scholarly journals Porphyromonas gingivalis Components/Secretions Synergistically Enhance Pneumonia Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 12704
Author(s):  
Teppei Okabe ◽  
Yosuke Kamiya ◽  
Takeshi Kikuchi ◽  
Hisashi Goto ◽  
Masayuki Umemura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Porphyromonas Gingivalis ◽  
Aspiration Pneumonia ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Causative Organism ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Tract Infections

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important causative organism of respiratory tract infections. Although periodontal bacteria have been shown to influence respiratory infections such as aspiration pneumonia, the synergistic effect of S. pneumoniae and Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontopathic bacterium, on pneumococcal infections is unclear. To investigate whether P. gingivalis accelerates pneumococcal infections, we tested the effects of inoculating P. gingivalis culture supernatant (PgSup) into S. pneumoniae-infected mice. Mice were intratracheally injected with S. pneumoniae and PgSup to induce pneumonia, and lung histopathological sections and the absolute number and frequency of neutrophils and macrophages in the lung were analyzed. Proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression was examined by qPCR and ELISA. Inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in S. pneumoniae-infected mice and S. pnemoniae and PgSup mixed-infected mice, and mixed-infected mice showed more pronounced inflammation in lung. The ratios of monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils were not significantly different between the lungs of S. pneumoniae-infected mice and those of mixed-infected mice. PgSup synergistically increased TNF-α expression/production and IL-17 production compared with S. pneumoniae infection alone. We demonstrated that PgSup enhanced inflammation in pneumonia caused by S. pneumoniae, suggesting that virulence factors produced by P. gingivalis are involved in the exacerbation of respiratory tract infections such as aspiration pneumonia.

scholarly journals Viral etiology and epidemiology of pediatric patients hospitalized for acute respiratory tract infections in Macao: a retrospective study from 2014 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Lei ◽  
Lisong Yang ◽  
Cheong Tat Lou ◽  
Fan Yang ◽  
Kin Ian SiTou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Etiology ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are among the leading causes of hospitalization in children. Understanding the local dominant viral etiologies is important to inform infection control practices and clinical management. This study aimed to investigate the viral etiology and epidemiology of respiratory infections among pediatric inpatients in Macao. Methods A retrospective study using electronic health records between 2014 and 2017 at Kiang Wu Hospital was performed. Nasopharyngeal swab specimens were obtained from hospitalized children aged 13 years or younger with respiratory tract diseases. xMAP multiplex assays were employed to detect respiratory agents including 10 respiratory viruses. Data were analyzed to describe the frequency and seasonality. Results Of the 4880 children enrolled in the study, 3767 (77.1%) were positive for at least one of the 13 viral pathogens tested, of which 2707 (55.5%) being male and 2635 (70.0%) under 2 years old. Among the positive results, there were 3091 (82.0%) single infections and 676 (18.0%) multiple infections. The predominant viruses included human rhinovirus/enterovirus (HRV/EV 27.4%), adenovirus (ADV, 15.8%), respiratory syncytial virus B (RSVB, 7.8%) and respiratory syncytial virus A (RSVA, 7.8%). The detection of viral infection was the most prevalent in autumn (960/1176, 81.6%), followed by spring (1095/1406, 77.9%), winter (768/992, 77.4%), and summer (944/1306, 72.3%), with HRV/EV and ADV being most commonly detected throughout the 4 years of study period. The detection rate of viral infection was highest among ARI patients presented with croup (123/141, 87.2%), followed by lower respiratory tract infection (1924/2356, 81.7%) and upper respiratory tract infection (1720/2383, 72.2%). FluA, FluB and ADV were positive factors for upper respiratory tract infections. On the other hand, infection with RSVA, RSVB, PIV3, PIV4, HMPV, and EV/RHV were positively associated with lower respiratory tract infections; and PIV1, PIV2, and PIV3 were positively associated with croup. Conclusions This is the first study in Macao to determine the viral etiology and epidemiology of pediatric patients hospitalized for ARIs. The study findings can contribute to the awareness of pathogen, appropriate preventative measure, accurate diagnosis, and proper clinical management of respiratory viral infections among children in Macao.

