Intestinal Explant Cultures from Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata, L.) Allowed the Determination of Mucosal Sensitivity to Bacterial Pathogens and the Impact of a Plant Protein Diet

The interaction between diet and intestinal health has been widely discussed, although in vivo approaches have reported limitations. The intestine explant culture system developed provides an advantage since it reduces the number of experimental fish and increases the time of incubation compared to similar methods, becoming a valuable tool in the study of the interactions between pathogenic bacteria, rearing conditions, or dietary components and fish gut immune response. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of the total substitution of fish meal by plants on the immune intestinal status of seabream using an ex vivo bacterial challenge. For this aim, two growth stages of fish were assayed (12 g): phase I (90 days), up to 68 g, and phase II (305 days), up to 250 g. Additionally, in phase II, the effects of long term and short term exposure (15 days) to a plant protein (PP) diet were determined. PP diet altered the mucosal immune homeostasis, the younger fish being more sensitive, and the intestine from fish fed short-term plant diets showed a higher immune response than with long-term feeding. Vibrio alginolyticus (V. alginolyticus) triggered the highest immune and inflammatory response, while COX-2 expression was significantly induced by Photobacterium damselae subsp. Piscicida (P. damselae subsp. Piscicida), showing a positive high correlation between the pro-inflammatory genes encoding interleukin 1β (IL1-β), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase 2(COX-2).

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Intestinal Explant Cultures from Gilthead Seabream (Sparus Aurata, L.) Allowed Determining the Mucosal Sensitivity to Bacterial Pathogens and the Impact of a Plant Protein Diet

10.21203/rs.3.rs-54774/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

David Sanchez Peñaranda ◽

Christine Bäuerl ◽

Ana Tomás-Vidal ◽

Jover-Cerdá Miguel ◽

Guillem Estruch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Phase Ii ◽

Fish Meal ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Plant Protein ◽

Bacterial Challenge ◽

Short Term ◽

The Impact

Abstract BackgroundAlthough high levels of fish meal replacement by alternative protein sources have been achieved without relevant alterations in terms of growth performance, negative effects on immune status were detected. The diet and fish immunity interactions at gut level have been widely discussed, although in vivo approaches have reported several limitations. In this sense, intestine explant culture system can be a valuable complementary tool to study the interactions between pathogenic bacteria and fish gut response, and the possible influence of environmental, breeding, rearing conditions or dietary components on the responsiveness of the innate immune system in fish.The object of this study was to test the impact of total substitution of fish meal by plant protein on the intestinal health of seabream (12g) in two growth stages: phase I (90 days), up to 68 g, and phase II (305 days), up to 250g. In phase II, the effects of the long term and short exposure (15 days) to plant protein diet were determined. In order to determine the effect of plant protein feeding on the innate immune response to bacterial pathogens, and an ex vivo procedure of intestine explants culture was implemented.ResultsFish showed less tolerance to dietary plant protein in phase I than in phase II, while the ex vivo assays indicated that the intestine from fish fed at short-term plant diets showed a higher immune response than at long term feeding.In relation to the immune response to bacterial challenge, a significant expression in pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 after 6 hours of exposure to V. algynoliticus, while COX-2 expression was significantly induced by P. damselae subsp. pisicida, showing positive high correlation between them.ConclusionsA differential health status was observed depending of growth stage, being stricter to the plant protein inclusion the younger fish. The new experimental system based on fish intestinal explants culture has been successfully implemented, becoming an effective methodology for ex vivo studies. Under ex vivo conditions, the bacterial challenge induced inflammatory and immune intestinal response, responding stronger those intestine of fish fed during a short-term with a total substitution of fish meal.

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The Impact of Long-and Short-Term Strontium Treatment on Metabolites and Minerals in Glycine max

