNA Analysis Identifies Salt-Responsive Genes In Pear (Pyrus Ussuriensis Maxim)

10.21203/rs.3.rs-847089/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Qiming Chen ◽

Huizhen Dong ◽

Zhihua Xie ◽

Kaijie Qi ◽

Xiaosan Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Signal Transduction ◽

Salt Stress ◽

Salt Tolerance ◽

Plant Hormone ◽

Enrichment Analysis ◽

Salt Resistance ◽

Mapk Signaling ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Signal Transduction Pathways ◽

Rna Seq

Abstract Background: Pear is one of the most abundant fruit crops and has been cultivated world-wide. However, the salt injury events caused by increased salinity limited the distribution and sustainable production of pear crops. Therefore, it is needed to take further efforts to understand the genetics and mechanisms of salt tolerance to improved salt resistance and productivity.Results: In this work, we analyzed the dynamic transcriptome of pear (Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim) under salt stress by using RNA-Seq and WGCNA. A total of 3540, 3831, 8374, 6267 and 5381 genes were identified that were differentially expressed after exposure to 200mM NaCl for 4, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours, respectively, and 1163 genes were shared among the five comparisons. KEGG enrichment analysis of these DEGs (differentially expressed genes) revealed that “MAPK signaling” and “Plant hormone signal transduction” pathways were highly enriched. Meanwhile, 622 DEGs identified from WGCNA were highly correlated with these pathways, and some of them were able to indicate the salt tolerance of pear varieties. In addition, we provide a network to demonstrate the time-sequence of these co-expressed MAPK and hormone related genes.Conclusion: A comprehensive analysis about salt-responsive pear transcriptome were performed by using RNA-Seq and WGCNA. We demonstrated that “MAPK signaling” and “Plant hormone signal transduction” pathways were highly recruited during salt stress, and provided new insights into the metabolism of plant hormones related signaling at transcriptome level underlying salt resistance in pear. The dynamic transcriptome data obtained from this study and these salt-sensitive DEGs may provide potential genes as suitable targets for further biotechnological manipulation to improve pear salt tolerance.

Download Full-text

Screening for Proteins Related to The Biosynthesis of Hispidin and Its Derivatives in Phellinus Igniarius Using iTRAQ Proteomic Analysis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-72805/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jinjing Guo ◽

Xiaoxi Liu ◽

Yuanjie Li ◽

Hongyan Ji ◽

Cheng Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stress Responses ◽

Multiple Reaction Monitoring ◽

Enrichment Analysis ◽

Absolute Quantification ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Differentially Expressed Proteins ◽

Phellinus Igniarius ◽

Chemical Structures ◽

Isobaric Tags

Abstract Background: Hispidin (HIP) and its derivatives, a class of natural fungal metabolites, possess extremely complex and interesting chemical structures with extensive pharmacological activities. Phellinus igniarius, which is the most common sources of HIP, can be used as both medicine and food. The biosynthetic pasthway of HIP in P. igniarius is not yet clear and hence effective regulatory mechanism of HIP is absent.The purpose of this paper was to illustrate a biosynthesis system for hispidin and its derivatives at the protein level. Results: We found that tricetolatone (TL) is a key biosynthetic precursor in the biosynthetic pathway of hispidin and that its addition led to increased production of hispidin and various hispidin derivatives. Based on the changes in the concentrations of precursors and intermediates, key timepoints in the biosynthetic process were identified. We used isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) to study dynamic changes of related proteins in vitro. The 270 differentially expressed proteins were determined by GO enrichment analysis to be primarily related to energy metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and environmental stress responses after TL supplementation. The differentially expressed proteins were related to ATP synthase, NAD binding protein, oxidoreductase, and other elements associated with electron transfer and dehydrogenation reactions during the biosynthesis of hispidin and its derivatives. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) technology was used to selectively verify the iTRAQ results, leading us to screen 11 proteins that were predicted to be related to the biosynthesis pathways.Conclution: These findings help to clarify the molecular mechanism of biosynthesis of hispidin and its derivatives and may serve as a foundation for future strategies to identify new hispidin derivatives.

