scholarly journals Water Dipping of Auxin Coated Chrysanthemum Cuttings Confers Protection against Insect Herbivores

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 790
Author(s):  
Sanae Mouden ◽  
Kirsten A. Leiss ◽  
Henriette Uthe ◽  
Peter G.L. Klinkhamer
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Mother Plants ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Auxins are commonly used for commercial propagation of chrysanthemums by stem cuttings. Recent studies imply that these root-promoting hormones also affect plant defense responses. The underlying motive of this study stems from the serendipitous observation that water dipping of auxin-coated cuttings beneficially affected thrips herbivory. Therefore, the primary objective of this investigation was to explore the role of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in relation to herbivore susceptibility in chrysanthemum. We observed contrasting findings concerning the physical presence of IBA and it’s role in promoting susceptibility of cuttings to thrips, which may in part be explained by the phenotypical variations of cuttings generated from mother plants. Nonetheless, we repeatedly demonstrated considerable protection, in some experiments up to 37%, against thrips and leaf miner upon water dipping of IBA-coated cuttings. Assessment of polyphenol oxidase activity (PPO), 14 days after dipping treatment, suggests that neither direct induction nor priming of plant defenses are involved. Future experiments aimed at understanding the early signaling events may help to explain the underlying mechanisms involved in conferring herbivore protection. We propose a dual role for auxins in early integrated pest management strategies to maximize plant development and minimize herbivory through feasible, cost-effective water dipping treatments.

scholarly journals Silicon in plant disease control

Revista CERES ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edson Ampélio Pozza ◽  
Adélia Aziz Alexandre Pozza ◽  
Deila Magna dos Santos Botelho
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Polyphenol Oxidases ◽  
Plant Disease Control ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
Increased Activity

All essential nutrients can affect the incidence and severity of plant diseases. Although silicon (Si) is not considered as an essential nutrient for plants, it stands out for its potential to decrease disease intensity in many crops. The mechanism of Si action in plant resistance is still unclear. Si deposition in plant cell walls raised the hypothesis of a possible physical barrier to pathogen penetration. However, the increased activity of phenolic compounds, polyphenol oxidases and peroxidases in plants treated with Si demonstrates the involvement of this element in the induction of plant defense responses. The studies examined in this review address the role of Si in disease control and the possible mechanisms involved in the mode of Si action in disease resistance in plants.

scholarly journals How to Unravel the Key Functions of Cryptic Oomycete Elicitin Proteins and Their Role in Plant Disease

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1201
Author(s):  
Aayushree Kharel ◽  
Md Tohidul Islam ◽  
James Rookes ◽  
David Cahill
Keyword(s):  
Gene Editing ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Host Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Binding Ability ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Pathogen Colonization

Pathogens and plants are in a constant battle with one another, the result of which is either the restriction of pathogen growth via constitutive or induced plant defense responses or the pathogen colonization of plant cells and tissues that cause disease. Elicitins are a group of highly conserved proteins produced by certain oomycete species, and their sterol binding ability is recognized as an important feature in sterol–auxotrophic oomycetes. Elicitins also orchestrate other aspects of the interactions of oomycetes with their plant hosts. The function of elicitins as avirulence or virulence factors is controversial and is dependent on the host species, and despite several decades of research, the function of these proteins remains elusive. We summarize here our current understanding of elicitins as either defense-promoting or defense-suppressing agents and propose that more recent approaches such as the use of ‘omics’ and gene editing can be used to unravel the role of elicitins in host–pathogen interactions. A better understanding of the role of elicitins is required and deciphering their role in host–pathogen interactions will expand the strategies that can be adopted to improve disease resistance and reduce crop losses.

scholarly journals Diversified Regulation of Cytokinin Levels and Signaling During Botrytis cinerea Infection in Arabidopsis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beibei Li ◽  
Ruolin Wang ◽  
Shiya Wang ◽  
Jiang Zhang ◽  
Ling Chang
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Response Regulator ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Cytokinin Oxidase ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Necrotrophic Pathogen ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Complex Regulation

