scholarly journals Expanded Newborn Screening and Genomic Sequencing in Latin America and the Resulting Social Justice and Ethical Considerations

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Juan F. Cabello ◽  
Fernando Novoa ◽  
Hanalise V. Huff ◽  
Marta Colombo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Newborn Screening ◽  
Rare Diseases ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Genomic Sequencing ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Expanded Newborn Screening

Newborn screening (NBS) has widely been utilized in developed countries as a cost-effective public health strategy that reduces morbidity and mortality. Developing countries, however, are new to the NBS scene and have their own unique challenges, both in instituting the program as well as effectively acting on the results. NBS offers numerous ethical issues on a global scale, however, here we argue that there are unique ethical issues surrounding the development and expansion of newborn screening in Latin America given its highly heterogenous population. Once a NBS program is effectively instated, ethical considerations continue when pursuing expansion of screening to include further conditions. While Latin America grapples with the ethics of expanded newborn screening (ENBS), some developed countries discuss utility of genomic sequencing technologies in the newborn population. When the ability to detect further pathology is expanded, one must know what to do with this information. As rare diseases are identified either on ENBS or via genome sequencing, access to treatments for these rare diseases can be a real challenge. If we consider newborn screening as a global initiative, then we need more than a deontology approach to analyze these challenges; we need an approach that considers the unique characteristics of each territory and tremendous heterogeneity that exists prior to the implementation of these programs. As genomic technology advances further in the developed world, while some developing countries still lack even basic newborn screening, there is a further widening of the gap in global health disparities. The question is posed as to who has responsibility for these newborns’ lives on an international level. Without an approach towards newborn screening that accounts for the diverse global population, we believe optimal outcomes for newborns and families across the world will not be achieved.

Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship of academic conferences: ethics of conflict of interest

2020 ◽  
pp. medethics-2020-106224
Author(s):  
Saroj Jayasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Professional Judgment ◽  
Conflicts Of Interests ◽  
Core Issue

Sponsorship of medical conferences by the pharmaceutical industry has led to many ethical issues, especially in resource-poor developing countries. The core issue in these instances is to reduce or avoid conflicts of interests (COIs). COI is a set of circumstances that creates a risk that professional judgment or actions regarding a primary interest will be unduly influenced by secondary interests. Disruption of social trust should also be considered. This deontological approach should be complemented by a consequentialist approach. Towards this, the concept of distal interests (DI) is introduced. DI lies beyond the immediately visible COIs and the consequences of immediate decisions. They are ‘distal’ in time or place: ‘DI in time’ means consequence of the decision in future scenarios, while ‘DI in space’ means those that impinge on other institutions or bodies. In judging the consequences, it is also necessary to consider the reality of the existing relationship between the pharmaceutical industry and organisers of conferences. In more developed countries, these relationships are governed by stricter regulations, adherence to codes of conduct by both parties and stronger institutional oversights. In contrast, developing countries such as Sri Lanka the regulatory environment is lax and the demarcation of interests between the pharmaceutical industry and the medical profession is considerably blurred. Therefore, establishing clear rules of engagement between the stakeholders should be considered as an attempt to clear the muddy waters. The paper proposes a set of guidelines to capture these approaches.

Ethics Review on Externally- Sponsored Research in Developing Countries

2009 ◽  
pp. 112-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Bagheri
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Ethics Committees ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Ethics Committee ◽  
Benefit Sharing ◽  
Sponsored Research ◽  
Poor Countries

This chapter elaborates on some of the existing concerns and ethical issues that may arise when biomedical research protocols are proposed or funded by research institutes (private or public) in developed countries but human subjects are recruited from resource-poor countries. Over the last two decades, clinical research conducted by sponsors and researchers from developed countries to be carried out in developing countries has increased dramatically. The article examines the situations in which vulnerable populations in developing countries are likely to be exploited and/or there is no guarantee of any benefit from the research product, if proven successful, to the local community. By examining the structure and functions of ethics committees in developing countries, the article focuses on the issues which a local ethics committee should take into account when reviewing externally-sponsored research. In conclusion, by emphasizing capacity building for local research ethics committees, the article suggests that assigning the national ethics committee (if one exists) or an ethics committee specifically charged with the task of reviewing externally-sponsored proposals would bring better results in protecting human subjects as well as ensuring benefit-sharing with the local community.

