Convergence and Divergence of Sugar and Cytokinin Signaling in Plant Development

Plants adjust their growth and development through a sophisticated regulatory system integrating endogenous and exogenous cues. Many of them rely on intricate crosstalk between nutrients and hormones, an effective way of coupling nutritional and developmental information and ensuring plant survival. Sugars in their different forms such as sucrose, glucose, fructose and trehalose-6-P and the hormone family of cytokinins (CKs) are major regulators of the shoot and root functioning throughout the plant life cycle. While their individual roles have been extensively investigated, their combined effects have unexpectedly received little attention, resulting in many gaps in current knowledge. The present review provides an overview of the relationship between sugars and CKs signaling in the main developmental transition during the plant lifecycle, including seed development, germination, seedling establishment, root and shoot branching, leaf senescence, and flowering. These new insights highlight the diversity and the complexity of the crosstalk between sugars and CKs and raise several questions that will open onto further investigations of these regulation networks orchestrating plant growth and development.

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N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II Is Involved in Plant Growth and Development Under Stress Conditions

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.761064 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Jae Yong Yoo ◽

Ki Seong Ko ◽

Bich Ngoc Vu ◽

Young Eun Lee ◽

Seok Han Yoon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Stress Conditions ◽

Root Growth Inhibition ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Plant Growth And Development ◽

Cytokinin Signaling ◽

Mannose Residue ◽

Glcnac Residue ◽

Physiological Importance

Alpha-1,6-mannosyl-glycoprotein 2-β-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase [EC 2.4.1.143, N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II (GnTII)] catalyzes the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residue from the nucleotide sugar donor UDP-GlcNAc to the α1,6-mannose residue of the di-antennary N-glycan acceptor GlcNAc(Xyl)Man3(Fuc)GlcNAc2 in the Golgi apparatus. Although the formation of the GlcNAc2(Xyl)Man3(Fuc)GlcNAc2 N-glycan is known to be associated with GnTII activity in Arabidopsis thaliana, its physiological significance is still not fully understood in plants. To address the physiological importance of the GlcNAc2(Xyl)Man3(Fuc)GlcNAc2 N-glycan, we examined the phenotypic effects of loss-of-function mutations in GnTII in the presence and absence of stress, and responsiveness to phytohormones. Prolonged stress induced by tunicamycin (TM) or sodium chloride (NaCl) treatment increased GnTII expression in wild-type Arabidopsis (ecotype Col-0) but caused severe developmental damage in GnTII loss-of-function mutants (gnt2-1 and gnt2-2). The absence of the 6-arm GlcNAc residue in the N-glycans in gnt2-1 facilitated the TM-induced unfolded protein response, accelerated dark-induced leaf senescence, and reduced cytokinin signaling, as well as susceptibility to cytokinin-induced root growth inhibition. Furthermore, gnt2-1 and gnt2-2 seedlings exhibited enhanced N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid-induced inhibition of tropic growth and development. Thus, GnTII’s promotion of the 6-arm GlcNAc addition to N-glycans is important for plant growth and development under stress conditions, possibly via affecting glycoprotein folding and/or distribution.

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The relationship between the wheat plants at different tap organozenesis and phytophagous, their harmfulness

Interdepartmental Thematic Scientific Collection of Plant Protection and Quarantine ◽

10.36495/1606-9773.2016.62.246-259 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 246-259

Author(s):

O.O. Strygun ◽

S.O. Trybel ◽

O.M. Goncharenko ◽

Y.М. Suddenko

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Constant Pressure ◽

Plant Growth And Development ◽

Protective Measures ◽

Average Loss ◽

Potential Losses ◽

The Relationship ◽

Actual Loss

The basic types of herbivores wheat groups on their affinity to damage of the plants and their impact on the formative processes. It is shown that the constant pressure on the formative processes, inhibition of plant growth and development adversely affects the productivity and quality of grain. Calculated in terms of population of crops of pests, taking into account existing EPSH potential losses from individual groups of herbivores that exceed 5%. Showing actual average loss grain cereals from pests, which is 12.7%, which is evidence of the need to strengthen protective measures and reduce the actual loss to the level of <5%.