Cytokinins (CKs) can modulate plant immunity to various pathogens, but how CKs are involved in plant defense responses to the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea is still unknown. Here, we found that B. cinerea infection induced transcriptional changes in multiple genes involved in the biosynthesis, degradation, and signaling of CKs, as well as their contents, in pathogen-infected Arabidopsis leaves. Among the CKs, the gene expression of CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE 5 (CKX5) was remarkably induced in the local infected leaves and the distant leaves of the same plant without pathogen inoculation. Cis-zeatin (cZ) and its riboside (cZR) accumulated considerably in infected leaves, suggesting an important role of the cis-zeatin type of CKs in the plant response to B. cinerea. Cytokinin double-receptor mutants were more susceptible to B. cinerea infection, whereas an exogenous CK treatment enhanced the expression levels of defense-related genes and of jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET), but not salicylic acid (SA), resulting in higher resistance of Arabidopsis to B. cinerea. Investigation of CK responses to B. cinerea infection in the JA biosynthesis mutant, jar1-1, and ET-insensitive mutant, ein2-1, showed that CK signaling and levels of CKs, namely, those of isopentenyladenine (iP), isopentenyladenine riboside (iPR), and trans-zeatin (tZ), were enhanced in jar1-1-infected leaves. By contrast, reductions in iP, iPR, tZ, and tZ riboside (tZR) as well as cZR contents occurred in ein2-1-infected leaves, whose transcript levels of CK signaling genes were likewise differentially regulated. The Arabidopsis Response Regulator 5 (ARR5) gene was upregulated in infected leaves of ein2-1 whereas another type-A response regulator, ARR16, was significantly downregulated, suggesting the existence of a complex regulation of CK signaling via the ET pathway. Accumulation of the cis-zeatin type of CKs in B. cinerea-infected leaves depended on ET but not JA pathways. Collectively, our findings provide evidence that CK responds to B. cinerea infection in a variety of ways that are differently modulated by JA and ET pathways in Arabidopsis.

Knowledge Sharing Barriers Affecting Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Performance

2019 ◽  
pp. 269-291
Author(s):  
Anirban Ganguly ◽  
Debdeep Chatterjee ◽  
Asim Talukdar
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Supply Chain Performance ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Pharmaceutical Supply Chain ◽  
The World

The pharmaceutical supply chain is one of the most complex supply chains in the world. The primary objective of this chapter is to analyze the role of knowledge sharing barriers in supply chain performance. The chapter will explore significant knowledge sharing barriers that might deter the performance of a pharmaceutical supply chain. This chapter is expected to provide the twofold contribution to the academicians and practitioners. Firstly, it will socialize the importance of knowledge sharing barriers and the role they can play in deterring the performance of a pharmaceutical supply chain, and secondly, the prioritized ranking of the identified knowledge sharing barriers is expected to aid the policymakers and managers to understand the relative importance of the knowledge sharing barriers and design their knowledge management strategies accordingly.

Review on Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete by Using Waste Materials

2019 ◽  
pp. 526-531
Author(s):  
Anand G ◽  
Tharunkumar N
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Waste Material ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Natural Material ◽  
Fine Aggregate

Concrete ingredients is different material like binding material (cement+ fly ash), fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. Today construction cost is very high with using conventional materials due to unavailability of natural materials. This problem can be solved by total replacement of concrete with different material which is not convenient in terms of required properties. Due to this limitation of unavailability of material which plays the vital role of concrete we have only choice of partial replacement of concrete ingredients by waste materials. Overv4.2 billion tons of cement was consumed globally in 2018 based on survey of world coal association and also cement production emits CO2 in to the atmosphere which is harmful to the nature. If we can partially replace the cement with the material with desirable properties then we can save natural material and reduce emission of CO2 in to the atmosphere. This industrial waste dumping to the nearest site which spoils the land and atmosphere as well as it also affects aesthetics of urban environment so use of this waste material in concrete is cost effective as well as environment friendly way to disposal of waste. The primary objective of this study is to select the waste material which gives desirable properties with concrete. This study includes previous investigation done on the mechanical and chemical properties of concrete produced using partial replacement of cement by waste materials.

scholarly journals The Versatile Roles of Sulfur-Containing Biomolecules in Plant Defense—A Road to Disease Resistance

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1705
Author(s):  
András Künstler ◽  
Gábor Gullner ◽  
Attila L. Ádám ◽  
Judit Kolozsváriné Kolozsváriné Nagy ◽  
Lóránt Király
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Plant Disease Resistance ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Defense Compounds ◽  
Protein Functions ◽  
Sulfur Containing

Sulfur (S) is an essential plant macronutrient and the pivotal role of sulfur compounds in plant disease resistance has become obvious in recent decades. This review attempts to recapitulate results on the various functions of sulfur-containing defense compounds (SDCs) in plant defense responses to pathogens. These compounds include sulfur containing amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, the tripeptide glutathione, thionins and defensins, glucosinolates and phytoalexins and, last but not least, reactive sulfur species and hydrogen sulfide. SDCs play versatile roles both in pathogen perception and initiating signal transduction pathways that are interconnected with various defense processes regulated by plant hormones (salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Importantly, ROS-mediated reversible oxidation of cysteine residues on plant proteins have profound effects on protein functions like signal transduction of plant defense responses during pathogen infections. Indeed, the multifaceted plant defense responses initiated by SDCs should provide novel tools for plant breeding to endow crops with efficient defense responses to invading pathogens.

