scholarly journals Emerging Roles and Potential Applications of Non-Coding RNAs in Glioblastoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos DeOcesano-Pereira ◽  
Raquel A. C. Machado ◽  
Ana Marisa Chudzinski-Tavassi ◽  
Mari Cleide Sogayar
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Type ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Small Nucleolar Rnas ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Master Regulators ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Regulatory Rnas ◽  
Nucleolar Rnas ◽  
Substantial Effort

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) comprise a diversity of RNA species, which do not have the potential to encode proteins. Non-coding RNAs include two classes of RNAs, namely: short regulatory ncRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). The short regulatory RNAs, containing up to 200 nucleotides, include small RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNA), short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). The lncRNAs include long antisense RNAs and long intergenic RNAs (lincRNAs). Non-coding RNAs have been implicated as master regulators of several biological processes, their expression being strictly regulated under physiological conditions. In recent years, particularly in the last decade, substantial effort has been made to investigate the function of ncRNAs in several human diseases, including cancer. Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive type of brain cancer in adults, with deregulated expression of small and long ncRNAs having been implicated in onset, progression, invasiveness, and recurrence of this tumor. The aim of this review is to guide the reader through important aspects of miRNA and lncRNA biology, focusing on the molecular mechanism associated with the progression of this highly malignant cancer type.

scholarly journals Emerging Data on the Diversity of Molecular Mechanisms Involving C/D snoRNAs

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Laeya Baldini ◽  
Bruno Charpentier ◽  
Stéphane Labialle
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Accurate Description ◽  
Small Nucleolar Rnas ◽  
Age Of Maturity ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
And Function ◽  
Nucleolar Rnas

Box C/D small nucleolar RNAs (C/D snoRNAs) represent an ancient family of small non-coding RNAs that are classically viewed as housekeeping guides for the 2′-O-methylation of ribosomal RNA in Archaea and Eukaryotes. However, an extensive set of studies now argues that they are involved in mechanisms that go well beyond this function. Here, we present these pieces of evidence in light of the current comprehension of the molecular mechanisms that control C/D snoRNA expression and function. From this inventory emerges that an accurate description of these activities at a molecular level is required to let the snoRNA field enter in a second age of maturity.

scholarly journals jouvence, a new human H/ACA snoRNA involves in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flaria El-Khoury ◽  
Jérôme Bignon ◽  
Jean-René Martin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Small Nucleolar Rnas ◽  
Primary Cells ◽  
Cell Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Cancerous Cell ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Nucleolar Rnas

AbstractSmall nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are non-coding RNAs conserved from archeobacteria to mammals. In humans, various snoRNAs have been associated with pathologies as well as with cancer. Recently in Drosophila, a new snoRNA named jouvence has been involved in lifespan. Since snoRNAs are well conserved through evolution, both structurally and functionally, jouvence orthologue has been identified in human, allowing hypothesizing that jouvence could display a similar function (increasing healthy lifespan) in human. Here, we report the characterization of the human snoRNA-jouvence, which was not yet annotated in the genome. We show, both in stably cancerous cell lines and in primary cells, that its overexpression stimulates the cell proliferation. In contrast, its knockdown, by siRNA leads to an opposite phenotype, a decrease in cell proliferation. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that overexpression of jouvence leads to a dedifferentiation signature of the cells, a cellular effect comparable to rejuvenation. Inversely, the knockdown of jouvence leads to a decrease of genes involved in ribosomes biogenesis and spliceosome in agreement with the canonical role of a H/ACA box snoRNA. In this context, jouvence could represent a now tool to fight against the deleterious effect of aging, as well as a new target in cancer therapy.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Regulation by Non-Coding RNAs in the Avian Immune System

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 148
Author(s):  
Xiaolan Chen ◽  
Bahareldin Ali Abdalla ◽  
Zhenhui Li ◽  
Qinghua Nie
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Transfer Rnas ◽  
Small Nuclear Rnas ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Avian Diseases ◽  
Regulatory Rnas ◽  
Functional Mechanisms

The identified non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) include circular RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, microRNAs, ribosomal RNAs, small interfering RNAs, small nuclear RNAs, piwi-interacting RNAs, and transfer RNAs, etc. Among them, long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs, and microRNAs are regulatory RNAs that have different functional mechanisms and were extensively participated in various biological processes. Numerous research studies have found that circular RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and microRNAs played their important roles in avian immune system during the infection of parasites, virus, or bacterium. Here, we specifically review and expand this knowledge with current advances of circular RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and microRNAs in the regulation of different avian diseases and discuss their functional mechanisms in response to avian diseases.

scholarly journals Are spliced ncRNA host genes distinct classes of lncRNAs?