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24213825 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (21) ◽

pp. 3825 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hanaka ◽

Dresler ◽

Wójciak-Kosior ◽

Strzemski ◽

Kováčik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Entire Period ◽

Short Term ◽

Short Term Exposure ◽

Applied Dose ◽

The Impact

The impact of long-term exposure to Sr2+ (LTE, four doses, 43.5 mg Sr2+ per pot, with a total of 174 mg Sr2+ per pot during the entire period of cultivation) and short-term exposure to Sr2+ (STE, one dose, 870 mg Sr2+ per pot four days before harvest) on the content of phytoestrogens and allantoin in soybeans were compared. Sr2+ accumulation, the effect on the concentration of macroelements, and basic physiology were also analyzed. LTE reduced the content of malonyldaidzin and malonylgenistin in the roots (58% and 50% compared to the control, respectively). STE increased the amount of all isoflavones in the stem and genistein in the leaves and decreased the content of malonyldaidzin and malonylgenistin in the leaves (55% and 48% compared to the control, respectively) and roots (69% and 62% of the control, respectively) as well as genistein and coumestrol in the roots (both 50% compared to the control). Sr2+ presence stimulated the accumulation of allantoin in the roots (three-fold higher than in the control), but only STE had similar effects on the shoots. In contrast to LTE, Sr2+ was transported extensively from the roots to the leaves under STE. In comparison to the control, LTE resulted in an increase in the Ca content in the stem by 36%, whereas Ca2+ accumulation in the leaves, stems, and roots increased by 60%, 80%, and 36%, respectively, under STE. Additionally, a significant accumulation of K was found only in the roots of the LTE group. The chlorophyll content did not differ between the treatments. Overall, the production of phytoestrogens and Sr accumulation were affected by both the applied dose and the duration of exposure to Sr.

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Nicotianamine-Chelated Iron Positively Affects Iron Status, Intestinal Morphology and Microbial Populations In Vivo (Gallus Gallus)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab044_005 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 574-574

Author(s):

Jesse Beasley ◽

Alex Johnson ◽

Elad Tako

Keyword(s):

Goblet Cell ◽

Gallus Gallus ◽

Cell Number ◽

Intestinal Morphology ◽

Short Term ◽

Gastrointestinal Health ◽

Short Term Exposure ◽

The Impact

Abstract Objectives Iron (Fe) fortification involves low dose delivery of bioavailable Fe fortificants to food products during manufacture (or point-of-use) and is an effective population-based strategy to combat human Fe deficiencies that affect over 2 billion people globally. Iron fortification of wheat flour is now mandatory in 75 countries worldwide, however, the tendency of Fe fortificants to oxidize and cause undesired organoleptic and sensory properties pose significant challenges. Nicotianamine (NA) is a natural chelator of Fe and zinc (Zn) in higher plants and NA-chelated Fe is highly bioavailable in vitro. In graminaceous plants NA serves as the biosynthetic precursor to 2′ -deoxymugineic acid (DMA), a related Fe chelator and enhancer of Fe bioavailability, and increased NA/DMA biosynthesis has proved an effective Fe biofortification strategy in several cereal crops. In this study we aimed to investigate the impact of NA-chelated Fe on Fe status and gastrointestinal health in vivo. Methods We utilized the versatile chicken (Gallus gallus) model to assess NA-chelated Fe when delivered to chickens through intraamniotic administration (short-term exposure) or over a period of six weeks as part of a biofortified wheat diet containing increased NA, Fe, Zn and DMA (long-term exposure). Results Following short-term exposure, chickens that received an NA-chelated Fe treatment demonstrated significantly increased blood serum Fe, intestinal goblet cell number, and abundance of Bifidobacterium relative to chickens that received control Fe treatments (either EDTA-chelated Fe or unchelated Fe). Following long-term exposure, chickens that consumed the biofortified diet had significantly increased liver Fe, liver and muscle glycogen, and intestinal goblet cell number, as well as significantly different microbial population diversities (including a greater abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus) relative to chickens that consumed the control diet. Conclusions Taken together these results demonstrate numerous health benefits associated with NA-chelated Fe in a biofortified wheat diet and uncover novel impacts of NA-chelated Fe on gastrointestinal health and functionality. Funding Sources This work was supported by grants from the USDA-ARS and HarvestPlus.