Role of Salicylic Acid in Tomato Defense against Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner

2004 ◽  
Vol 59 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 856-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinying Peng ◽  
Xiaojun Deng ◽  
Shihai Jia ◽  
Jianhua Huang ◽  
Xuexia Miao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Cotton Bollworm ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
High Level ◽  
Sa Signaling ◽  
Methyl Salicylic Acid

We investigated the role of the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway in defense responses of tomato plants to the herbivore, cotton bollworm. After exposure to the cotton bollworm, tomato leaves rapidly accumulated a high level of SA. The transcription of PR1 and BGL2 genes, the marker genes of SA pathway, was up-regulated. An enhanced endogenous SA level was accompanied by an increase in the endogenous H2O2 level as compared with controls. Spraying tomato plants with a solution containing either SA or methyl salicylic acid (Me-SA), the H2O2 level dramatically increased. These data proved that the SA pathway was involved in the tomato plant defense responses to the herbivore.

scholarly journals Hypercalcemia of Malignancy in Thymic Carcinoma: Evolving Mechanisms of Hypercalcemia and Targeted Therapies

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Cheng Cheng ◽  
Jose Kuzhively ◽  
Sanford Baim
Keyword(s):  
Thymic Carcinoma ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Bisphosphonate Therapy ◽  
Hypercalcemia Of Malignancy ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D ◽  
First Case ◽  
Osteolytic Metastasis ◽  
Intravenous Hydration ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Here we describe, to our knowledge, the first case where an evolution of mechanisms responsible for hypercalcemia occurred in undifferentiated thymic carcinoma and discuss specific management strategies for hypercalcemia of malignancy (HCM). Case Description. We report a 26-year-old male with newly diagnosed undifferentiated thymic carcinoma associated with HCM. Osteolytic metastasis-related hypercalcemia was presumed to be the etiology of hypercalcemia that responded to intravenous hydration and bisphosphonate therapy. Subsequently, refractory hypercalcemia persisted despite the administration of bisphosphonates and denosumab indicative of refractory hypercalcemia. Elevated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was noted from the second admission with hypercalcemia responding to glucocorticoid administration. A subsequent PTHrP was also elevated, further supporting multiple mechanistic evolution of HCM. The different mechanisms of HCM are summarized with the role of tailoring therapies based on the particular mechanism underlying hypercalcemia discussed. Conclusion. Our case illustrates the importance of a comprehensive initial evaluation and reevaluation of all identifiable mechanisms of HCM, especially in the setting of recurrent and refractory hypercalcemia. Knowledge of the known and possible evolution of the underlying mechanisms for HCM is important for application of specific therapies that target those mechanisms. Specific targeting therapies to the underlying mechanisms for HCM could positively affect patient outcomes.

Customer response to interactional service experience

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 704-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen-Maria Albrecht ◽  
Stefan Hattula ◽  
Torsten Bornemann ◽  
Wayne D. Hoyer
Keyword(s):  
Impression Management ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Causal Attribution ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Experiences ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Service Experiences

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine causal attribution in interactional service experiences. The paper investigates how triggers in the environment of a customer-employee interaction influence customer behavioral response to employees’ negative and positive affect. Additionally, it studies the role of sympathy and authenticity as underlying mechanisms of this relationship. Design/methodology/approach Two scenario-based experimental designs (N1=162; N2=138) were used. Videotaped scenarios served as stimulus material for the manipulation of two focal variables: the employee’s emotional display as either negative or positive and the availability of an emotion trigger in the interaction environment to convey the attribution dimension of cause uncontrollability. The emotion trigger’s visibility was varied in the two studies. Customer response was captured by buying intentions. Findings Customer responses are more favorable for both positive and negative interactional experiences when customers have access to information on cause uncontrollability (i.e. notice triggers in the interaction environment). Analyses reveal that these effects stem from feelings of sympathy for negative experiences and authenticity for positive experiences. Originality/value This research supports the relevance of causal attribution research on interactional service experiences, which have high-profit impact. Moreover, the findings underline the importance of the experience of fact in service interactions and thereby provide a more nuanced view on the discussion of whether service providers should use impression management strategies to engender customer satisfaction even when this behavior is “faked.”

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