scholarly journals Dynamics of Plant Metabolism during Cold Acclimation

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 5411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Fürtauer ◽  
Jakob Weiszmann ◽  
Wolfram Weckwerth ◽  
Thomas Nägele
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Mathematical Modelling ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Plant Metabolism ◽  
Subcellular Organelles

Plants have evolved strategies to tightly regulate metabolism during acclimation to a changing environment. Low temperature significantly constrains distribution, growth and yield of many temperate plant species. Exposing plants to low but non-freezing temperature induces a multigenic processes termed cold acclimation, which eventually results in an increased freezing tolerance. Cold acclimation comprises reprogramming of the transcriptome, proteome and metabolome and affects communication and signaling between subcellular organelles. Carbohydrates play a central role in this metabolic reprogramming. This review summarizes current knowledge about the role of carbohydrate metabolism in plant cold acclimation with a focus on subcellular metabolic reprogramming, its thermodynamic constraints under low temperature and mathematical modelling of metabolism.

scholarly journals Metabolic Reprogramming and Its Role in Plant Cold Acclimation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Fürtauer ◽  
Jakob Weiszmann ◽  
Wolfram Weckwerth ◽  
Thomas Nägele
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Plant Distribution ◽  
Growth And Yield

Plants have evolved tightly regulated strategies to adapt and acclimate to a changing environment to ensure their survival. Various environmental factors affect plant distribution, growth and yield. Low temperature belongs to those abiotic factors which significantly constrain range boundaries of plant species. Exposing plants to low but non-freezing temperature induces a multigenic processes termed cold acclimation, which finally results in an increased freezing tolerance. Cold acclimation comprises reprogramming of the transcriptome, proteome and metabolome and affects communication and signaling between subcellular organelles. Reprogramming of the central carbohydrate metabolism plays a key role in cold acclimation. This review summarizes current knowledge about the role of carbohydrate metabolism in plant cold acclimation. A focus is laid on subcellular metabolic reprogramming, its thermodynamic constraints under low temperature and mathematical modelling of metabolism.

scholarly journals Dissecting the Roles of Cuticular Wax in Plant Resistance to Shoot Dehydration and Low-Temperature Stress in Arabidopsis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1554
Author(s):  
Tawhidur Rahman ◽  
Mingxuan Shao ◽  
Shankar Pahari ◽  
Prakash Venglat ◽  
Raju Soolanayakanahally ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Cuticular Wax ◽  
Dehydration Stress ◽  
Wax Deposition ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy

Cuticular waxes are a mixture of hydrophobic very-long-chain fatty acids and their derivatives accumulated in the plant cuticle. Most studies define the role of cuticular wax largely based on reducing nonstomatal water loss. The present study investigated the role of cuticular wax in reducing both low-temperature and dehydration stress in plants using Arabidopsis thaliana mutants and transgenic genotypes altered in the formation of cuticular wax. cer3-6, a known Arabidopsis wax-deficient mutant (with distinct reduction in aldehydes, n-alkanes, secondary n-alcohols, and ketones compared to wild type (WT)), was most sensitive to water loss, while dewax, a known wax overproducer (greater alkanes and ketones compared to WT), was more resistant to dehydration compared to WT. Furthermore, cold-acclimated cer3-6 froze at warmer temperatures, while cold-acclimated dewax displayed freezing exotherms at colder temperatures compared to WT. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis identified a characteristic decrease in the accumulation of certain waxes (e.g., alkanes, alcohols) in Arabidopsis cuticles under cold acclimation, which was additionally reduced in cer3-6. Conversely, the dewax mutant showed a greater ability to accumulate waxes under cold acclimation. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) also supported observations in cuticular wax deposition under cold acclimation. Our data indicate cuticular alkane waxes along with alcohols and fatty acids can facilitate avoidance of both ice formation and leaf water loss under dehydration stress and are promising genetic targets of interest.

scholarly journals GTP metabolic reprogramming by IMPDH2: unlocking cancer cells’ fuelling mechanism

2020 ◽  
Vol 168 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Kofuji ◽  
Atsuo T Sasaki
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Inosine Monophosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Polymerase I ◽  
Rate Limiting

Abstract Growing cells increase multiple biosynthetic processes in response to the high metabolic demands needed to sustain proliferation. The even higher metabolic requirements in the setting of cancer provoke proportionately greater biosynthesis. Underappreciated key aspects of this increased metabolic demand are guanine nucleotides and adaptive mechanisms to regulate their concentration. Using the malignant brain tumour, glioblastoma, as a model, we have demonstrated that one of the rate-limiting enzymes for guanosine triphosphate (GTP) synthesis, inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase-2 (IMPDH2), is increased and IMPDH2 expression is necessary for the activation of de novo GTP biosynthesis. Moreover, increased IMPDH2 enhances RNA polymerase I and III transcription directly linking GTP metabolism to both anabolic capacity as well as nucleolar enlargement historically observed as associated with cancer. In this review, we will review in detail the basis of these new discoveries and, more generally, summarize the current knowledge on the role of GTP metabolism in cancer.