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SUMBER-SUMBER RESILIENSI PADA REMAJA AKHIR YANG MENGALAMI KEKERASAN DARI ORANGTUA PADA MASA KANAK-KANAK

Psibernetika ◽

10.30813/psibernetika.v11i1.1161 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Devina Calista ◽

Garvin Garvin

Keyword(s):

Late Adolescents ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Short Term ◽

Parental Affection ◽

Resilience Factors ◽

Childhood Violence ◽

Past Experiences ◽

The Impact ◽

Depth Interviews

Child abuse by parents is common in households. The impact of violence on children will bring short-term effects and long-term effects that can be attributed to their various emotional, behavioral and social problems in the future; especially in late adolescence that will enter adulthood. Resilience factors increase the likelihood that adolescents who are victims of childhood violence recover from their past experiences, become more powerful individuals and have a better life. The purpose of this study was to determine the source of resilience in late adolescents who experienced violence from parents in their childhood. This research uses qualitative research methods with in-depth interviews as a method of data collection. The result shows that the three research participants have the aspects of "I Have", "I Am", and "I Can"; a participant has "I Can" aspects as a source of resilience, and one other subject has no source of resilience. The study concluded that parental affection and acceptance of the past experience have role to the three sources of resilience (I Have, I Am, and I Can) Keyword : Resilience, adolescence, violence, parents

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PGE2 release by bradykinin in human airway smooth muscle cells: involvement of cyclooxygenase-2 induction

AJP Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajplung.1997.273.6.l1132 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 273 (6) ◽

pp. L1132-L1140 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Linhua Pang ◽

Alan J. Knox

Keyword(s):

Arachidonic Acid ◽

Smooth Muscle ◽

Airway Smooth Muscle ◽

Arachidonic Acid Release ◽

Human Airway Smooth Muscle ◽

Short Term ◽

Human Airway ◽

Acid Release ◽

Cox 2

Prostanoids may be involved in bradykinin (BK)-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. We investigated whether cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 induction was involved in prostaglandin (PG) E2 release by BK in cultured human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells and analyzed the BK receptor subtypes responsible. BK stimulated PGE2release, COX activity, and COX-2 induction in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. It also time dependently enhanced arachidonic acid release. In short-term (15-min) experiments, BK stimulated PGE2 generation but did not increase COX activity or induce COX-2. In long-term (4-h) experiments, BK enhanced PGE2 release and COX activity and induced COX-2. The long-term responses were inhibited by the protein synthesis inhibitors cycloheximide and actinomycin D and the steroid dexamethasone. The effects of BK were mimicked by the B2-receptor agonist [Tyr(Me)8]BK, whereas the B1 agonist des-Arg9-BK was weakly effective at high concentrations. The B2antagonist HOE-140 potently inhibited all the effects, but the B1 antagonist des-Arg9,(Leu8)-BK was inactive. This study is the first to demonstrate that BK can induce COX-2. Conversion of increased arachidonic acid release to PGE2 by COX-1 is mainly involved in the short-term effect, whereas B2 receptor-related COX-2 induction is important in the long-term PGE2 release.

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Short-term exposure and long-term consequences of neonatal exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and ibuprofen in mice

Behavioural Brain Research ◽

10.1016/j.bbr.2016.04.001 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 307 ◽

pp. 137-144 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Gaëtan Philippot ◽

Fred Nyberg ◽

Torsten Gordh ◽

Anders Fredriksson ◽

Henrik Viberg

Keyword(s):

Neonatal Exposure ◽

Short Term ◽

Short Term Exposure ◽

Long Term Consequences

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Forecasting Revenue Impacts from COVID-19: The Case of Florida Municipalities

State and Local Government Review ◽

10.1177/0160323x211012056 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0160323X2110120

Author(s):

Hai (David) Guo ◽

Can Chen

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Short Term ◽

Fiscal Planning ◽

Revenue Structure ◽

Municipal Managers ◽

The Impact

Early in the pandemic, Florida municipal managers indicated that forecasting the impact on local revenues was one of their top priorities in responding to the pandemic, yet such a tool has not been widely available. This study offers simple and straightforward fiscal planning guides for assessing the short-term and long-term impacts of the COVID 19 recession on local government revenues by estimating the revenue declines among 411 Florida municipalities from FY 2021 to FY 2023. The forecast results predict revenues will be reduced by $5.11 billion from 2019 pre-pandemic levels for Florida cities in fiscal years 2021 through 2023. The decline is forecast to be 3.54 percent in FY 2021, 4.02 percent in FY 2022, and 3.29 percent in FY 2023. The revenue structure matters for estimating the revenue decline.

