Field Cage Assessment of Feeding Damage by Riptortus pedestris on Soybeans in China

The bean bug, Riptortus pedestris, is a major pest of soybeans. In order to assess the critical stages of soybean damage by R. pedestris, we tested the damage to soybeans at different growth stages (R2, R4, and R6) caused by five densities of R. pedestris (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) through a field cage experiment. The results show that the R4 stage was the most sensitive stage in terms of suffering R. pedestris injury damage, followed by the R6 stage and then the R2 stage. The number of stay green leaves was 7.04 per plant, the abortive pod rate of the soybeans was 56.36%, and the abortive seed rate of the soybeans was 46.69%. The dry weight of the soybeans was 14.20 g at the R4 stage; these values of R4 were significantly higher than at the R2 and R6 stages. However, the dry weight of soybean seed was 4.27 g and the nutrient transfer rate was 27.01% in the R4 stage; these values were significantly lower than in the R2 and R6 stages. The number of stay green leaves, abortive pod rates, and abortive seed rates were all increased significantly with increasing pest density at each stage of soybean growth. However, the nutrient transfer rate was significantly decreased with the increase in the pest density. Soybean nutrition factors changed after they suffered R. pedestris injury; the lipid content of the soybean seed decreased and the lipid content of the soybean plant increased compared to controls, when tested with a density of five R. pedestris in the R4 stage. These results will be beneficial to the future management of R. pedestris in soybean fields.

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BIOASSAY OF PROLACTIN

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0600091 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 91-100 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Charles S. Nicoll

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Lipid Content ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Fat Content ◽

Assay Sensitivity ◽

Mucosal Epithelium ◽

Wet Weight ◽

Total Dry Weight

ABSTRACT The response of the pigeon crop-sac to systemically acting prolactin (injected subcutaneously) was evaluated by measuring the wet weight of the responsive lateral lobes of the organ and by determining the dry weight of a 4 cm diameter disc of mucosal epithelium taken from one hemicrop. Of several different injection schedules tested, administration of prolactin in four daily injections was found to yield optimal responses. When compared with a graded series of prolactin doses, measurement of the mucosal dry weight proved to be a better method of response quantification than determination of the crop-sac wet weight with respect to both assay sensitivity and precision. The submucosal tissue of the crop-sac was estimated to constitute about 64 % of the total dry weight of the unstimulated organ and it was found to be relatively unresponsive to prolactin stimulation in comparison with the mucosa. The lipid content of the mucosal epithelium was determined using unstimulated crop-sacs or tissues which showed varying degrees of prolactin-induced proliferation. The fat content of the mucosal epithelial cells increased only slightly more rapidly than the dry weight or the defatted dry weight of the mucosa. Suggestions are made for the further improvement of the systemic crop-sac assay for prolactin.

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High Phosphorus Acquisition and Allocation Strategy Is Associated with Soybean Seed Yield under Water- and P-Limited Conditions

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11030574 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 574

Author(s):

Yun-Yin Feng ◽

Jin He ◽

Yi Jin ◽

Feng-Min Li

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Water Supply ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Water Regimes ◽

P Acquisition ◽

Application Rates ◽

Soybean Genotypes ◽

Water Treatments

Both water stress and P deficit limit soybean seed yield, but the effects of water regimes and P application rates, their interaction on P status, acquisition, and partitioning, and their roles in yield performance have not been well-studied. Two soybean genotypes (Huangsedadou (HD) and Zhonghuang 30 (ZH)) with contrasting seed yield and root dry weight (DW) were used to investigate the P status, P acquisition, P partitioning, and yield formation under two water regimes (well-watered (WW) and cyclic water stress (WS)) and three P rates (0 (P0), 60 (P60), and 120 (P120) mg P kg−1 dry soil). The results show that increased P and water supply increased the seed yield, shoot and root DW and P concentrations and accumulations in different organs. Cultivar ZH had a significantly higher seed yield than HD at P60 and P120 under WS and at P0 under WW, but a lower seed yield at P60 and P120 under WW. Cultivar ZH had a significantly higher P harvest index and P acquisition efficiency, but a significantly lower shoot and root DW than HD. The interaction between water treatments and P rates had significant effects on leaf and stem P concentration. Cultivar ZH had significantly lower P partitioning to leaves and stems but significantly higher P partitioning to seeds than HD. The seed yield was positively correlated with leaf and seed P accumulations and P acquisition efficiency under WS. We conclude that (1) adequate water supply improved the P mobilization from leaves and stems at maturity, which may have improved the seed yield; and (2) the high P acquisition efficiency is coordination to high P partition to seeds to produce a high seed yield under water- and P-limited conditions.

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Musik Gamelan Bali Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan dan Produktivitas Tanaman Sawi Pakcoy (Brassica rafa L.)