Molecular characterization of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from MDR-TB patients of Northern Punjab, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Causative Organism ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
Tract Infections

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are the most common and severe infectious diseases in developing countries. Acinetobacter baumannii is the bacterium known as causative organism for respiratory tract infections in human populations. The Report suggests that co-infection of Acinetobacter baumannii with Mycobacterium tuberculosis together increases health complications in multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) positive patients and creates fatal damage to the ailing population. In our study, 106 sputum samples of MDR-TB positive patients from Northern Punjab were studied. The isolation of A. baumannii from sputum of MDR-TB patients was done on selective media and initially screened by Oxidase and Catalase based identification followed by microscopic examination. Afterward, only ten suspected isolates of A. baumannii were again selected for further characterization for MDR by using Disc diffusion method. Antibiograms against number of antibiotics were accurately determined. Of these 10 isolates, 8 sample were found resistant to levofloxacin and subjected to molecular characterization using bla-OXA-51 primers. Only 3 out of 106 (2.83 %) isolates were confirmed as MDR strains of A. baumannii. These results show the coexistence of MDR A. bauminnii with MDR-TB patients of Northern Punjab, Pakistan. In Northern Punjab regions a higher percentage (3 cases) of MDR- TB were detected, which were co-infected with Acinetobacter baumannii among hospitalized patients. These findings may show unhygienic hospital environment or practices which leads to the co-infection.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance of 1,113Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates from Patients with Respiratory Tract Infections in Spain: Results of a 1-Year (1996–1997) Multicenter Surveillance Study

1999 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Baquero ◽  
José Angel García-Rodríguez ◽  
Juan García de Lomas ◽  
Lorenzo Aguilar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Surveillance Study ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Tract Infections

A nationwide susceptibility surveillance of 1,113Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates was carried out and found the following percentages of resistance: cefuroxime, 46%; penicillin, 37%; macrolides, 33%; aminopenicillins, 24%; cefotaxime, 13%; and ceftriaxone, 8%. A significant (P < 0.05) seasonality pattern for β-lactam antibiotics was observed. Resistance to macrolides was higher (P < 0.05) in middle-ear samples. Higher percentages of resistance to cefuroxime and macrolides were observed among penicillin-intermediate and -resistant strains, whereas high frequencies of resistance to aminopenicillins and expanded-spectrum cephalosporins were observed only among penicillin-resistant strains.

scholarly journals Characterization of the microflora of ventilator-associated respiratory tract infections in patients with severe trauma

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
O. A Orlova ◽  
V. G Akimkin
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Severe Trauma ◽  
Surgical Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Surgical Intensive Care ◽  
Microbial Associations ◽  
Initial Severity ◽  
Tract Infections

Rationale The relevance of ventilator-associated respiratory tract infections in severe injury patients (SIP) is associated with both features of causative pathogens and the initial severity of the state of patients. Among causative pathogens nosocomial flora is dominant. Purpose - to perform an analysis of the microbiological monitoring of ventilator-associated respiratory tract infections in SIP. The analysis was based on the results of a prospective epidemiological, clinical, and instrumental study of 100 SIP with ventilator-associated respiratory tract infections, stayed in the surgical intensive care unit. The proportion of ventilator-associated respiratory infections in the structure of nosocomial infections in these patients is between 90 - 95%, at that there was revealed the prevalence of nosocomial pneumonia (61%). Ventilator-associated respiratory tract infection most commonly occurs during the first 10 days of mechanical ventilation. The prevailing flora was represented by Gram negative Acinetobacter baumamnnii (40.3 ± 2.1%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38.4% ± 3.2%). Isolated microorganisms possessed multiple antibiotic resistance, with the greatest extent to aminoglycosides - 69.5%, fluoroquinolones - 40.3%, penicillin - 37.6%; cephalosporins (third generation) - 33.8%. There is noted marked preponderance of microbial associations compared with monocultures 57.1 ± 5.3%.

scholarly journals Usefulness of procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cell (WBC) levels in the differential diagnosis of acute bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal respiratory tract infections in children

