scholarly journals Hormonomic Changes Driving the Negative Impact of Broomrape on Plant Host Interactions with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (24) ◽  
pp. 13677
Author(s):  
Kiril Mishev ◽  
Petre I. Dobrev ◽  
Jozef Lacek ◽  
Roberta Filepová ◽  
Bistra Yuperlieva-Mateeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Parasitic Plants ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Mycorrhizal Roots

Belowground interactions of plants with other organisms in the rhizosphere rely on extensive small-molecule communication. Chemical signals released from host plant roots ensure the development of beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi which in turn modulate host plant growth and stress tolerance. However, parasitic plants have adopted the capacity to sense the same signaling molecules and to trigger their own seed germination in the immediate vicinity of host roots. The contribution of AM fungi and parasitic plants to the regulation of phytohormone levels in host plant roots and root exudates remains largely obscure. Here, we studied the hormonome in the model system comprising tobacco as a host plant, Phelipanche spp. as a holoparasitic plant, and the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. Co-cultivation of tobacco with broomrape and AM fungi alone or in combination led to characteristic changes in the levels of endogenous and exuded abscisic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, cytokinins, salicylic acid, and orobanchol-type strigolactones. The hormonal content in exudates of broomrape-infested mycorrhizal roots resembled that in exudates of infested non-mycorrhizal roots and differed from that observed in exudates of non-infested mycorrhizal roots. Moreover, we observed a significant reduction in AM colonization of infested tobacco plants, pointing to a dominant role of the holoparasite within the tripartite system.

scholarly journals 406 Plant Diversity Influences Effectiveness of Associated Arbuscular–Mycorrhizal Fungi

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 463A-463
Author(s):  
Rhoda Burrows ◽  
Francis Pfleger
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Schizachyrium Scoparium ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Little Bluestem

Growing a plant host in association with other plant species (i.e., increasing diversity) changes the composition of the associated arbuscular–mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community. We tested whether this alteration in the fungal community causes significant differences in the growth of Schizachyrium scoparium L. (Little Bluestem, a C4 grass) or Lespedeza capitata L. (Bush clover, a legume). Seedlings were transplanted into pasteurized soil inoculated with soil from monoculture plots of Schizachyrium or Lespedeza, respectively, vs. plots containing one, seven, or 15 additional plant species. Soil washes from a composite of the plots were added to all pots, including non-inoculated controls, to reduce differences in the non-AM microbial communities. Spore counts of the inoculum from Lespedeza plots showed increasing numbers of AM fungal spores and species richness with increasing plant diversity; this was not true with the Schizachyrium plots, possibly because Schizachyrium may be a better host to more species of AM fungi than Lespedeza. Both Schizachyrium and Lespedeza responded to inoculation with increased growth compared to non-inoculated controls. Tissue analyses of both species showed that inoculation increased the percentage of Cu, and lowered the percentage of Mn compared to control plants. Schizachyrium showed no significant differences in growth due to inoculum source (1-, 2-, 8-, or 16-species plots); while Lespedeza showed increases in root and shoot weights with increasing source-plot diversity.

scholarly journals Tillage, Glyphosate and Beneficial Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Optimising Crop Management for Plant–Fungal Symbiosis

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas I. Wilkes ◽  
Douglas J. Warner ◽  
Keith G. Davies ◽  
Veronica Edmonds-Brown
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Fungal Biomass ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Epsp Synthase ◽  
The Impact

Zero till cropping systems typically apply broad-spectrum herbicides such as glyphosate as an alternative weed control strategy to the physical inversion of the soil provided by cultivation. Glyphosate targets 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase in plants. There is growing evidence that this may have a detrimental impact on non-target organisms such as those present in the soil microbiome. Species of commercial importance, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi that form a symbiotic relationship with plant roots are an important example. This study investigates the impact of soil cultivation and glyphosate application associated with conventional tillage (CT) and zero tillage (ZT) respectively on AM fungi populations under field and glasshouse conditions. Topsoil (<10 cm) was extracted from CT and ZT fields cropped with winter wheat, plus non-cropped control plots within the same field boundary, throughout the cropping year. Glyphosate was applied in glasshouse experiments at rates between 0 and 350 g L−1. Ergosterol, an indicator of fungal biomass, was measured using high performance liquid chromatography before and after glyphosate application. Fungal root arbuscules, an indicator of AM fungi–root symbiosis, were quantified from the roots of wheat plants. Under glasshouse conditions root arbuscules were consistently higher in wheat grown in ZT field extracted soils (P = 0.01) compared to CT. Glyphosate application however inhibited fungal biomass in both the ZT (P < 0.00001) and CT (P < 0.001) treatments. In the absence of glyphosate, the number of stained root arbuscules increased significantly. Ergosterol levels, used as a proxy for fungal biomass, remained lower in the soil post glyphosate application. The results suggest that CT has a greater negative impact on AM fungal growth than ZT and glyphosate, but that glyphosate is also detrimental to AM fungal growth and hinders subsequent population recovery.