From Basic Rights to Full Access: Elements of Current Accessibility Practice in Developing Countries

2003 ◽  
Vol 1848 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoffel J. Venter ◽  
Thomas E. Rickert ◽  
David A. C. Maunder
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Generalized Framework ◽  
Selection Of

Improving access to transport systems and mobility of people with disabilities is a necessary element of alleviating poverty in developing countries. A selected overview of the progress made toward achieving improved access is provided. It is based on an ongoing 3-year research program on access needs and approaches in a selection of developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. A generalized framework is suggested for describing the progress made across different countries. Many least developed countries are at the bottom of a continuum of activities in which issues of human rights and access to basic mobility are still paramount. Others, such as countries in Latin America, have made significant progress on access issues in major cities and are faced with challenges of expanding improvements to noncore areas and to less well-regulated modes. The framework is used to suggest some critical priorities for countries at various levels of development.

Commercial approach to rivers

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-59
Author(s):  
S. Nazrul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Statistical Summary

Chapter 2 reviews the origin and spread of the Commercial approach to rivers. It explains the origin of this approach in the first Industrial Revolution, which provided human societies both the commercial motive and the machine power required to undertake large-scale frontal and lateral interventions in rivers. The chapter catalogues various types of frontal intervening structures—including dams, barrages, and weirs—that the Commercial approach deploys to achieve its purpose. The chapter then follows the spread of the frontal version of the Commercial approach across the world, beginning with the developed countries and then the developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The chapter ends by providing a statistical summary of the global picture regarding dams and barrages, which are the main instruments of the Commercial approach to rivers.

scholarly journals The Spatial and Mechanism Difference in the Export Evolution of Product Space in Global Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2255
Author(s):  
Shan Li ◽  
Xun Li ◽  
Wei Lang ◽  
Haohui Chen ◽  
Xiaoguang Huang
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Product Space ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
The Core ◽  
Evolution Characteristics ◽  
Chemical Products ◽  
D Investment

This study focuses on investigating the changing export patterns, evolution characteristics, and influencing trade mechanisms of countries on a global scale. Based on comprehensive customs data, our study found that core location and export types, including machinery and chemical products, both play positive roles in promoting countries’ economic development. Developed countries are more likely to be at the core of the product space and to export machinery and chemical products. Countries’ R&D investment can affect the export location and types regardless of their economy, while high education matters in developed countries, and FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) is critical in developing countries. It indicates that technological benefits created by human capital can promote the export economy. Nevertheless, developing countries are not able to release strong knowledge spillover effects through their education systems, and they are relying more on the introduction of foreign investment to bring new technology.

scholarly journals Conflitos Socioambientais envolvendo Projetos de Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) na América Latina10.5773/rgsa.v3i3.182

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Andréa Ventura ◽  
José Célio Silveira Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Comparative Case Study ◽  
Environmental Conflicts ◽  
The Social ◽  
America Latina ◽  
Social Environmental