scholarly journals Emerging Role of Podocalyxin in the Progression of Mature B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 396
Author(s):  
Estíbaliz Tamayo-Orbegozo ◽  
Laura Amo ◽  
Javier Díez-García ◽  
Elena Amutio ◽  
Marta Riñón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Non Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
New Evidence

Mature B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) constitutes a group of heterogeneous malignant lymphoproliferative diseases ranging from indolent to highly aggressive forms. Although the survival after chemo-immunotherapy treatment of mature B-NHL has increased over the last years, many patients relapse or remain refractory due to drug resistance, presenting an unfavorable prognosis. Hence, there is an urgent need to identify new prognostic markers and therapeutic targets. Podocalyxin (PODXL), a sialomucin overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types and associated with their aggressiveness, has been implicated in multiple aspects of cancer progression, although its participation in hematological malignancies remains unexplored. New evidence points to a role for PODXL in mature B-NHL cell proliferation, survival, migration, drug resistance, and metabolic reprogramming, as well as enhanced levels of PODXL in mature B-NHL. Here, we review the current knowledge on the contribution of PODXL to tumorigenesis, highlighting and discussing its role in mature B-NHL progression.

scholarly journals Metabolic reprogramming via PPARα signaling in cardiac hypertrophy and failure: From metabolomics to epigenetics

2017 ◽  
Vol 313 (3) ◽  
pp. H584-H596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junco Shibayama Warren ◽  
Shin-ichi Oka ◽  
Daniela Zablocki ◽  
Junichi Sadoshima
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Hypertrophy ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cardiac Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Metabolic Remodeling

Studies using omics-based approaches have advanced our knowledge of metabolic remodeling in cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Metabolomic analysis of the failing heart has revealed global changes in mitochondrial substrate metabolism. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) plays a critical role in synergistic regulation of cardiac metabolism through transcriptional control. Metabolic reprogramming via PPARα signaling in heart failure ultimately propagates into myocardial energetics. However, emerging evidence suggests that the expression level of PPARα per se does not always explain the energetic state in the heart. The transcriptional activities of PPARα are dynamic, yet highly coordinated. An additional level of complexity in the PPARα regulatory mechanism arises from its ability to interact with various partners, which ultimately determines the metabolic phenotype of the diseased heart. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the PPARα regulatory mechanisms in cardiac metabolism and the possible role of PPARα in epigenetic modifications in the diseased heart. In addition, we discuss how metabolomics can contribute to a better understanding of the role of PPARα in the progression of cardiac hypertrophy and failure.

scholarly journals Dissecting the Roles of Cuticular Wax in Plant Resistance to Shoot Dehydration and Low-Temperature Stress in Arabidopsis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tawhidur Rahman ◽  
Mingxuan Shao ◽  
Shankar Pahari ◽  
Prakash Venglat ◽  
Raju Soolanayakanahally ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Cuticular Wax ◽  
Dehydration Stress ◽  
Wax Deposition ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Leaf Water Loss

Cuticular waxes are a mixture of hydrophobic very-long-chain fatty acids and their derivatives accumulated in the plant cuticle. Most studies define the role of cuticular wax largely based on reducing non-stomatal water loss. The present study investigated the role of cuticular wax in reducing both low-temperature and dehydration stress in plants using Arabidopsis thaliana mutants and transgenic genotypes altered in the formation of cuticular wax. cer3-6, a known Arabidopsis wax-deficient mutant (with distinct reduction in aldehydes, n-alkanes, secondary n-alcohols, and ketones compared to wild type (WT)), was most sensitive to water loss; while dewax, a known wax overproducer (greater alkanes and ketones compared to WT), was more resistant to dehydration compared to WT. Furthermore, cold-acclimated cer3-6 froze at warmer temperatures, while cold-acclimated dewax displayed freezing exotherms at colder temperatures compared to WT. GC-MS analysis identified a characteristic decrease in the accumulation of certain waxes (e.g. alkanes, alcohols) in Arabidopsis cuticles under cold acclimation, which was additionally reduced in cer3-6. Conversely, the dewax mutant showed a greater ability to accumulate waxes under cold acclimation. FTIR spectroscopy also supported observations in cuticular wax deposition under cold acclimation. Our data indicate cuticular alkane waxes along with alcohols and fatty acids can facilitate avoidance of both ice formation and leaf water loss under dehydration stress, and are promising genetic targets of interest.

