scholarly journals Seeing Better and Going Deeper in Cancer Nanotheranostics

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 3490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maharajan Sivasubramanian ◽  
Yao Chen Chuang ◽  
Nai-Tzu Chen ◽  
Leu-Wei Lo
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Contrast Agents ◽  
Human Body ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Specific Accumulation ◽  
Appropriate Therapy ◽  
Disease Specific

Biomedical imaging modalities in clinical practice have revolutionized oncology for several decades. State-of-the-art biomedical techniques allow visualizing both normal physiological and pathological architectures of the human body. The use of nanoparticles (NP) as contrast agents enabled visualization of refined contrast images with superior resolution, which assists clinicians in more accurate diagnoses and in planning appropriate therapy. These desirable features are due to the ability of NPs to carry high payloads (contrast agents or drugs), increased in vivo half-life, and disease-specific accumulation. We review the various NP-based interventions for treatments of deep-seated tumors, involving “seeing better” to precisely visualize early diagnosis and “going deeper” to activate selective therapeutics in situ.

scholarly journals Ultrasensitive magnetic resonance imaging of systemic reactive oxygen species in vivo for early diagnosis of sepsis using activatable nanoprobes

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 3770-3778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Wang ◽  
Dongqin Yu ◽  
Bo Li ◽  
Zhen Liu ◽  
Jinsong Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Contrast Agents ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Resonance Imaging

Novel ROS-activated contrast agents are designed for magnetic resonance imaging of ROS for early diagnosis of sepsis.

scholarly journals Magnetic Nanoparticles as In Vivo Tracers for Alzheimer’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Bhargy Sharma ◽  
Konstantin Pervushin
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Contrast Agents ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Pulse Sequences ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain

Drug formulations and suitable methods for their detection play a very crucial role in the development of therapeutics towards degenerative neurological diseases. For diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive clinical technique suitable for early diagnosis. In this review, we will discuss the different experimental conditions which can push MRI as the technique of choice and the gold standard for early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Here, we describe and compare various techniques for administration of nanoparticles targeted to the brain and suitable formulations of nanoparticles for use as magnetically active therapeutic probes in drug delivery targeting the brain. We explore different physiological pathways involved in the transport of such nanoparticles for successful entry in the brain. In our lab, we have used different formulations of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and protein nanocages as contrast agents in anatomical MRI of an Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain. We compare these coatings and their benefits to provide the best contrast in addition to biocompatibility properties to be used as sustainable drug-release systems. In the later sections, the contrast enhancement techniques in MRI studies are discussed. Examples of contrast-enhanced imaging using advanced pulse sequences are discussed with the main focus on important studies in the field of neurological diseases. In addition, T1 contrast agents such as gadolinium chelates are compared with the T2 contrast agents mainly made of superparamagnetic inorganic metal nanoparticles.

scholarly journals In vivo sequestration of innate small molecules to promote bone healing

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuze Zeng ◽  
Yu-Ru V. Shih ◽  
Gurpreet S. Baht ◽  
Shyni Varghese
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecules ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Physiological Level ◽  
Extracellular Adenosine ◽  
Injury Site ◽  
Synthetic Biomaterial ◽  
Repair Mechanisms

AbstractApproaches that enable innate repair mechanisms hold great potential for tissue repair. Herein, we describe biomaterial-assisted sequestration of small molecules to localize pro-regenerative signaling at the injury site. Specifically, we designed a synthetic biomaterial containing boronate molecules to sequester adenosine, a small molecule ubiquitously present in the human body. The biomaterial-assisted sequestration of adenosine leverages the transient surge of extracellular adenosine following injury to prolong local adenosine signaling. We demonstrated that implantation of the biomaterial patch following injury establishes an in-situ stockpile of adenosine, resulting in accelerated healing by promoting both osteoblastogenesis and angiogenesis. The adenosine content within the patch recedes to the physiological level as the tissue regenerates. In addition to sequestering endogenous adenosine, the biomaterial is also able to deliver exogenous adenosine to the site of injury, offering a versatile solution to utilizing adenosine as a potential therapeutic for tissue repair.