O Protocolo de Kyoto surge em 1997 como uma pretensa solução para o aquecimento global, Apenas um dos seus mecanismos permite a participação direta dos países em desenvolvimento: o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL). A proposta deste mecanismo é que os países em desenvolvimento possam contribuir para a redução de gases do efeito estufa usando financiamento dos países desenvolvidos e, ao mesmo tempo, promovam o desenvolvimento sustentável. No entanto, não há um consenso os atores sociais envolvidos sobre a eficácia dos projetos MDL. Um número crescente de ONGs os critica, argumentando que não há contribuição para o meio ambiente global e para o desenvolvimento sustentável com o MDL. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma investigação que analisou, através de um estudo de caso comparativo, dois diferentes projetos MDL na América Latina: o Projeto Plantar, no Brasil, e o Projeto Fray Bentos de Biomassa, no Uruguai. Os casos têm pelo menos um ponto comum: ambos envolvem conflitos socioambientais entre empresas privadas e ONGs sobre plantações de eucalipto em escala industrial. Através de revisão bibliográfica e documental, entrevistas com os principais atores envolvidos em cada caso, e da observação não participante, este artigo tenta analisar as principais semelhanças e diferenças entre estes conflitos. Observa-se que, não obstante as diferenças marcantes existentes, os casos são ligados em aspectos-chave, a exemplo da contestação ao modelo de desenvolvimento apoiado pelos projetos de MDL e da forma de contestação utilizada pelos integrantes do movimento social ambientalista de oposição. Palavras-chave: Conflitos socioambientais; Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL); América Latina. Abstract The Kyoto Protocol comes up in 1997 as a supposed solution to global warming. Only one of its mechanisms allows direct participation of developing countries: the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The purpose of this mechanism is that developing countries can contribute to reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions using funding from developed countries and, at the same time, promote sustainable development. However, there is not a consensus on CDM projects effectiveness among the social actors involved. A growing number of NGOs criticize them, arguing that there is not any contribution to the global environment and sustainable development with the CDM. This paper presents the results of an investigation that examined, through a comparative case study, two different CDM projects in Latin America: Plantar Project in Brazil and the Project Biomass Fray Bentos in Uruguay. The cases have at least one point in common: both involve social and environmental conflicts between private companies and NGOs on eucalyptus plantations in industrial scale. Through literature and documentary review, interviews with key actors involved in each case, and non-participant observation, this article attempts to analyze the similarities and differences between these conflicts. It is observed that, despite marked differences, the cases are linked to key aspects, such as the challenge to the development model supported by the CDM projects and the contestation methods used by the social environmentalist movement of opposition. Keywords: Social Environmental Conflicts; Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM); Latin America.

scholarly journals COMPLEXITIES OF MEDICAL RESEARCH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: STANDARD OF CARE: RESPONSIBILITIES OF ETHICS COMMITTEES

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-121
Author(s):  
Inayat Ullah Memon
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Ethics Committees ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Biomedical Ethics ◽  
Western World ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Eastern Hemisphere ◽  
Human Participants

Increased awareness of human rights particularly those of vulnerable and emphasis on protection of less strong from stronger groups, have extended the limits of biomedical ethics where human participants are involved in the research. Inequalities amongst various global groups and subgroups in respect to financial resources and healthcare with increased collaborative biomedical research, particularly for-profit institutions have raised ethical issues one being the standard of care in research in developing countries. Emergence of newer and complex infectious diseases and resurgence of older ones in recent past has prompted Western world to undertake research in the Eastern hemisphere of the globe. But it has generated complex and various ethical dilemmas. Ethics demands that enrollees of research in developing countries not only be judiciously remunerated but outcomes of the studies be directly beneficial and affordable to them along with provision of parallel benefits. The core point of discussion amongst various partners is the selection from possible choices of standard of care to human participants in less developed countries. While some authors have argued for alternate standards whereas others suggest to compromise on this demand in particular conditions with permission from Ethics Committees. These suggestions, besides empowering the ERCs have put more burden on them to prepare guidelines and resolve the encountered issues where presently available guidelines are inadequate or insufficient. This work provides in-depth discussion and analyses possible alternatives to this complex dilemma.

