Expression Pattern of FT/TFL1 and miR156-Targeted SPL Genes Associated with Developmental Stages in Dendrobium catenatum

Time to flower, a process either referring to juvenile–adult phase change or vegetative–reproductive transition, is strictly controlled by an intricate regulatory network involving at least both FT/TFL1 and the micro RNA (miR)156-regulated SPL family members. Despite substantial progresses recently achieved in Arabidopsis and other plant species, information regarding the involvement of these genes during orchid development and flowering competence is still limited. Dendrobium catenatum, a popular orchid species, exhibits a juvenile phase of at least three years. Here, through whole-genome mining and whole-family expression profiling, we analyzed the homologous genes of FT/TFL1, miR156, and SPL with special reference to the developmental stages. The FT/TFL1 family contains nine members; among them, DcHd3b transcribes abundantly in young and juvenile tissues but not in adult, contrasting with the low levels of others. We also found that mature miR156, encoded by a single locus, accumulated in large quantity in protocorms and declined by seedling development, coincident with an increase in transcripts of three of its targeted SPL members, namely DcSPL14, DcSPL7, and DcSPL18. Moreover, among the seven predicted miR156-targeted SPLs, only DcSPL3 was significantly expressed in adult plants and was associated with plant maturation. Our results might suggest that the juvenile phase change or maturation in this orchid plant likely involves both the repressive action of a TFL1-like pathway and the promotive effect from an SPL3-mediated mechanism.

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Asymbiotic germination and morphological studies of seeds of Atlantic Rainforest micro-orchids (Pleurothallidinae)

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0243297 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. e0243297

Author(s):

Franciele Marx Koene ◽

Érika Amano ◽

Eric de Camargo Smidt ◽

Luciana Lopes Fortes Ribas

Keyword(s):

Developmental Stages ◽

Morphometric Study ◽

Morphometric Characters ◽

Orchid Species ◽

Morphological Studies ◽

Germination Process ◽

Length Width ◽

Asymbiotic Germination ◽

Protocorm Formation

The morphological and morphometric characters of seeds belonging to 11 species of the subtribe Pleurothallidinae using light and scanning electron microscopy were studied to understand the in vitro germination process. Qualitative data (color, shape, ornamentation) and quantitative ones were also evaluated in seeds and embryos (length, width, volume and air space percentage between the integument and the embryo). The viability of the seeds was evaluated by in vitro germination in woody plant medium (WPM), and by analysis of the developmental stages of protocorms until seedling formation (two to 24 weeks). Morphometric data showed variations within the genus Acianthera and between species of different genera. The best germination and protocorm formation responses occurred with Acianthera prolifera (92%) and Acianthera ochreata (86%), with the formation of seedlings after 12 and 16 weeks of sowing, respectively. The seeds and embryos of A. prolifera and A. ochreata were larger (length, width, and volume) with a structural polarity that may have facilitated their germination comparing to others studied species. Other characteristics of A. prolifera seeds that may have contributed to these results include the presence of a thin testa without ornamentation and a suspensor. The protocorms of Anathalis obovata, Dryadella liliputiana, and Octomeria gracillis developed slowly in the WPM, not reaching the seedling stage in 24 weeks of cultivation. This morphological and morphometric study contributes to the understanding of asymbiotic germination of some micro-orchid species.

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Development and growth in laboratory-maintained and field populations of Parathemisto gaudichaudi (Hyperiidea: Amphipoda)

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315400048207 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

pp. 769-787 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Martin Sheader

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

Growth Factor ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

South Coast ◽

Size At Maturity ◽

Temperature Dependent ◽

Juvenile Phase ◽

Adult Phase ◽

Factor Data ◽

Secondary Sex Characters

Parathemisto gaudichaudi was collected off the south coast of Northumberland during 1970–2, and the moulting and growth of laboratory-maintained individuals observed. The moulting behaviour is similar to that described for other amphipods, but individuals remain attached to medusae during moulting. The minimum body size at maturity, the time from hatching to maturity and the length of the intermoult period are shown to be temperature dependent. The analysis of growth-factor data resolves growth into a rapid juvenile phase and a slower adult phase. The development of secondary sex characters is related to developmental stages of the gonads.