scholarly journals Response of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to Hydrologic Gradients in the Rhizosphere ofPhragmites australis(Cav.) Trin ex. Steudel Growing in the Sun Island Wetland

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Wang ◽  
Jieting Wu ◽  
Fang Ma ◽  
Jixian Yang ◽  
Shiyang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Vegetative Period ◽  
Hydrologic Gradients ◽  
Mycorrhizal Association

Within the rhizosphere, AM fungi are a sensitive variable to changes of botanic and environmental conditions, and they may interact with the biomass of plant and other microbes. During the vegetative period of thePhragmites australisgrowing in the Sun Island Wetland (SIW), the variations of AM fungi colonization were studied. Root samples of three hydrologic gradients generally showed AM fungi colonization, suggesting that AM fungi have the ability for adaptation to flooded habitats. There were direct and indirect hydrological related effects with respect to AM fungi biomass, which interacted simultaneously in the rhizosphere. Though water content in soil and reed growth parameters were both positively associated with AM fungi colonization, only the positive correlations between reed biomass parameters and the colonization could be expected, or both the host plant biomass and the AM fungi could be beneficial. The variations in response of host plant to the edaphic and hydrologic conditions may influence the effectiveness of the plant-mycorrhizal association. This study included a hydrologic component to better assess the role and distribution of AM fungi in wetland ecosystems. And because of that, the range of AM fungi was extended, since they actually showed a notable adaptability to hydrologic gradients.

scholarly journals Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi from Argentinean Highland Puna Soils Unveiled by Propagule Multiplication

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1803
Author(s):  
Fernanda Covacevich ◽  
Keren Hernández Guijarro ◽  
Esteban M. Crespo ◽  
Erica Lumini ◽  
María Soledad Rivero Mega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism ◽  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Generalist Species ◽  
Morphological Approach ◽  
Almost All

Low arbuscular-mycorrhizal (AM) sporulation in arid field soils limits our knowledge of indigenous species when diversity studies are based only on spore morphology. Our aim was to use different approaches (i.e., spore morphological approach and PCR–SSCP (single-strand-conformation-polymorphism) analysis after trap plant multiplication strategies to improve the knowledge of the current richness of glomalean AM fungi (Glomerales; Glomeromycota) from the Argentine Puna. Indigenous propagules from two pristine sites at 3870 and 3370 m of elevation were multiplied using different host plants; propagation periods (2–6 months), and subculture cycles (1; 2; or 3) from 5 to 13 months. The propagule multiplication experiment allowed the detection of different glomoid taxa of Funneliformis spp. and Rhizoglomus spp., which were considered cryptic species since they had never been found in Puna soils before. On the other hand; almost all the generalist species previously described were recovered from cultures; except for Glomus ambisporum. Both plant host selection and culture times are critical for Glomerales multiplication. The SSCP analysis complemented the morphological approach and showed a high variability of Glomus at each site; revealing the presence of Funneliformis mosseae. This study demonstrates that AMF trap culture (TC) is a useful strategy for improving the analysis of AM fungal diversity/richness in the Argentinean highlands.

Colonisation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi changes the relationship between phosphorus uptake and membrane potential in leek (Allium porrum) seedlings

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Ayling ◽  
Sally E. Smith ◽  
F. Andrew Smith
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Allium Porrum ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Mycorrhizal Roots ◽  
Am Fungus ◽  
The Relationship

The effect of colonisation by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on the relationship between phosphorus (P) uptake and root membrane electric potential difference (p.d.) was investigated in leek (Allium porrum L.). Plants were grown, with or without the AM fungus Scutellospora calospora (Nicolson and Gerdemann) Walker and Sanders, in soil. P uptake and root p.d. were correlated; plants with the highest P concentration in the shoot had the most negative p.d. This relationship was strong in non-mycorrhizal leeks (r2 = 84–98%), but weaker in mycorrhizal leeks (r2 = 55–64%), consistent with the idea that in mycorrhizal roots the fungal hyphae are the principal site of P uptake.