Download Full-text

iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Pseudostellaria heterophylla from Geo-Authentic Habitat and Cultivated Bases

Current Proteomics ◽

10.2174/1570164616666181116124050 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 231-245

Author(s):

Yujiao Hua ◽

Chengcheng Wang ◽

Shengnan Wang ◽

Zixiu Liu ◽

Xunhong Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Binding Proteins ◽

Large Subunit ◽

Absolute Quantification ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Differentially Expressed Proteins ◽

Realtime Pcr ◽

Pseudostellaria Heterophylla ◽

Response To Stress ◽

Isobaric Tags ◽

Shock Proteins

Background: Pseudostellaria heterophylla is an important tonic traditional Chinese medicine. However, the molecular changes in the herb from geo-authentic habitat and cultivated bases remain to be explored. Objective: The purpose of this research was to study differences in P. heterophylla from geo-authentic habitat and cultivated bases. Methods: High-throughput technologies of transcriptomic and proteomic were used to identify proteins. Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantification (iTRAQ) MS/MS has been utilized to evaluate changes in P. heterophylla from geo-authentic habitat and cultivated bases. Results: In this study, a total of 3775 proteins were detected, and 140 differentially expressed proteins were found in P. heterophylla from geo-authentic habitat and cultivated bases. 44 significantly differential expressed proteins were identified based on functional analysis classified into nine categories. Five differentially expressed proteins were confirmed at the gene expression level by Quantitative realtime PCR. Catabolic metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and response to stress of oxidoreductases and transferases in P. heterophylla from geo-authentic habitat were stronger than in those from cultivated bases, but protein folding and response to stress of heat shock proteins, isomerases, rubisco large subunit-binding proteins, chaperone proteins, and luminal-binding proteins in herbs from cultivated bases were more active. ADG1 and TKTA could be the critical proteins to regulate sucrose; MFP2 and CYS may be the crucial proteins that control the metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids. Conclusion: These results will provide the basic information for exploring the differences in secondary metabolites in P. heterophylla from geo-authentic habitat and cultivated bases and the protein mechanism of its quality formation.

Download Full-text

Integrative analysis of transcriptome and proteome revealed nectary and nectar traits in the plant-pollinator interaction of Nitraria tangutorum Bobrov

BMC Plant Biology ◽

10.1186/s12870-021-03002-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tingting Chen ◽

Yanwei Zhou ◽

Jingbo Zhang ◽

Ye Peng ◽

Xiuyan Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Signal Transduction ◽

Differentially Expressed Genes ◽

Plant Pathogen ◽

Plant Hormone ◽

Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽

Epidermal Cells ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Ascorbate Oxidase ◽

Nitraria Tangutorum ◽

Plant Pathogen Interaction

Abstract Background Nitraria tangutorum is an important desert shrub that shows resistance to drought, salt and wind erosion stresses. It is a central ecological species in its area. Here, we have studied how N. tangutorum has adapted to achieve a successful reproduction strategy. Results We found that N. tangutorum is mainly pollinated by insects of the Hymenoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera orders. Nitraria tangutorum has very small flowers, with the nectary composed of secretive epidermal cells from which nectar is secreted, located within the inner petals. In addition, analyzing the transcriptome of four successive flower developmental stages revealed that mainly differentially expressed genes associated with flower and nectary development, nectar biosynthesis and secretion, flavonoid biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction and plant-pathogen interaction show dynamic expression. From the nectar, we could identify seven important proteins, of which the L-ascorbate oxidase protein was first found in plant nectar. Based on the physiological functions of these proteins, we predict that floral nectar proteins of N. tangutorum play an important role in defending against microbial infestation and scavenging active oxygen. Conclusions This study revealed that N. tangutorum is an insect-pollinated plant and its nectary is composed of secretive epidermal cells that specialized into secretive trichomes. We identified a large number of differentially expressed genes controlling flower and nectary development, nectar biosynthesis and secretion, flavonoid biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction and plant-pathogen interaction. We suggest that proteins present in N. tangutorum nectar may have both an antibacterial and oxygen scavenging effect. These results provide a scientific basis for exploring how the reproductive system of N. tangutorum and other arid-desert plants functions.

Download Full-text