Jurnal BETA (Biosistem dan Teknik Pertanian) ◽

10.24843/jbeta.2018.v06.i02.p03 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 73

Author(s):

Dewa Putu Yoga Gautama ◽

I Made Anom S. Wijaya ◽

I Wayan Widia

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Plant Height ◽

High Frequency ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Sound Waves ◽

High Frequency Sound ◽

Frequency Sound ◽

Green Leaves ◽

Mustard Plant ◽

Canopy Area

Pemberian gelombang suara dengan frekuensi tinggi dapat merangsang mulut daun (stomata) tetap terbuka, akibatnya laju dan efisiensi penyerapan pupuk meningkat yang bermanfaat bagi tanaman. Hasil penggunaan sonic bloom pada tanaman adalah mampu menstimulir metabolisme sel-sel tanaman, sehingga terjadi peningkatan penyerapan nutrisi dan uap air lewat daun yang berpengaruh pada pertumbuhan dan produktivitas tanaman. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu (1) untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian musik Gamelan Bali terhadap pertumbuhan dan produktivitas tanaman sawi pakcoy dan (2) untuk menentukan jenis musik Gamelan Bali yang memberikan pertumbuhan dan produktivitas sawi pakcoy yang terbaik. Penelitan ini menggunakan tanaman sawi pakcoy (Brassica Rafa L.). Perlakuan yang diberikan dalam penelitian adalah pemberian musik gamelan bali dengan nuansa musik yang berbeda. Perlakuan 1 menggunakan musik gamelan Angklung, Perlakuan 2 menggunakan musik gamelan Semarpagulingan dan Perlakuan 3 menggunakan musik gamelan Gong Kebyar. Data yang diperoleh dianalis ANOVA dengan program IBM SPSS 20. Variabel yang diamati yaitu tinggi tanaman, luas kanopi daun tanaman, tingkat kehijauan daun tanaman, dan berat kering. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pemberian musik gong kebyar menghasilkan nilai tertinggi pada variabel tinggi tanaman, luas kanopi daun, tingkat kehijauan daun, dan berat kering yang masing menghasilkan nilai yaitu yaitu 29,98 cm, 1684 cm2, 186,79, dan 68,61 gr. Pemberian musik memberikan pengaruh yang positif dan berbeda nyata pada pertumbuhan tanaman sawi pakcoy. Semakin tinggi frekuensi musik yang diberikan maka semakin baik pertumbuhan tanaman sawi pakcoy yang dihasilkan. High frequency sound waves can stimulate the mouth of leaf (stomata) remains opened.The stomata remains open leading to efficient absorption of fertilizer. The purposes of this research were (1) to find out the effect of Balinese instrument music on the growth and productivity of pakcoy mustard plant and (2) to determine the type of Balinese instrument music that gives the best growth and productivity of mustard pakcoy. The treatment of this research was the application of Balinese instrument music with different musical nuances for 3 hours. Treatment 1 was using Angklung instruments music, treatment 2 was using Semarpagulingan instrument music and treatment 3 using Gong Kebyar instrument music. The obtained data was analized by ANOVA with the IBM SPSS 20 program. The observed variables include plant height, canopy area of plant leaf, green leaves level and dry weight. The results showed that Gong Kebyar instrument music application produces the highest value of 29.98 on the height of the plant variables, the widest value of 1684 cm2 on the canopy area variables, the biggest value that is 68,61 gr on the dry weight variables and the largest value of 186.79 on the green leaves level variables. Balinese instrument music application effect to the growth of pakcoy mustard plant. The best plant growth was the plant with gong kebyar instrument music application from all observed variables.

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Interference and Seed Production by Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) in Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s004317450005623x ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 113-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

S. Kent Harrison

Keyword(s):

Seed Production ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Chenopodium Album ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Threshold Level ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Significant Treatment ◽

Weed Biomass ◽

Common Lambsquarters

Multiple regression and response surface plots were used to analyze the effects of common lambsquarters population density and interference duration on weed growth and soybean seed yield. Under favorable growing conditions in 1986, weed biomass production at all population densities and interference durations was four to five times that produced in 1987, under less favorable conditions. However, there was no significant treatment by year interaction for soybean seed yield reduction by common lambsquarters, and production of each kg/ha weed biomass resulted in an average soybean yield reduction of 0.26 kg/ha. Utilizing 5% yield loss as an arbitrary threshold level, the regression equation predicted a common lambsquarters density threshold of 2 plants/m of row for 5 weeks of interference after crop emergence and 1 plant/m of row for 7 weeks. Seed production by individual common lambsquarters plants was highly correlated (r=0.92) with weed dry weight, and seed production ranged from 30 000 to 176 000 seeds/plant.