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Lanfang Min ◽  
Xin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background There is a lack of studies comparing PCT, CRP and WBC levels in the differential diagnosis of acute bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal respiratory tract infections. It is necessary to explore the correlation between above markers and different types of ARTI. Methods 108 children with confirmed bacterial infection were regarded as group A, 116 children with virus infection were regarded as group B, and 122 children with mycoplasmal infection were regarded as group C. The levels of PCT, CRP and WBC of the three groups were detected and compared. Results The levels of PCT, CRP and WBC in group A were significantly higher than those in groups B and C (p < 0.05). The positive rate of combined detection of PCT, CRP and WBC was significant higher than that of single detection. There was no significant difference in PCT, CRP and WBC levels between the group of G+ bacterial infection and G− bacterial infection (p > 0.05). ROC curve results showed that the AUC of PCT, CRP and WBC for the diagnosis of bacterial respiratory infections were 0.65, 0.55, and 0.58, respectively. Conclusions PCT, CRP and WBC can be combined as effective indicators for the identification of acute bacterial or no-bacterial infections in children. The levels of PCT and CRP have higher differential diagnostic value than that of WBC in infection, and the combined examination of the three is more valuable in clinic.

scholarly journals Did admissions caused by respiratory infections and asthma decrease during the COVID-19 pandemic?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeynep Onay ◽  
Deniz Mavi ◽  
Yetkin Ayhan ◽  
Sinem Can Oksay ◽  
Gulay Bas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Outpatient Clinic ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Pediatric Intensive Care ◽  
Acute Bronchiolitis ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: COVID-19 outbreak lead to nationwide lockdown on the March 16th, 2020 in Turkey. We aimed to quantitively determine the change in frequency of upper and lower respiratory tract infections and asthma in pediatric population associated with COVID-19. Methods: The electronic medical record data of pediatric population admitted to the emergency department (ED), outpatient and inpatient clinics and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) were analyzed with the diagnosis of Influenza, upper and lower respiratory tract infections (URTI, LRTI) acute bronchiolitis and asthma. The data of the first year of the pandemic was compared with the previous year. Results: In total 112496 admissions were made between April 1, 2019 and March 31, 2021 in our hospital. A decline was observed in ED admissions (-73%) and outpatient clinic (-70%) visits, hospitalizations (-41.5%) and PICU admissions (-42%). The admissions with the diagnosis of Influenza and URTI had a decline from 4.26% to 0.37% (p=0.0001), and from 81.54% to 75.62% (p=0.0001), respectively. An increase was observed in the LRTI, acute bronchiolitis and asthma (from 8.22% to 10.01% (p=0.0001), from 2.76% to 3.07% (p=0.027) and from 5.96% to 14% (p=0.0001), respectively). Conclusions: A dramatic decrease was observed in the number of admissions to ED and inpatient clinics and outpatient clinic visits and PICU admissions, and, when the rates of admissions were compared, the general rate of admissions to ED showed a decrease while inpatient, outpatient clinics and PICU admissions demonstrated an increase during the pandemic.

Bacterial Infections of the Adult Upper Respiratory Tract

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura K Certain ◽  
Miriam B Barshak
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Upper respiratory tract infections are the most common maladies experienced by humankind.1 The majority are caused by respiratory viruses. A Dutch case-controlled study of primary care patients with acute respiratory tract infections found that viruses accounted for 58% of cases; rhinovirus was the most common (24%), followed by influenza virus type A (11%) and corona­viruses (7%). Group A streptococcus (GAS) was responsible for 11%, and 3% of patients had mixed infections. Potential pathogens were detected in 30% of control patients who were free of acute respiratory symptoms; rhinovirus was the most common.2 Given the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance and the increasing awareness of the importance of a healthy microbiome, antibiotic use for upper respiratory infections should be reserved for those patients with clear indications for treatment. A recent study of adult outpatient visits in the United States found that respiratory complaints accounted for 150 antibiotic prescriptions per 1,000 population annually, yet the expected “appropriate” rate would be 45.3 In other words, most antibiotic prescriptions for these complaints are unnecessary. Similarly, a study in the United Kingdom found that general practitioners prescribed antibiotics to about half of all patients presenting with an upper respiratory infection, even though most of these infections are viral.4 This review contains 5 figures, 16 tables, and 82 references. Keywords: infection, airway, sinusitis, otitis media, otitis externa, pharyngitis, epiglottitis, abscess

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