Long-term effect of heavy metal loads on the mycorrhizal colonization and metal uptake of barley

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-184
Author(s):  
B. Biró ◽  
A. Füzy ◽  
K. Posta
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Root System ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi

A pot experiment was designed to study the colonization of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) host plant. Soils of the pots were collected from a long-term field microelement loading experiment on calcareous chernozem soil twelve years after 13 heavy metals (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr and Zn) were applied once in four doses (0, 30, 90 and 270 mg element·kg -1 d.w.). The biomass production and element accumulation of the host plant, the various colonization values of the arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) – such as colonization intensity (M %), arbusculum richness (A %) in the root system and the sporulation intensity (g -1 dry soil) in the rhizosphere – were measured. When considering the twelve-year adaptation process of the AM fungal populations at the various metal loads, a relatively balanced inside mycorrhiza colonization was found, suggesting the potentials for the selection of tolerant fungi in metal contaminated soils. The balanced infection intensity (M %) of the AM fungi and their common strategies with the host plant have resulted a nonsignificant shoot and root biomass production of barley in general. Mycorrhiza sporulation in the root system proved to be much variable and indicated the toxicity of metals and metal rates. Cd, Pb and Sr elements significantly reduced spore numbers, while a value of 34 spores·g -1 soil was counted in the case of Ni in comparison to the control’s 22 spores·g -1 soil value. Stress-defending strategies of the fungal–plant symbiosis, such as the increased arbusculum richness (A %) could be established for the Hg and Pb rates. In the case of Cd an increased root biomass production became a tool for stress alleviation and reduced the metal allocation towards the shoots. Mycorrhiza fungi are part of the common plant–microbe interactions and appropriate defending mechanisms in metal contaminated soils.

scholarly journals COMPARING THE ASSOCIATION OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI WITH WHEAT CROP FROM DISTRICT MARDAN AND CHARSADDA

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Tabassum Yaseen ◽  
Muhammad Shakeel ◽  
Farman Ullah
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Vegetative Stage ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Fruiting Stage ◽  
Glomus Species

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are one of the important microbes of the soil microflora which can interact with other soil microbes or plant roots. AM fungi have been known to improve nutrients uptake of plants from deep soil regions where plant roots cannot normally reach and results in improved plant growth. The present study was conducted to investigate the presence of AM fungi during various growth stages of Wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) crops grown in different locations of District Mardan and District Charsadda, KP, Pakistan and to determine the relationship between AM fungi and physiochemical characteristic of soil. A total of fifteen wheat fields were studied at host growth stages (vegetative stage and fruiting stage). All the wheat fields were found to have AMF association ranged from 24-100%, 27-171gm-200 spores density. The results showed that the highest AMF root colonization and spores density has been found at fruiting stage as compared to vegetative stage. This study reports three species of AM fungi i.e. Glomus spp., Sclerocystis spp. and Acaulospora spp. from the studied sites on the basis of spore identification. This study also reports that in vegetative stage of wheat, the Glomus species was in abundance and in fruiting stage, Sclerocystis species was abundant. Glomus species was observed to be dominant at all stages and locations.

scholarly journals Use of the Signature Fatty Acid 16:1ω5 as a Tool to Determine the Distribution of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Soil

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Ngosong ◽  
Elke Gabriel ◽  
Liliane Ruess
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Biomass Estimation ◽  
Lipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Neutral Lipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Root Symbionts

Biomass estimation of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi, widespread plant root symbionts, commonly employs lipid biomarkers, predominantly the fatty acid 16:1ω5. We briefly reviewed the application of this signature fatty acid, followed by a case study comparing biochemical markers with microscopic techniques in an arable soil following a change to AM non-host plants after 27 years of continuous host crops, that is, two successive cropping seasons with wheat followed by amaranth. After switching to the non-host amaranth, spore biomass estimated by the neutral lipid fatty acid (NLFA) 16:1ω5 decreased to almost nil, whereas microscopic spore counts decreased by about 50% only. In contrast, AM hyphal biomass assessed by the phospholipid (PLFA) 16:1ω5 was greater under amaranth than wheat. The application of PLFA 16:1ω5 as biomarker was hampered by background level derived from bacteria, and further enhanced by its incorporation from degrading spores used as microbial resource. Meanwhile, biochemical and morphological assessments showed negative correlation for spores and none for hyphal biomass. In conclusion, the NLFA 16:1ω5 appears to be a feasible indicator for AM fungi of the Glomales group in the complex field soils, whereas the use of PLFA 16:1ω5 for hyphae is unsuitable and should be restricted to controlled laboratory studies.

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