2020 ◽  
Vol 139 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-359
Author(s):  
Rituparno Sen ◽  
Jörg Fallmann ◽  
Maria Emília M. T. Walter ◽  
Peter F. Stadler
Keyword(s):  
Gene Function ◽  
Negative Answer ◽  
Positive Answer ◽  
Host Gene ◽  
Small Nucleolar Rnas ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Nucleolar Rnas ◽  
Host Genes

AbstractMany small nucleolar RNAs and many of the hairpin precursors of miRNAs are processed from long non-protein-coding host genes. In contrast to their highly conserved and heavily structured payload, the host genes feature poorly conserved sequences. Nevertheless, there is mounting evidence that the host genes have biological functions beyond their primary task of carrying a ncRNA as payload. So far, no connections between the function of the host genes and the function of their payloads have been reported. Here we investigate whether there is evidence for an association of host gene function or mechanisms with the type of payload. To assess this hypothesis we test whether the miRNA host genes (MIRHGs), snoRNA host genes (SNHGs), and other lncRNA host genes can be distinguished based on sequence and/or structure features unrelated to their payload. A positive answer would imply a functional and mechanistic correlation between host genes and their payload, provided the classification does not depend on the presence and type of the payload. A negative answer would indicate that to the extent that secondary functions are acquired, they are not strongly constrained by the prior, primary function of the payload. We find that the three classes can be distinguished reliably when the classifier is allowed to extract features from the payloads. They become virtually indistinguishable, however, as soon as only sequence and structure of parts of the host gene distal from the snoRNAs or miRNA payload is used for classification. This indicates that the functions of MIRHGs and SNHGs are largely independent of the functions of their payloads. Furthermore, there is no evidence that the MIRHGs and SNHGs form coherent classes of long non-coding RNAs distinguished by features other than their payloads.

scholarly journals Regulatory Role of Small Nucleolar RNAs in Human Diseases

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grigory A. Stepanov ◽  
Julia A. Filippova ◽  
Andrey B. Komissarov ◽  
Elena V. Kuligina ◽  
Vladimir A. Richter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression Regulation ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Small Nucleolar Rnas ◽  
Posttranscriptional Modification ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
Regulatory Rnas ◽  
Nucleolar Rnas ◽  
Artificial Stress

Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are appreciable players in gene expression regulation in human cells. The canonical function of box C/D and box H/ACA snoRNAs is posttranscriptional modification of ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), namely, 2′-O-methylation and pseudouridylation, respectively. A series of independent studies demonstrated that snoRNAs, as well as other noncoding RNAs, serve as the source of various short regulatory RNAs. Some snoRNAs and their fragments can also participate in the regulation of alternative splicing and posttranscriptional modification of mRNA. Alterations in snoRNA expression in human cells can affect numerous vital cellular processes. SnoRNA level in human cells, blood serum, and plasma presents a promising target for diagnostics and treatment of human pathologies. Here we discuss the relation between snoRNAs and oncological, neurodegenerative, and viral diseases and also describe changes in snoRNA level in response to artificial stress and some drugs.

Small nucleolar RNAs and RNA-guided post-transcriptional modification

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 53-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Lui ◽  
Todd Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Rna Processing ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
Small Nucleolar Rnas ◽  
Ribonucleoprotein Complexes ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
And Function ◽  
Nucleolar Rnas

snoRNAs (small nucleolar RNAs) constitute one of the largest and best-studied classes of non-coding RNAs that confer enzymatic specificity. With associated proteins, these snoRNAs form ribonucleoprotein complexes that can direct 2′-O-methylation or pseudouridylation of target non-coding RNAs. Aided by computational methods and high-throughput sequencing, new studies have expanded the diversity of known snoRNA functions. Complexes incorporating snoRNAs have dynamic specificity, and include diverse roles in RNA silencing, telomerase maintenance and regulation of alternative splicing. Evidence that dysregulation of snoRNAs can cause human disease, including cancer, indicates that the full scope of snoRNA roles remains an unfinished story. The diversity in structure, genomic origin and function between snoRNAs found in different complexes and among different phyla illustrates the surprising plasticity of snoRNAs in evolution. The ability of snoRNAs to direct highly specific interactions with other RNAs is a consistent thread in their newly discovered functions. Because they are ubiquitous throughout Eukarya and Archaea, it is likely they were a feature of the last common ancestor of these two domains, placing their origin over two billion years ago. In the present chapter, we focus on recent advances in our understanding of these ancient, but functionally dynamic RNA-processing machines.