scholarly journals Breast edema, from diagnosis to treatment: state of the art

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanne Verbelen ◽  
Wiebren Tjalma ◽  
Dorien Dombrecht ◽  
Nick Gebruers
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Breast Conserving Surgery ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Breast Size ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Common Criteria ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Appropriate Therapy

Abstract Introduction Breast edema can arise from different etiologies; however, it is mostly seen after breast conserving surgery and/or radiotherapy. Combining breast conserving surgery and radiotherapy can cause damage to the lymphatic system and reactions to surrounding tissues, which can lead to breast edema; hereby, the breast size can increase by more than one cup size. Swelling of the breast is not the only criterion associated with breast edema. Other common criteria found in literature are peau d’orange, heaviness of the breast, skin thickening, breast pain, redness of the skin, hyperpigmented skin pores and a positive pitting sign. Despite the benefits of breast conserving surgery, breast edema can be uncomfortable, and can negatively influence quality of life in suffering patients. In contrast to lymphedema of the arm, which is well known in clinical practice and in research, breast edema is often underestimated and far less explored in literature. Currently, many aspects still need to be reviewed. Purpose and importance to practice This masterclass aims at providing the state of the art of breast edema for all health care workers and researchers involved in the treatment and monitoring of breast cancer patients. It includes current and future perspectives on its diagnosis, longitudinal course and treatment. Furthermore, recommendations for clinical practice and future research are discussed. Clinical implications It is recommended to closely monitor those patients in whom breast edema symptoms do not decline within 6 months after termination of radiotherapy and provide them with the appropriate therapy. Since evidence concerning the treatment of breast edema is currently lacking, we recommend the complex decongestive therapy (CDT) to the utmost extent, by analogy with the lymphedema treatment of the extremities. This treatment involves skin care, exercise therapy and compression. Additionally, all patients should be informed about the normal course of breast edema development. Future research priorities A consensus should be reached among clinicians and researchers concerning the definition, assessment methods and best treatment of breast edema. Furthermore, high quality studies are necessary to prove the effectiveness of the CDT for breast edema.

scholarly journals Biomolecular Contrast Agents for Optical Coherence Tomography

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
George J. Lu ◽  
Li-dek Chou ◽  
Dina Malounda ◽  
Amit K. Patel ◽  
Derek S. Welsbie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Contrast Agents ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Gas Vesicles ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Green Fluorescent

ABSTRACTOptical coherence tomography (OCT) has gained wide adoption in biological and medical imaging due to its exceptional tissue penetration, 3D imaging speed and rich contrast. However, OCT plays a relatively small role in molecular and cellular imaging due to the lack of suitable biomolecular contrast agents. In particular, while the green fluorescent protein has provided revolutionary capabilities to fluorescence microscopy by connecting it to cellular functions such as gene expression, no equivalent reporter gene is currently available for OCT. Here we introduce gas vesicles, a unique class of naturally evolved gas-filled protein nanostructures, as the first genetically encodable OCT contrast agents. The differential refractive index of their gas compartments relative to surrounding aqueous tissue and their nanoscale motion enables gas vesicles to be detected by static and dynamic OCT at picomolar concentrations. Furthermore, the OCT contrast of gas vesicles can be selectively erasedin situwith ultrasound, allowing unambiguous assignment of their location. In addition, gas vesicle clustering modulates their temporal signal, enabling the design of dynamic biosensors. We demonstrate the use of gas vesicles as reporter genes in bacterial colonies and as purified contrast agentsin vivoin the mouse retina. Our results expand the utility of OCT as a unique photonic modality to image a wider variety of cellular and molecular processes.

scholarly journals Making a diagnosis of different lesions of vocal fold mucosa by contact endoscopy: The first usage in our clinical practice

2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 134-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Jovanovic ◽  
Jelena Perovic-Jovanovic ◽  
Sanja Milenkovic
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Vocal Folds ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Chronic Laryngitis ◽  
Epithelial Layers ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Cell Changes