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Weed control in soybean (Glycine max) with imazamox and imazethapyr

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500091141 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 46 (5) ◽

pp. 587-594 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Kelly A. Nelson ◽

Karen A. Renner ◽

Donald Penner

Keyword(s):

Nonionic Surfactant ◽

Weed Control ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Diphenyl Ether ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Common Ragweed ◽

Common Lambsquarters ◽

Giant Foxtail ◽

Urea Ammonium Nitrate

Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted in 1995 and 1996 to determine soybean injury and weed control differences from imazamox and imazethapyr applied postemergence with a nonionic surfactant or methylated seed oil and with selected tank mixtures. Soybean injury from imazamox at 35 g ai ha−1plus either a methylated seed oil or nonionic surfactant was equal to injury from imazethapyr at 70 g ai ha−1in the greenhouse and field. Imazamox provided greater common lambsquarters control than imazethapyr in the field in 1995 and in the greenhouse. Thifensulfuron tank mixed with imazethapyr increased common lambsquarters control, while soybean response increased when thifensulfuron was tank mixed with imazamox. Common ragweed dry weight was reduced 61 to 64% from 35 g ha−1imazamox and 70 g ha−1imazethapyr in the field; however, imazamox provided greater common ragweed control than imazethapyr in the greenhouse. Tank mixtures of lactofen with imazamox or imazethapyr increased common ragweed control and resulted in greater soybean seed yield in 1996 than when imazamox and imazethapyr were applied alone; however, lactofen antagonized giant foxtail control with imazamox and imazethapyr, and antagonized common lambsquarters control with imazamox. Giant foxtail control in the greenhouse was antagonized more when acifluorfen, fomesafen, and lactofen were tank mixed with 35 g ha−1imazethapyr than with 35 g ha−1imazamox. Giant foxtail control with imazamox or imazethapyr applied alone or with diphenyl ether herbicides increased when 28% urea ammonium nitrate was added with nonionic surfactant compared with nonionic surfactant only. Imazethapyr antagonized giant foxtail control by clethodim in the field and was more antagonistic than imazamox in the greenhouse. A methylated seed oil improved common ragweed control by imazethapyr at 70 g ha−1and imazamox at 18 and 35 g ha−1, while common lambsquarters and velvetleaf control increased when a methylated seed oil was included with 18 g ha−1imazethapyr compared to nonionic surfactant in the greenhouse.

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The SCREENING OF HERBICIDES FOR EFFECTIVE CONTROL OF WEEDS IN SOYBEAN (Glycine max L.)

JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH ◽

10.28941/pjwsr.v26i3.862 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 251-266

Author(s):

Muhammad Ehsan Safdar ◽

Muhammad Ather Nadeem ◽

Abdul Rehman ◽

Amjed Ali ◽

Nasir Iqbal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seed Yield ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Yield Component ◽

Effective Control ◽

College Of Agriculture ◽

Glycine Max L ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Moderate Relationship ◽

100 Seed Weight

Little is known about best herbicidal weed option for weed eradication in soybean in agro-climatic circumstances of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. A two year field study was accomplished at College of Agriculture experimental site Sargodha in spring seasons of 2018 and 2019 to evaluate the efficacy of different herbicides adjacent to major weeds present in soybean. The study consisted of 8 herbicide treatments including two pre-emergence herbicides (pendimethalin at 489.1 g a.i. ha-1, pendimethalin + S-metolachlor at 731.1 g a.i. ha-1) which are applied immediately after sowing and six post-emergence herbicides (oxyfluorfen at 237.1 g a.i. ha-1, metribuzin at 518.7 g a.i. ha-1, quizalofop-p-ethyl at 148.2 g a.i. ha-1, acetochlor at 741 g a.i. ha-1, halosulfuron at 37 g a.i. ha-1and topramezone at 21.5 g a.iha-1) which were used 25 days subsequent to sowing. In contrast to control, all herbicides have shown significant decline in weed density (up to 94%) and dry weight (up to 88%); and caused significant increases in plant height (up to 85%), pod bearing branches (up to 77%), number of pods per plant (up to 83%), 100-seed weight (up to 37%) and seed yield (up to 160%) of soybean. Among herbicides, topramezone at 21.5 g a.i ha-1 gave significantly the highest (1234 and 1272 kg ha-1 in the year 2018 and 2019) seed yield of soybean and HEIs (1.28 and 1.03 in year 2018 and 2019, respectively). However, oxyfluorfen at 237.1 g a.i. ha-1, pendimethalin + S-metolachlor at 731.1 g a.i. ha-1, pendimethalin at 489.1 g a.i. ha-1, quizalofop-p-ethyl at 148.2 g a.i.ha-1 followed it. The regression analysis depicted a significant negative moderate relationship of soybean seed yield with weed dry weight (R2 = 0.7074), and pods per plant (R2 = 0.7012) was proved to be the main yield component responsible for higher yield of soybean.