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Characterization of the Cytokinin Sensor TCSv2 in Arabidopsis and Tomato

10.21203/rs.3.rs-64393/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Evyatar Steiner ◽

Alon Israeli ◽

Rupali Gupta ◽

Ido Shwartz ◽

Ido Nir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Distribution Pattern ◽

Expression Pattern ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Plant Growth And Development ◽

Binding Motifs ◽

Plant Life ◽

Two Component ◽

Increased Sensitivity

Abstract Background: Hormones are crucial to plant life and development. Being able to follow the plants hormonal response to various stimuli and throughout developmental processes is an important and increasingly widespread tool. The phytohormone cytokinin (CK) has crucial roles in the regulation of plant growth and development.Results: Here we describe a version of the CK sensor Two Component signaling Sensor (TCS), referred to as TCSv2. TCSv2 has a different arrangement of binding motifs when compared to previous TCS versions, resulting in increased sensitivity in some examined tissues. Here, we examine the CK responsiveness and distribution pattern of TCSv2 in arabidopsis and tomato. Conclusions: the increased sensitivity and reported expression pattern of TCSv2 make it an ideal TCS version to study CK response in particular hosts, such as tomato, and particular tissues, such as leaves and flowers.

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Characterization of the Cytokinin sensor TCSv2 in Arabidopsis and Tomato

10.21203/rs.3.rs-64393/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Evyatar Steiner ◽

Alon Israeli ◽

Rupali Gupta ◽

Ido Shwartz ◽

Ido Nir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Distribution Pattern ◽

Expression Pattern ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Plant Growth And Development ◽

Binding Motifs ◽

Plant Life ◽

Two Component ◽

Increased Sensitivity

Abstract Background: Hormones are crucial to plant life and development. Being able to follow the plants hormonal response to various stimuli and throughout developmental processes is an important and increasingly widespread tool. The phytohormone cytokinin (CK) has crucial roles in the regulation of plant growth and development. Results: Here we describe a version of the CK sensor Two Component signaling Sensor (TCS), referred to as TCSv2. TCSv2 has a different arrangement of binding motifs when compared to previous TCS versions, resulting in increased sensitivity in some examined tissues. Here, we examine the CK responsiveness and distribution pattern of TCSv2 in arabidopsis and tomato. Conclusions: the increased sensitivity and reported expression pattern of TCSv2 make it an ideal TCS version to study CK response in particular hosts, such as tomato, and particular tissues, such as leaves and flowers.

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Research Progress of PPR Proteins in RNA Editing, Stress Response, Plant Growth and Development

Frontiers in Genetics ◽

10.3389/fgene.2021.765580 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Tengfei Qin ◽

Pei Zhao ◽

Jialiang Sun ◽

Yuping Zhao ◽

Yaxin Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Rna Editing ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Higher Plants ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Research Progress ◽

Future Research ◽

Pentatricopeptide Repeat ◽

Plant Growth And Development ◽

Ppr Proteins

RNA editing is a posttranscriptional phenomenon that includes gene processing and modification at specific nucleotide sites. RNA editing mainly occurs in the genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts in higher plants. In recent years, pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins, which may act as trans-acting factors of RNA editing have been identified, and the study of PPR proteins has become a research focus in molecular biology. The molecular functions of these proteins and their physiological roles throughout plant growth and development are widely studied. In this minireview, we summarize the current knowledge of the PPR family, hoping to provide some theoretical reference for future research and applications.

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Drought and salinity alter endogenous hormonal profiles at the seed germination phase

Seed Science Research ◽

10.1017/s0960258515000331 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Analía Llanes ◽

Andrea Andrade ◽

Oscar Masciarelli ◽

Sergio Alemano ◽

Virginia Luna

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Environmental Cues ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Plant Life ◽

Critical Phase ◽

Endogenous Phytohormones ◽

Developmental Phases

AbstractThe most critical phase in plant life is seed germination, which is influenced by environmental factors. Drought and salinity are key environmental factors that affect seed germination. Reduction or alterations of germination when seeds are exposed to these factors have been shown to be due to either the adverse effects of water limitation and/or specific ion toxicity on metabolism. Phytohormones are chemical messengers produced within the plant that control its growth and development in response to environmental cues; small fluctuations of phytohormone levels alter the cellular dynamics and, hence, play a central role in regulating plant growth responses to these environmental factors. To integrate current knowledge, the present review focuses on the involvement of endogenous phytohormones in plant adaptative responses to drought and salinity at one of the plant's developmental phases.