During laryngomicroscopy, the superficial layers of vocal fold epithelium can be examined in vivo and in situ by contact endoscopy. Methylene blue is applied initially to stain the epihelial cells of the vocal folds. When in contact with mucosal tissue, this endoscope provides 60 and 150 times magnification and clear visualization of cellular patterns of the superficial epithelial layers. For the first time in our laryngological clinical practice, we confirmed a number of previously established parametars such as regularity and arrangement of the epithelium, nucleus contour, and nucleus-cytoplasm ratio, what all enable recognition and easy evaluation of different clinical conditions such as chronic laryngitis, Reinke.s edema, papiloma dyspiasia or vocal fold carcinoma. The advantage of con- tact endoscopy in vivo and in situ allows for detailed scan and mapping of all cell changes of the whole mucosa surface. All these features definitely classify the contact endoscopy into additional diagnostic methods in laryngology.

scholarly journals Hyperpolarized Metabolic MRI—Acquisition, Reconstruction, and Analysis Methods

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 386
Author(s):  
Peder Eric Zufall Larson ◽  
Jeremy W. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Agents ◽  
Bolus Injection ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Mri Contrast Agents ◽  
Tissue Slices ◽  
Mri Contrast ◽  
Conventional Mri ◽  
Analysis Methods

Hyperpolarized metabolic MRI with 13C-labeled agents has emerged as a powerful technique for in vivo assessments of real-time metabolism that can be used across scales of cells, tissue slices, animal models, and human subjects. Hyperpolarized contrast agents have unique properties compared to conventional MRI scanning and MRI contrast agents that require specialized imaging methods. Hyperpolarized contrast agents have a limited amount of available signal, irreversible decay back to thermal equilibrium, bolus injection and perfusion kinetics, cellular uptake and metabolic conversion kinetics, and frequency shifts between metabolites. This article describes state-of-the-art methods for hyperpolarized metabolic MRI, summarizing data acquisition, reconstruction, and analysis methods in order to guide the design and execution of studies.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of in situ gelling systems for sustained topical ophthalmic delivery: state of the art and beyond

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 638-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Louis Destruel ◽  
Ni Zeng ◽  
Marc Maury ◽  
Nathalie Mignet ◽  
Vincent Boudy
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
Ophthalmic Delivery ◽  
In Situ Gelling

scholarly journals Management and recommendations for the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: state of the art in clinical practice

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-259
Author(s):  
Emanuele Valeriani ◽  
Luciana Locorriere ◽  
Giuseppina Beretta Anguissola ◽  
Angelo Lauria Pantano ◽  
Massimo Ciccozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Contrast Medium ◽  
Critical Points ◽  
Kidney Failure ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Patients At Risk

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is defined as an acute kidney failure following iodine-based contrast medium administration determining relevant health and socio-sanitary implications. Knowledge of pathophysiology, early diagnosis, and prevention in patients at risk are critical points in CI-AKI management. Determination of risk and functional kidney evaluation must precede every iodine-based contrast medium (CM) administration in order to eventually introduce medical prophylaxis. Furthermore, early laboratoristic evaluation after iodine-based CM exposure should be performed for a prompt identification of acute kidney injury. Therefore, clinicians must know and strictly follow valid recommendations to minimize the development of complications.

In vitro and in vivo polysaccharides assembly: ultrastructural and cytochemical study of growing plant cell wall components.

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
D. Reis ◽  
B. Vian ◽  
J. C. Roland
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Wall Components

Wall morphogenesis in higher plants is a problem still open to controversy. Until now the possibility of a transmembrane control and the involvement of microtubules were mostly envisaged. Self-assembly processes have been observed in the case of walls of Chlamydomonas and bacteria. Spontaneous gelling interactions between xanthan and galactomannan from Ceratonia have been analyzed very recently. The present work provides indications that some processes of spontaneous aggregation could occur in higher plants during the formation and expansion of cell wall.Observations were performed on hypocotyl of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) for which growth characteristics and wall composition have been previously defined.In situ, the walls of actively growing cells (primary walls) show an ordered three-dimensional organization (fig. 1). The wall is typically polylamellate with multifibrillar layers alternately transverse and longitudinal. Between these layers intermediate strata exist in which the orientation of microfibrils progressively rotates. Thus a progressive change in the morphogenetic activity occurs.

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