scholarly journals Stateless IoT

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augusto Ciuffoletti
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Design Principle ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Use Case ◽  
System Operation ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
Energy Footprint ◽  
Save Energy

Energy consumption is a relevant matter in the design of IoT applications. Edge units—sensors and actuators—save energy by operating intermittently. When idle, they suspend their operation, losing the content of the onboard memory. Their internal state, needed to resume their work, is recorded on external storage: in the end, their internal operation is stateless. The backend infrastructure does not follow the same design principle: concentrators, routers, and servers are always-on devices that frustrate the energy-saving operation of edge devices. In this paper, we show how serverless functions, asynchronously invoked by the stateless edge devices, are an energy-saving option. We introduce a basic model for system operation and energy footprint evaluation. To demonstrate its soundness, we study a simple use case, from the design to a prototype.

scholarly journals Simulation of Scalability in Cloud-Based IoT Reactive Systems Leveraged on a WSAN Simulator and Cloud Computing Technologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1804
Author(s):  
Luis Jurado Pérez ◽  
Joaquín Salvachúa
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Modeling And Simulation ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Hierarchical Modeling ◽  
Queuing System ◽  
Use Case ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Rapid Deployment

Implementing a wireless sensor and actuator network (WSAN) in Internet of Things (IoT) applications is a complex task. The need to establish the number of nodes, sensors, and actuators, and their location and characteristics, requires a tool that allows the preliminary determination of this information. Additionally, in IoT scenarios where a large number of sensors and actuators are present, such as in a smart city, it is necessary to analyze the scalability of these systems. Modeling and simulation can help to conduct an early study and reduce development and deployment times in environments such as a smart city. The design-time verification of the system through a network simulation tool is useful for the most complex and expensive part of the system formed by a WSAN. However, the use of real components for other parts of the IoT system is feasible by using cloud computing infrastructure. Although there are cloud computing simulators, the cloud layer is poorly developed for the requirements of IoT applications. Technologies around cloud computing can be used for the rapid deployment of some parts of the IoT application and software services using containers. With this framework, it is possible to accelerate the development of the real system, facilitate the rapid deployment of a prototype, and provide more realistic simulations. This article proposes an approach for the modeling and simulation of IoT systems and services in a smart city leveraged in a WSAN simulator and technologies of cloud computing. Our approach was verified through experiments with two use cases. (1) A model of sensor and actuator networks as an integral part of an IoT application to monitor and control parks in a city. Through this use case, we analyze the scalability of a system whose sensors constantly emit data. (2) A model for cloud-based IoT reactive parking lot systems for a city. Through our approach, we have created an IoT parking system simulation model. The model contains an M/M/c/N queuing system to simulate service requests from users. In this use case, the model replication through hierarchical modeling and scalability of a distributed parking reservation service were evaluated. This last use case showed how the simulation model could provide information to size the system through probability distribution variables related to the queuing system. The experimental results show that the use of simulation techniques for this type of application makes it possible to analyze scalability in a more realistic way.

Estimation of Energy Saving for Melting Process on Sewage Sludge

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (10-12) ◽  
pp. 2011-2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Murakami ◽  
K. Sasabe ◽  
K. Sasaki ◽  
T. Kawashima
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Melting Process ◽  
System Operation ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Volatile Solids ◽  
Cake Moisture ◽  
Very High

The possible volume reduction and stabilization of the sewage sludge associated with the melting process are expected to be greater than with the incineration process. In addition, melted slag can be utilized. However, since the melting process requires a very high temperature to melt inorganics (ash) in the sludge, the technologies to minimize energy consumption, to establish system operation and to prolong durability of facilities should be developed. This paper discusses the auxiliary fuel consumption as follows.(1)Preparation of a model that provides the auxiliary fuel consumption of the melting system on the basis of the mass and heat balances.(2)Evaluation of the auxiliary fuel consumption in the above model using the cake moisture content, the volatile solids of the cake, the dried cake moisture content and the melting temperature as parameters.(3)Examination of the operational conditions for an energy saving melting system based on the results of (1) and (2) above.