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Efficiency of RNA Interference in the Mouse Hematopoietic System Varies between Cell Types and Developmental Stages

Molecular and Cellular Biology ◽

10.1128/mcb.25.10.3896-3905.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 25 (10) ◽

pp. 3896-3905 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

Philipp Oberdoerffer ◽

Chryssa Kanellopoulou ◽

Vigo Heissmeyer ◽

Corinna Paeper ◽

Christine Borowski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rna Interference ◽

Gene Targeting ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Cell Types ◽

Gene Inactivation ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Homologous Genes ◽

Family Gene ◽

Interfering Rna ◽

Different Cell Types

ABSTRACT RNA interference (RNAi) is a naturally occurring posttranscriptional gene-silencing mechanism that has been adapted as a genetic tool for loss-of-function studies of a variety of organisms. It is more widely applicable than classical gene targeting and allows for the simultaneous inactivation of several homologous genes with a single transgene. Recently, RNAi has been used for conditional and conventional gene inactivation in mice. Unlike gene targeting, RNAi is a dynamic process, and its efficiency may vary both between cell types and throughout development. Here we demonstrate that RNAi can be used to target three separately encoded isoforms of the bcl-2 family gene bfl-1/A1 in a conditional manner in mice. The extent of gene inactivation varies between different cell types and is least efficient in mature lymphocytes. Our data suggest that RNAi is affected by factors beyond small interfering RNA-mRNA stoichiometry.

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Comparing Time Series Transcriptome Data Between Plants Using A Network Module Finding Algorithm

10.1101/564286 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Jiyoung Lee ◽

Lenwood S. Heath ◽

Ruth Grene ◽

Song Li

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Transcriptome Analysis ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Network Module ◽

Comparative Transcriptome ◽

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis ◽

R Programming Language ◽

Homologous Genes ◽

R Programming

ABSTRACTComparative transcriptome analysis is the comparison of expression patterns between homologous genes in different species. Since most molecular mechanistic studies in plants have been performed in model species including Arabidopsis and rice, comparative transcriptome analysis is particularly important for functional annotation of genes in other plant species. Many biological processes, such as embryo development, are highly conserved between different plant species. The challenge is to establish one-to-one mapping of the developmental stages between two species. In this protocol, we solve this problem by converting the gene expression patterns into a co-expression network and then apply network module-finding algorithms to the cross-species co-expression network. We describe how to perform such analysis using bash scripts for preliminary data processing and R programming language, which implemented simulated annealing method for module finding. We also provide instructions on how to visualize the resulting co-expression networks across species.

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A rice heterochronic mutant, mori1, is defective in the juvenile-adult phase change

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.129.1.265 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 129 (1) ◽

pp. 265-273 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kazumi Asai ◽

Namiko Satoh ◽

Haruto Sasaki ◽

Hikaru Satoh ◽

Yasuo Nagato

Keyword(s):

Phase Change ◽

Structural Characteristics ◽

Day Treatment ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Wild Type ◽

Remarkable Feature ◽

Juvenile Phase ◽

Shoot Architecture ◽

Adult Phase ◽

In The Wild

We have identified five recessive allelic mutations, mori1-1 to mori1-5, which drastically modify the shoot architecture of rice. The most remarkable feature of mori1 plants is a rapid production of small leaves and short branches. The mori1 plants are about 5 cm in height even 7 months after sowing. No reproductive growth was attained in mori1 plants even if inductive short-day treatment was applied. Leaves of mori1 at any position were very small and the size and shape were comparable to those of the wild-type 2nd leaf. The stem of mori1 7 months after sowing did not differentiate node and internode and had randomly oriented vascular bundles, which were characteristic of the basal part of the wild-type stem where 2nd and 3rd leaves were inserted. These structural characteristics indicate that mori1 maintains the 2nd-leaf stage (juvenile phase) of the wild type. The short plastochron and high cell division activity in the shoot apical meristem further confirmed the juvenility of mori1, corresponding to the 2nd-leaf-differentiation stage in the wild-type embryo. Furthermore, the apparent photosynthetic rate in mori1 leaves was low as in the wild-type 2nd leaf. Thus, mori1 is a heterochronic mutation that suppresses the induction of adult phase and the termination of the juvenile phase. Therefore, MORI1 plays an important role in the juvenile-adult phase change. The importance of heterochronic mutations in modifying shoot architecture is discussed.