scholarly journals Mathematical Modelling and Tuberculosis: Advances in Diagnostics and Novel Therapies

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Zwerling ◽  
Sourya Shrestha ◽  
David W. Dowdy
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modelling ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Critical Policy ◽  
Transmission Models

As novel diagnostics, therapies, and algorithms are developed to improve case finding, diagnosis, and clinical management of patients with TB, policymakers must make difficult decisions and choose among multiple new technologies while operating under heavy resource constrained settings. Mathematical modelling can provide helpful insight by describing the types of interventions likely to maximize impact on the population level and highlighting those gaps in our current knowledge that are most important for making such assessments. This review discusses the major contributions of TB transmission models in general, namely, the ability to improve our understanding of the epidemiology of TB. We focus particularly on those elements that are important to appropriately understand the role of TB diagnosis and treatment (i.e., what elements of better diagnosis or treatment are likely to have greatest population-level impact) and yet remain poorly understood at present. It is essential for modellers, decision-makers, and epidemiologists alike to recognize these outstanding gaps in knowledge and understand their potential influence on model projections that may guide critical policy choices (e.g., investment and scale-up decisions).

scholarly journals Plants in a cold climate

2002 ◽  
Vol 357 (1423) ◽  
pp. 831-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maggie Smallwood ◽  
Dianna J. Bowles
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Temperature Signal

Plants are able to survive prolonged exposure to sub–zero temperatures; this ability is enhanced by pre–exposure to low, but above–zero temperatures. This process, known as cold acclimation, is briefly reviewed from the perception of cold, through transduction of the low–temperature signal to functional analysis of cold–induced gene products. The stresses that freezing of apoplastic water imposes on plant cells is considered and what is understood about the mechanisms that plants use to combat those stresses discussed, with particular emphasis on the role of the extracellular matrix.

scholarly journals The CCL5/CCR5 Axis in Cancer Progression

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donatella Aldinucci ◽  
Cinzia Borghese ◽  
Naike Casagrande
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Solid Tumors ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Matrix Remodeling

Tumor cells can “hijack” chemokine networks to support tumor progression. In this context, the C-C chemokine ligand 5/C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCL5/CCR5) axis is gaining increasing attention, since abnormal expression and activity of CCL5 and its receptor CCR5 have been found in hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Numerous preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies have shown a key role of the CCL5/CCR5 axis in cancer, and thus provided the rationale for clinical trials using the repurposed drug maraviroc, a CCR5 antagonist used to treat HIV/AIDS. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of the CCL5/CCR5 axis in cancer. First, it describes the involvement of the CCL5/CCR5 axis in cancer progression, including autocrine and paracrine tumor growth, ECM (extracellular matrix) remodeling and migration, cancer stem cell expansion, DNA damage repair, metabolic reprogramming, and angiogenesis. Then, it focuses on individual hematological and solid tumors in which CCL5 and CCR5 have been studied preclinically. Finally, it discusses clinical trials of strategies to counteract the CCL5/CCR5 axis in different cancers using maraviroc or therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.

Mesophyll conductance: the leaf corridors for photosynthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Gago ◽  
Danilo M. Daloso ◽  
Marc Carriquí ◽  
Miquel Nadal ◽  
Melanie Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Mesophyll Conductance ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Change Framework ◽  
Chloroplast Stroma

Besides stomata, the photosynthetic CO2 pathway also involves the transport of CO2 from the sub-stomatal air spaces inside to the carboxylation sites in the chloroplast stroma, where Rubisco is located. This pathway is far to be a simple and direct way, formed by series of consecutive barriers that the CO2 should cross to be finally assimilated in photosynthesis, known as the mesophyll conductance (gm). Therefore, the gm reflects the pathway through different air, water and biophysical barriers within the leaf tissues and cell structures. Currently, it is known that gm can impose the same level of limitation (or even higher depending of the conditions) to photosynthesis than the wider known stomata or biochemistry. In this mini-review, we are focused on each of the gm determinants to summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms driving gm from anatomical to metabolic and biochemical perspectives. Special attention deserve the latest studies demonstrating the importance of the molecular mechanisms driving anatomical traits as cell wall and the chloroplast surface exposed to the mesophyll airspaces (Sc/S) that significantly constrain gm. However, even considering these recent discoveries, still is poorly understood the mechanisms about signaling pathways linking the environment a/biotic stressors with gm responses. Thus, considering the main role of gm as a major driver of the CO2 availability at the carboxylation sites, future studies into these aspects will help us to understand photosynthesis responses in a global change framework.

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