scholarly journals Detection and Analysis of RNA Ribose 2′-O-Methylations: Challenges and Solutions

Genes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Motorin ◽  
Virginie Marchand
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rnas ◽  
Small Nucleolar Rnas ◽  
Rna Modifications ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Transfer Rnas ◽  
Small Nuclear Rnas ◽  
Regulatory Rnas ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Nucleolar Rnas ◽  
Made In

Ribose 2′-O-methylation is certainly one of the most common RNA modifications found in almost any type of cellular RNA. It decorates transfer RNAs (tRNAs), ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) (and most probably small nucleolar RNAs, snoRNAs), as well as regulatory RNAs like microRNAs (miRNAs) and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and finally, eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Due to this exceptional widespread of RNA 2′-O-methylation, considerable efforts were made in order to precisely map these numerous modifications. Extensive studies of RNA 2′-O-methylation were also stimulated by the discovery of C/D-box snoRNA-guided machinery, which insures site-specific modification of hundreds 2′-O-methylated residues in archaeal and eukaryotic rRNAs and some other RNAs. In this brief review we discussed both traditional approaches of RNA biochemistry and also modern deep sequencing-based methods, used for detection/mapping and quantification of RNA 2′-O-methylations.

Non-coding RNAs: lessons from the small nuclear and small nucleolar RNAs

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gregory Matera ◽  
Rebecca M. Terns ◽  
Michael P. Terns
Keyword(s):  
Small Nucleolar Rnas ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Nucleolar Rnas

scholarly journals Supervised and Unsupervised Classification of lncRNA Subtypes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rituparno Sen ◽  
Jörg Fallmann ◽  
Maria Emília M. T. Walter ◽  
Peter F. Stadler
Keyword(s):  
Unsupervised Classification ◽  
Positive Answer ◽  
Host Gene ◽  
Small Nucleolar Rnas ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Nucleolar Rnas ◽  
Host Genes

AbstractMany small nucleolar RNAs and many of the hairpin precursors of miRNAs are processed from long non-protein-coding (lncRNA) host genes. In contrast to their highly conserved and heavily structured payload, the host genes feature poorly conserved sequences. Nevertheless there is mounting evidence that the host genes have biological functions. No obvious connections between the function of the host genes and the function of their payloads have been reported. Here we inverstigate whether there is an association of host gene function or mechanisms with the type of payload. To assess this hypothesis we test whether the miRNA host genes (MIRHGs), snoRNA host genes (SNHGs), and other lncRNAs host genes can be distinguished based on sequence and structure features. A positive answer would imply a correlation between host genes and their payload. While the three classes can be distinguished reliably when the classifier is allowed to extract features from the payloads, this is no longer the case when only sequence and structure of parts of the host gene distal from the snoRNAs or miRNA payload is used for classification. Our data indicate that the functions of MIRHGs and SNHGs are largely independent of the functions of their payloads. Furthermore, there is no evidence that the MIRHGs and SNHGs form coherent classes of long non-coding RNAs distinguished by features other than their payloads.

Small RNAs of the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Soppa ◽  
Julia Straub ◽  
Mariam Brenneis ◽  
Angelika Jellen-Ritter ◽  
Ruth Heyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Metabolism ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Haloferax Volcanii ◽  
Deletion Mutants ◽  
Small Nucleolar Rnas ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Low Salt ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Nucleolar Rnas

In recent years, sRNAs (small non-coding RNAs) have been found to be abundant in eukaryotes and bacteria and have been recognized as a novel class of gene expression regulators. In contrast, much less is known about sRNAs in archaea, except for snoRNAs (small nucleolar RNAs) that are involved in the modification of bases in stable RNAs. Therefore bioinformatic and experimental RNomics approaches were undertaken to search for the presence of sRNAs in the model archaeon Haloferax volcanii, resulting in more than 150 putative sRNA genes being identified. Northern blot analyses were used to study (differential) expression of sRNA genes. Several chromosomal deletion mutants of sRNA genes were generated and compared with the wild-type. It turned out that two sRNAs are essential for growth at low salt concentrations and high temperatures respectively, and one is involved in the regulation of carbon metabolism. Taken together, it could be shown that sRNAs are as abundant in H. volcanii as they are in well-studied bacterial species and that they fulfil important biological roles under specific conditions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document