The Underdevelopment of Health or the Health of Underdevelopment: An Analysis of the Distribution of Human Health Resources in Latin America

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicente Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Uneven Distribution ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Dual Economies

In this presentation it is postulated that the present maldistribution of human health resources in Latin America is brought about by the same determinants that cause the underdevelopment of most of that continent. It is indicated that, contrary to the theories of development prevalent in the corridors of power and academic circles of developed countries (as well as in the leading circles of developing countries and in the international agencies), underdevelopment, and the uneven distribution of resources inside and outside the health sector, is not due to (a) the absence of cultural and technologic diffusion from developed to developing countries, (b) the scarcity of capital in poor nations, or (c) the presence of dual economies in underdeveloped countries, i.e. the urban-entrepreneurial economy and the rural primitive economy. To the contrary, underdevelopment and the concomitant maldistribution of resources is caused precisely because of the existence of the assumed “conditions” of development, i.e. (a) the cultural, technologic, and economic dependency of developing countries, and (b) economic and political control of resources by specific interests and social groups—the national lumpen-bourgeoisie and its foreign counterparts. Moreover, these two factors bring about the so-called dual economies in those countries. The uneven distribution, by type of health care, by region, by social class, and by subsectors (private, public, and social security), of human health resources, described in this article, is shown to be explained by the same determinants that cause underdevelopment in Latin America.

Parental perceptions of genomic sequencing for expanded newborn screening

2021 ◽  
Vol 132 ◽  
pp. S339-S340
Author(s):  
George Timmins ◽  
Julia Wynn ◽  
Akilan Saami ◽  
Wendy Chung
Keyword(s):  
Newborn Screening ◽  
Parental Perceptions ◽  
Genomic Sequencing ◽  
Expanded Newborn Screening

scholarly journals AKTUALISASI INDONESIA DALAM G20: PELUANG ATAU TREN?

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Sukma Sushanti
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
National Interest ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
International Governance ◽  
Active Member ◽  
Cooperation Mechanism ◽  
The Developed Countries

ABSTRAK Bermula dari sebuah pemikiran untuk menyelesaikan krisis keuangan global, dan diperlukannya sebuah penguatan internasional yang berasal dari komitmen negara-negara yang mempunyai skala ekonomi terbesar, eksistensi G20 menjadi sebuah harapan baru bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi dunia. Klub ekonomi eksklusif ini hadir untuk memberikan sebuah kerangka global, yang kemudian diinfiltrasikan ke berbagai institusi internasional ataupun mekanisme kerjasama ekonomi. Banyak negara yang memberikan pengharapan pada komunitas ekonomi eksklusif ini melalui keterwakilan anggota aktif dalam kelompok ini. Tidak terlepas pula mandate yang melekat pada Indonesia sejak ditetapkannya sebagai anggota tetap G20. Indonesia menjadi vital point bagi negara-negara berkembang untuk menyuarakan kepentingan mereka, terutama terkait dengan perimbangan kekuasaan pada konteks perdagangan internasional. Jika Indonesia dapat memainkan perannya secara baik dalam G20, maka capaian kepentingan nasional negara dapat terakses dengan baik tanpa mengesampingkan tuntutan moral secara regional ataupun global. Kritik muncul ketika peran Indonesia dinilai hanya sebagai bandwagoning terhadap negara-negara besar, tanpa mempertimbangkan sebuah kalkulasi rasional yang mumpuni bagi kepentingan nasionalnya. Kata kunci: skala ekonomi terbesar, perimbangan kekuasaan, kepentingan nasional. bandwagoning, kalkulasi rasional   ABSTRACT Starting with the idea to build mechanism in resolving global financial crisis, in which need international commitment from the countries with the largest economy scale to strengthening the international governance, the existence of G20 lead to the new hope for the future of the world economy. This exclusive economy club emerge to create global framework then infiltrating vary recommendations into various international economy institution, also cooperation mechanism, both in regional and international scale. The states rely their hope on this club through the active member states representative in G20.  Thus, Indonesia has a mandate to voice the interest of developing countries since inaugurated as the permanent member of G20. Indonesia become a vital point of the interest from the developing countries, in the context to balance the power in international trade system. If Indonesia able to play as the important actor in G20, then its national interest will achieve smoothly, without neglecting the moral demand in regional or global scale. The critics arise when people start to see the role of Indonesia is only as bandwagon state of the developed countries rather than being rational to calculate the achievement of the national interest in G20. Keywords: global financial crisis, largest economy scale, developing countries, national interest, bandwagon state

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