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Gas/Liquid Phase Change Actuator for Use in Extreme Temperature Environments

International Journal of Automation Technology ◽

10.20965/ijat.2014.p0140 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 140-146 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Hiroki Matsuoka ◽

◽

Koichi Suzumori

Keyword(s):

Liquid Phase ◽

Phase Change ◽

Extreme Temperature ◽

Quality Analysis ◽

Working Fluids ◽

New Methods ◽

Working Principle ◽

Low Levels ◽

Actuator Design ◽

Steel Industries

Manipulating materials exposed to extreme temperature environments presents numerous significant challenges. For example, steel industries require new methods for the direct handling of materials at temperatures greater than 1000°C, and material scientists require new methods for handling specimens at the helium temperature, where high-quality analysis must be performed with very low levels of thermal noise. However, conventional actuators do not work in such environments because of their low thermostability and, more importantly, the loss of the magnetic and piezoelectric properties of the actuator materials. For example, it is well known that magnetism and piezoelectricity completely disappear at temperatures exceeding the Curie point. This paper proposes a new working principle for actuators based on the gas/liquid phase change of working fluids. We show possibilities for the actuator design, including selections for temperature-resistant materials and working fluids at various temperatures. In addition, we discuss the design of the first prototype actuator, which worked successfully at 180°C by utilizing the gas/liquid phase change of water. The basic experimental results show significant potential for the actuator.

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The life history and ecology of the snow alga Chloromonas polyptera comb. nov. (Chlorophyta, Volvocales)

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b83-266 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 61 (9) ◽

pp. 2416-2429 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Ronald W. Hoham ◽

John E. Mullet ◽

Stephen C. Roemer

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Laboratory Observation ◽

Vegetative Cells ◽

Snow Algae ◽

Algal Succession ◽

Snow Alga ◽

Low Levels ◽

Increasing Temperature ◽

First Time

Snow algae previously designated as Carteria nivale, Scotiella polyptera, S. polyptera var. polimantii, and S. polyptera var. magellanica were found to be developmental stages of the zygote of Chloromonas polyptera comb. nov. Five species of Scotiella from snow have now been identified as zygotes of different specis of Chloromonas. In this life cycle, biflagellate vegetative cells, zoospores, gametes, and sexual reproduction are reported for the first time. The different forms of the zygote have been reported previously in the literature from several parts of the world, but have been misinterpreted as several distinct taxa of snow algae. The stages in the life cycle of Chloromonas polyptera occur in old, rapidly melting snowbanks, usually less than 30 cm deep. In the same snowbanks, zygotes of C. polyptera germinate later than those reported for Chloromonas nivalis, Chloromonas brevispina, and Chloromonas pichinchae indicating the occurrence of algal succession. Higher light intensity and a more saturated snowbank appear necessary for germination of zygotes of C. polyptera when compared with other species of Chloromonas found in snow. Low levels of carbon dioxide in snow may be limiting for growth of C. polyptera and vegetative cells are sensitive to increasing temperature as observed through laboratory observation. Freezing does not appear to initiate meiosis in the zygotes of C. polyptera as reported for other Volvocalean algae found in snow.

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Differentiation of sarcoplasmic reticulum during cardiac myogenesis

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.1987.252.1.h22 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 252 (1) ◽

pp. H22-H31 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

W. Pegg ◽

M. Michalak

Keyword(s):

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Cardiac Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽

Early Stages ◽

Dependent Atpase ◽

Age Related ◽

Cardiac Myogenesis ◽

Dependent Protein ◽

Low Levels ◽

And Function

The composition and function of fetal and mature sheep cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes were investigated. Phospholamban, a major phosphoprotein in the mature sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes, was present in early stages of cardiac myogenesis. This fetal form of phospholamban was phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase but not in the presence of Ca2+ and calmodulin. Ca2+ uptake and Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity were low in fetal sarcoplasmic reticulum compared with the adult controls, although the apparent affinities for Ca2+ were similar. Sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles isolated at all developmental stages had very low levels of plasma membrane (as determined by Na+-K+-ATPase and Na+-Ca2+ exchanger activities) and mitochondrial contamination. Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ uptake and Ca2+-dependent ATPase activities were not affected by micromolar concentrations of vanadate, and the accumulated Ca2+ could not be released by the addition of NaCl. The amount of both the 110- and 55-kDa protein bands, identified with specific antibodies as Ca2+-ATPase and calsequestrin, respectively, was low in early stages of cardiac myogenesis. Age-related differences in the Ca2+ transport properties of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum and in the amount of the Ca2+-ATPase and calsequestrin may explain alterations in the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in the fetal heart. This may contribute to the developmental changes in myocardial function.

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