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Characterization of the cytokinin sensor TCSv2 in arabidopsis and tomato

Plant Methods ◽

10.1186/s13007-020-00694-2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Evyatar Steiner ◽

Alon Israeli ◽

Rupali Gupta ◽

Ido Shwartz ◽

Ido Nir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Distribution Pattern ◽

Expression Pattern ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Plant Growth And Development ◽

Binding Motifs ◽

Plant Life ◽

Two Component ◽

Increased Sensitivity

Abstract Background Hormones are crucial to plant life and development. Being able to follow the plants hormonal response to various stimuli and throughout developmental processes is an important and increasingly widespread tool. The phytohormone cytokinin (CK) has crucial roles in the regulation of plant growth and development. Results Here we describe a version of the CK sensor Two Component signaling Sensor (TCS), referred to as TCSv2. TCSv2 has a different arrangement of binding motifs when compared to previous TCS versions, resulting in increased sensitivity in some examined tissues. Here, we examine the CK responsiveness and distribution pattern of TCSv2 in arabidopsis and tomato. Conclusions The increased sensitivity and reported expression pattern of TCSv2 make it an ideal TCS version to study CK response in particular hosts, such as tomato, and particular tissues, such as leaves and flowers.

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Autophagy in Plant: A New Orchestrator in the Regulation of the Phytohormones Homeostasis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20122900 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (12) ◽

pp. 2900 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Wentao Gou ◽

Xi Li ◽

Shaoying Guo ◽

Yunfeng Liu ◽

Faqiang Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Pivotal Role ◽

Regulatory Role ◽

Plant Growth And Development ◽

Crop Breeding ◽

Variable Environments ◽

Evolutionarily Conserved ◽

The Relationship ◽

Catabolic Process

Autophagy is a highly evolutionarily-conserved catabolic process facilitating the development and survival of organisms which have undergone favorable and/or stressful conditions, in particular the plant. Accumulating evidence has implicated that autophagy is involved in growth and development, as well as responses to various stresses in plant. Similarly, phytohormones also play a pivotal role in the response to various stresses in addition to the plant growth and development. However, the relationship between autophagy and phytohormones still remains poorly understood. Here, we review advances in the crosstalk between them upon various environmental stimuli. We also discuss how autophagy coordinates the phytohormones to regulate plant growth and development. We propose that unraveling the regulatory role(s) of autophagy in modulating the homeostasis of phytohormones would benefit crop breeding and improvement under variable environments, in particular under suboptimal conditions.

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Estrogens and Androgens in Plants: The Last 20 Years of Studies

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10122783 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 2783

Author(s):

Anna Janeczko

Keyword(s):

Stress Response ◽

Steroid Hormones ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Metabolic Profile ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Physiological Activity ◽

Plant Growth And Development ◽

The Status ◽

17Β Estradiol ◽

Made In

Although the only known steroid hormones in plants are brassinosteroids, interestingly, mammalian steroid hormones such as androgens or estrogens are also part of the plant metabolic profile. This presented review is focused on the progress that has been made in this matter during the last two decades. The presence of testosterone, 17β-estradiol, and other androgens/estrogens in plants (particularly those that can be measured using more advanced techniques) is described. The physiological activity of androgens and estrogens, especially in plants’ stress response, are discussed, together with some possible mechanisms of their action. The current knowledge indicates that although androgens and estrogens do not have the status of hormones in plants, they are physiologically active and can serve as regulators that support the activity of classic hormones in (1) regulating the various processes connected with plant growth and development and (2) the interaction of plants with their environment.

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