Comfort and Energy-Saving Intelligent Shutter

2011 ◽  
Vol 267 ◽  
pp. 565-568
Author(s):  
Su Chen ◽  
Dong Xing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Temperature Sensors ◽  
Sleep Mode ◽  
Indoor Temperature ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Solar Battery ◽  
Remote Controller ◽  
Save Energy

Most currently used shutters are manually operated. The design of an intelligent shutter has been proposed. The intelligent shutter can be powered by a solar battery. Photosensitive resistors have been used to determine if it is in daytime or nighttime, if it is sunny or not, and if the light is turned on or turned off. Digital temperature sensors have been used to detect the indoor temperature and the outside temperature. They are also used to determine the current season. The intelligent shutter is automatically controlled according to the above information. It is turned off at night and is set in sleep mode to save energy. It is turned on partially on sunny day in summer. In rainy day, the shutter is turned off while the indoor light is on. The intelligent shutter can also be controlled using a wireless remote controller, which makes it very friendly. It is comfort and energy-saving using the intelligent shutter. Experiments have demonstrated the applicability of the design.

RESOURCE SAVING WHEN IMPLEMENTING MEASURES TO OPTIMIZE LIGHTING IN POULTRY FACTORIES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ирина Владимировна Агафонова
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Lighting Systems ◽  
Save Energy

Статья посвящена значению энергосбережения в системах освещения на птицефабриках. В статье предлагается при оснащении птицеводческих хозяйств осветительными приборами использовать преимущественно энергосберегающие лампы. Также внимание следует уделить режимам освещения, спектру света, оптимизация которых также поможет сэкономить энергетические ресурсы. The article is devoted to the importance of energy saving in lighting systems in poultry farms. The article proposes to use mainly energy-saving lamps when equipping poultry farms with lighting devices. Also, attention should be paid to lighting modes, the spectrum of light, the optimization of which will also help save energy resources.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning (Theme: Limited Natural Resources) to Increase Intention to Save Energy in Students

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sugeng Hariyadi ◽  
Nuke Martiarini ◽  
Anna Undarwati
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Group Process ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Behavior Intention ◽  
High Category ◽  
Saving Behavior ◽  
Save Energy ◽  
Experimental Group

Some of the natural disaster occurred caused by people using natural resources unwisely. Before analyzing about that behavior, first will be analyzed is behavioral intention. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cooperative learning group investigation type with the theme of “limited natural resources” to improve intention to save energy. The study used an experimental design Post-test-Only Design With Equivalent Groups, involving 66 people, divided into two groups, each 33 in the experimental group and 33 control group. Process experiments were conducted in a way, dividing the experimental group in 5 small groups, having given the matter of limited natural resources, then each group discussion, and sharing ideas with other groups in the jigsaw. The results showed that there are differences in energy-saving behavior intention significantly between the experimental group (KE) and the control group (KK) with t value of 3.192 with 0.002 significance (p <0.05). Differences KE and KK with a positive t value indicates that the energy-saving behavior intention at KE has a higher value than the families who were not given the manipulation. In general score KE and KK if joined at the high category, but if sorted, KE scores at the high category and score KK in middle category.

scholarly journals Heat recovery by means of a ventilation unit

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 ◽  
pp. 04025
Author(s):  
Dmitrii Khlopitsyn ◽  
Andrey Rymarov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Save Energy ◽  
Recuperative Heat Exchanger ◽  
Air Removal

Energy consumption all over the world is constantly growing. To save energy, new technologies are being developed for the efficient use of energy resources. The goal of all new developments is to use less energy to provide the same level of energy supply for technological processes or buildings. The problem of energy saving is relevant for the ventilation system. Together with the removed air, a large amount of heat is lost, which is not advisable. In order to avoid these losses, heat recuperators began to be used, heating the cold supply air due to the warm air removed from the room. This development belongs to the field of energy saving. The goal is to increase efficiency by reheating the air after the heater with the help of a recuperator for a given temperature difference in the supply air before and after the recuperative heat exchanger. The development is a design of a ventilation unit with air removal and supply air ducts, combined into one housing with a separate, according to the “screw” principle, heat transfer wall, for use in the ventilation system in order to ensure an optimal microclimate in the room. Thus, as a result of using the presented device, the efficiency of the room ventilation unit is increased by reducing the energy consumption for heating the supply air with a heater.