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The impact of long- and short-term exposure to different ambient air pollutants on cognitive function in China

Environment International ◽

10.1016/j.envint.2021.106416 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 151 ◽

pp. 106416

Author(s):

Huaxi Gao ◽

Jieran Shi ◽

Hongguang Cheng ◽

Yaqin Zhang ◽

Yan Zhang

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Short Term ◽

Ambient Air Pollutants ◽

Short Term Exposure ◽

The Impact

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Spatio-temporal associations of air pollutant concentrations, GP respiratory consultations and respiratory inhaler prescriptions: a 5-year study of primary care in the borough of Lambeth, South London

Environmental Health ◽

10.1186/s12940-021-00730-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mark Ashworth ◽

◽

Antonis Analitis ◽

David Whitney ◽

Evangelia Samoli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

Negative Binomial ◽

Hospital Admissions ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Respiratory Morbidity ◽

Short Term ◽

Short Term Exposure ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Spatio Temporal

Abstract Background Although the associations of outdoor air pollution exposure with mortality and hospital admissions are well established, few previous studies have reported on primary care clinical and prescribing data. We assessed the associations of short and long-term pollutant exposures with General Practitioner respiratory consultations and inhaler prescriptions. Methods Daily primary care data, for 2009–2013, were obtained from Lambeth DataNet (LDN), an anonymised dataset containing coded data from all patients (1.2 million) registered at general practices in Lambeth, an inner-city south London borough. Counts of respiratory consultations and inhaler prescriptions by day and Lower Super Output Area (LSOA) of residence were constructed. We developed models for predicting daily PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and O3 per LSOA. We used spatio-temporal mixed effects zero inflated negative binomial models to investigate the simultaneous short- and long-term effects of exposure to pollutants on the number of events. Results The mean concentrations of NO2, PM10, PM2.5 and O3 over the study period were 50.7, 21.2, 15.6, and 49.9 μg/m3 respectively, with all pollutants except NO2 having much larger temporal rather than spatial variability. Following short-term exposure increases to PM10, NO2 and PM2.5 the number of consultations and inhaler prescriptions were found to increase, especially for PM10 exposure in children which was associated with increases in daily respiratory consultations of 3.4% and inhaler prescriptions of 0.8%, per PM10 interquartile range (IQR) increase. Associations further increased after adjustment for weekly average exposures, rising to 6.1 and 1.2%, respectively, for weekly average PM10 exposure. In contrast, a short-term increase in O3 exposure was associated with decreased number of respiratory consultations. No association was found between long-term exposures to PM10, PM2.5 and NO2 and number of respiratory consultations. Long-term exposure to NO2 was associated with an increase (8%) in preventer inhaler prescriptions only. Conclusions We found increases in the daily number of GP respiratory consultations and inhaler prescriptions following short-term increases in exposure to NO2, PM10 and PM2.5. These associations are more pronounced in children and persist for at least a week. The association with long term exposure to NO2 and preventer inhaler prescriptions indicates likely increased chronic respiratory morbidity.

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The Impact of Short-Term Exposure to Air Pollution on the Exhaled Breath of Healthy Adults

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21072518 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (7) ◽

pp. 2518

Author(s):

Ariana Lammers ◽

Anne H. Neerincx ◽

Susanne J. H. Vijverberg ◽

Cristina Longo ◽

Nicole A. H. Janssen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Healthy Adults ◽

Partial Least Square ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Short Term ◽

Post Exposure ◽

Short Term Exposure ◽

Validation Set ◽

The Impact

Environmental factors, such as air pollution, can affect the composition of exhaled breath, and should be well understood before biomarkers in exhaled breath can be used in clinical practice. Our objective was to investigate whether short-term exposures to air pollution can be detected in the exhaled breath profile of healthy adults. In this study, 20 healthy young adults were exposed 2–4 times to the ambient air near a major airport and two highways. Before and after each 5 h exposure, exhaled breath was analyzed using an electronic nose (eNose) consisting of seven different cross-reactive metal-oxide sensors. The discrimination between pre and post-exposure was investigated with multilevel partial least square discriminant analysis (PLSDA), followed by linear discriminant and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, for all data (71 visits), and for a training (51 visits) and validation set (20 visits). Using all eNose measurements and the training set, discrimination between pre and post-exposure resulted in an area under the ROC curve of 0.83 (95% CI = 0.76–0.89) and 0.84 (95% CI = 0.75–0.92), whereas it decreased to 0.66 (95% CI = 0.48–0.84) in the validation set. Short-term exposure to high levels of air pollution potentially influences the exhaled breath profiles of healthy adults, however, the effects may be minimal for regular daily exposures.

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