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Nodule efficiency of three soybean genotypes inoculated by different methods

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/4380-pse ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 48 (No. 8) ◽

pp. 356-360

Author(s):

V. Milić ◽

N. Mrkovački ◽

M. Popović ◽

Đ. Malenčić

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Content ◽

Bradyrhizobium Japonicum ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nitrogen Assimilation ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Affected Plant ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Soybean Genotypes ◽

Nr Activity

The objective of the study was to investigate how the inoculation of soybean seed (variety Afrodita, and lines NS-L-2016 and NS-L-300168) with strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum (1, 1a, 2b), Azotobacter chroococcum (3, 13, 14), and GA3 (gibberellic acid) affected plant dry weight, nitrogen content of nodules and whole plant, the enzymes of nitrogen assimilation (NR, GS) and soluble protein content. The highest dry matter mass and nitrogen content were found in the variety Afrodita, followed by line NS-L-300168. The GS and NR activity was increased significantly by all three inoculation treatments relative to the control. In all three genotypes, the highest values for the enzymatic activity were achieved with treatment mixture of B. japonicum and A. chroococcum strains. Each measurement was performed with three replications. The results were processed using variance analysis and the values were tested with the LSD at 5%.

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Konzentration einiger Lipide in den Chloroplasten von Zea mays und Antirrhinum majus / Concentration of Some Lipids in the Chloroplasts of Zea mays and Antirrhinum ma jus

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B ◽

10.1515/znb-1971-1120 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 26 (11) ◽

pp. 1180-1187 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Friederike Koenig

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Aqueous Medium ◽

Vitamin K ◽

Lipid Content ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Antirrhinum Majus ◽

Lamellar System ◽

Total Leaf

Stroma-containing chloroplasts from Zea mays and Antirrhinum majus were isolated in aqueous medium. The average dry weight of chloroplasts from Zea mays is 27·10-12 g, that of Antirrhinum majus 30·10-12 g. Water freed chloroplasts consist up to 49 or 45 percent respectively of lamellar system. The lipid content of the lamellar system of Zea mays is 49 percent, that of Antirrhinum majus 45 percent. A chloroplast of Zea mays contains on the average 920·106 chlorophyll molecules, 220·106 carotenoid molecules, 2000·106 molecules of galactolipids, 190·106 molecules of sulpholipid, 260·106 phosphatide molecules and 64·106 molecules of lipophilic quinones. In addition to phosphatidylglycerol also phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine were found. It is very probable that besides vitamin K1 the homologeous compound lacking one methylgroup is present in the chloroplasts. In contrast to the literature only 62 percent of the total leaf galactolipids are found in the chloroplasts.

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Use of Infrared Thermometry in Determining Critical Stress Periods Induced by Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) in Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500079340 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

pp. 784-791 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Peter H. Sikkema ◽

Jack Dekker

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Leaf Growth ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Critical Periods ◽

Soybean Yield ◽

Infrared Thermometry ◽

Agropyron Repens

Field experiments were conducted during 1981 and 1982 in Ontario, Canada, on the effects of quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv. # AGRRE] interference in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] and the usefulness of infrared thermometry in predicting critical periods of weed interference. Soybean seed yield, dry weight, number of leaves, height, and number of pods were substantially reduced due to quackgrass interference. High levels of P and K fertility did not overcome the quackgrass interference. Part of the competitive effects of quackgrass was alleviated by irrigation. Infrared thermometry successfully detected the first occurrence of quackgrass-induced stress during the early soybean flowering stage, when the quackgrass was in the four-leaf gtowth stage. This coincided with the onset of the first significant soybean yield loss. No additional soybean yield loss occurred after quackgrass reached the five-leaf growth stage. There was an inverse relation between accumulated stress degree days and soybean yield reductions due to quackgrass interference. The use of the stress degree day concept may be a valuable tool in predicting soybean yield losses due to quackgrass interference.

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Influence of Soybean Seed Size on Response to Atrazine

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500077584 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 162-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Robert N. Andersen

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Glycine Max ◽

Seed Size ◽

Selection Criterion ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Large Seed ◽

Untreated Check ◽

Initial Selection

In the greenhouse, we examined approximately 2,700 strains of soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] for response to 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine), a herbicide which inhibits photosynthesis. Duration of survival when grown in soil containing 0.84 kg/ha was the initial selection criterion. Strains thus selected as most tolerant and most susceptible were grown then for 3 to 3 ½ weeks in soil containing 0.45 kg/ha of atrazine. The dry weight of shoots expressed as a percentage of each strain's own untreated check was used to measure the strains' tolerance of atrazine. Tolerance, thus measured, generally increased as seed size increased. Regression analysis indicated that 80% of the variation in response was attributable to variation in seed size. We suggest the possibility of minimizing soybean injury from atrazine (and perhaps other herbicides) by planting large seed.

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