Understanding intentions to reduce energy consumption at the workplace by the employees: case of a developing country

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amna Akhound ◽  
Aseem Majeed Rizvi ◽  
Waqar Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Nadeem Khan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Saving Behavior ◽  
Save Energy

PurposeEnergy-saving behavior of individuals is essential to minimize energy use and reduce the emission of toxic gases. This study's actual focus is to find out the determinants of the energy-saving behavior of individuals in the workplace.Design/methodology/approachAs a theoretical research model, the extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) has been used to analyze the determinants of energy-saving intentions. A survey method is used to collect 289 valid data, and structural equation modeling (SEM) is used to analyze the data.FindingsThe final result shows that the variables attitude at home, subjective norm (SN) and descriptive norms positively impact intention to save energy at the workplace. In contrast, the construct attitude and perceived behavior control is insignificant in this research. On the other hand, the personal moral norm (PMN) is a powerful predictor of individual energy-saving intentions at the workplace.Originality/valueThis research provides insights that will help the organizations understand the behavior of individuals at the workplace for energy-saving intentions to formulate such policies that will enhance individuals' practice for energy savings.

Power Consumption Aware Cluster Resource Management

2013 ◽  
pp. 20-37
Author(s):  
Simon Kiertscher ◽  
Bettina Schnor ◽  
Jörg Zinke
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Modular Design ◽  
Scheduling Algorithm ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Current Load ◽  
Speed Scaling ◽  
Management Level ◽  
Performance Per Watt ◽  
Save Energy

In 2007, the Green500 list was introduced, which compares supercomputers by performance-per-watt. Since supercomputers consist of thousands of nodes, energy-saving is a growing demand. Compute clusters are often managed by a so-called Resource Management Systems (RMS), which have load information about the whole system. For clusters with changing compute demands, this can be used to switch on/off nodes according to the current load situation and save energy this way. Here, the authors present energy-saving techniques that work on the management level and measurements that show that speed scaling is not a good means for energy saving. Further, they give an overview of some important standards and specifications related to energy saving, like ACPI and IPMI. Finally, the authors present their energy-saving daemon called CHERUB. Due to its modular design, it can operate with different Resource Management Systems. Their experimental results show that CHERUB’s scheduling algorithm works well, i.e. it will save energy, if possible, and avoids state flapping.

Design of a Temperature-Constrained Governor to Save Energy in an Open Multi-Frequency Green Router

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-34
Author(s):  
Alfio Lombardo ◽  
Diego Reforgiato ◽  
Vincenzo Riccobene ◽  
Giovanni Schembra
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Central Processor ◽  
Clock Frequency ◽  
Traffic Loading ◽  
Working Temperature ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
Central Processor Unit ◽  
Save Energy ◽  
Processor Unit

In the last years a new challenge turned out for both researchers and industries in telecommunications area is represented by green networks. Besides energy saving that is possible to achieve, another positive side effect of this is the reduction of the working temperature of internal components of telecommunications devices (switches, home gateway, routers, etc.). This idea is encouraging the development of routers of reduced dimensions as long as there is the knowledge that the temperature remains in a given range. For this reason the target of this paper is to propose a governor policy that provides the best trade-off between quality of service and energy saving in respect of a given target on the working temperature. More specifically, such a governor is in charge to manage the clock frequency of the Central Processor Unit (CPU) of the green router according to the traffic loading the router, varying the processing engine performance, the working temperature and the power consumption of the hardware at the same time. The proposed policy is then applied to a case study and evaluated by simulation to show how it can be used for the above purposes, and to allow green router designers to control the temperature statistics of a router and design the governor parameters to maintain the mean temperature below a given threshold.

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