scholarly journals Border Habitat Effects on Captures of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Pheromone Traps and Fruit Injury at Harvest in Apple and Peach Orchards in the Mid-Atlantic, USA

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 419
Author(s):  
James Christopher Bergh ◽  
William R. Morrison ◽  
Jon W. Stallrich ◽  
Brent D. Short ◽  
John P. Cullum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Losses ◽  
Halyomorpha Halys ◽  
Pheromone Traps ◽  
Alternative Management ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Tree Fruit ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Fruit Orchards

The invasive Halyomorpha halys invades crop fields from various bordering habitats, and its feeding on crops has caused significant economic losses. Thus, H. halys is considered a perimeter-driven threat, and research on alternative management tactics against it has focused on intervention at crop edges. Woodlands adjacent to crop fields contain many hosts of H. halys and are therefore considered “riskiest” in terms of pest pressure and crop injury. However, tree fruit orchards in the Mid-Atlantic, USA, are often bordered on one or more sides by woodlands and other habitats, including other tree fruit blocks, and field crops. Monitoring H. halys using pheromone traps has most often focused on the crop–woodland interface, but the relative effects of woodlands and other habitats bordering orchards on pest pressure and crop injury have not been examined. A two-year study comparing seasonal captures of H. halys and fruit injury among different habitats bordering commercial apple and peach orchards in the Mid-Atlantic revealed that while woodland borders often posed the greatest risk, other border habitats also contributed significantly to captures and injury in numerous instances. The relevance of these findings to refining and optimizing perimeter-based monitoring and management approaches for H. halys is discussed.

Disease in fisheries and aquaculture

2020 ◽  
pp. 183-210
Author(s):  
Donald C. Behringer ◽  
Chelsea L. Wood ◽  
Martin Krkošek ◽  
David Bushek
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Nutrient Quality ◽  
Species Management ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Opening Up

Infectious marine diseases have profound impacts on fisheries and aquaculture through their effects on growth, fecundity, mortality, and marketability. Economic losses have motivated research to minimize the negative impacts of disease on these industries. However, this relationship is reciprocal, as fishing and aquaculture can shape disease transmission. The effects of fisheries and aquaculture on disease are scale dependent, with different outcomes at the population, metapopulation, community, and ecosystem levels. Management approaches are limited in fisheries, and intense in aquaculture, sometimes with undesirable impacts on wild species. Management needs can be particularly intense in hatcheries, where stocks are sensitive and kept at high densities. Increased interest in microbiome–disease interactions are opening up new opportunities to manage marine diseases in aquaculture. Solutions for marine diseases in fisheries and aquaculture may ultimately improve human health by reducing exposure to pathogens and increasing nutrient quality, but could negatively impact human health through exposure to antibiotics and other chemicals used to treat parasites.

scholarly journals Assemblage of the Egg Parasitoids of the Invasive Stink Bug Halyomorpha halys: Insights on Plant Host Associations

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 588
Author(s):  
Livia Zapponi ◽  
Marie Claude Bon ◽  
Jalal Melhem Fouani ◽  
Gianfranco Anfora ◽  
Silvia Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Egg Parasitoids ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Halyomorpha Halys ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Host Associations

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an invasive alien species and a key agricultural pest. Its native parasitoids (Trissolcus japonicus Ashmead and Tr. mitsukurii Ashmead) have been registered in several countries where H. halys brought dramatic economic losses and where biological control is considered to be the most effective long-term solution. By searching for stink bug egg masses and exposing sentinel egg masses, we monitored the distribution of native and exotic egg parasitoids in Trentino-Alto Adige (Italy), an area where both the host and parasitoids are in expansion. We recorded ten pentatomids, seven parasitoid species, with the first report of Tr. japonicus in this area and a hyperparasitoid. In the assemblage, Anastatus bifasciatus (Geoffroy) and Tr. mitsukurii were the dominant parasitoids, with a different distribution in terms of context and host plants. Sycamore was the host plant where the highest number of naturally laid parasitized egg masses (26%) were recorded. Trissolcus mitsukurii showed the highest parasitism rate, and was often found in apple orchards. The emergence of exotic parasitoids showed a temporal delay compared to native ones. Sequence analysis of 823 bp of the CO1 mitochondrial gene revealed that the recovered Tr. japonicus and Tr. mitsukurii harbored one single haplotype each. These haplotypes were previously found in 2018 in Northern Italy. While sentinel egg masses proved to be very effective in tracking the arrival of exotic Trissolcus species, the collection of stink bug egg masses provided fundamental data on the plant host species. The results lend strong support to the adaptation of exotic Trissolcus species to the environmental conditions of the range of introduction, providing new information on plant host-associations, fundamental for the development of biological control programs.

Agricultural production systems can serve as reservoir for human pathogens

2019 ◽  
Vol 366 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper Schierstaedt ◽  
Rita Grosch ◽  
Adam Schikora
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Agricultural Production Systems

ABSTRACT Food-borne diseases are a threat to human health and can cause severe economic losses. Nowadays, in a growing and increasingly interconnected world, food-borne diseases need to be dealt with in a global manner. In order to tackle this issue, it is essential to consider all possible entry routes of human pathogens into the production chain. Besides the post-harvest handling of the fresh produce itself, also the prevention of contamination in livestock and agricultural soils are of particular importance. While the monitoring of human pathogens and intervening measures are relatively easy to apply in livestock and post-harvest, the investigation of the prevention strategies in crop fields is a challenging task. Furthermore, crop fields are interconnected with livestock via fertilizers and feed; therefore, a poor hygiene management can cause cross-contamination. In this review, we highlight the possible contamination of crop plants by bacterial human pathogens via the rhizosphere, their interaction with the plant and possible intervention strategies. Furthermore, we discuss critical issues and questions that are still open.

WILD BEE POLLINATOR DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE IN ORCHARD AND UNCULTIVATED HABITATS IN THE OKANAGAN VALLEY, BRITISH COLUMBIA

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 735-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia D. Scott-Dupree ◽  
Mark L. Winston
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Wild Bees ◽  
Osmia Lignaria ◽  
Flower Visitation ◽  
Wild Bee ◽  
Tree Fruit ◽  
Floral Visitation ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Fruit Orchards ◽  
Okanagan Valley

AbstractWild bee pollinators were collected in tree-fruit orchards and uncultivated habitats in the Okanagan Valley. Higher abundance and diversity of wild bee pollinators were found at uncultivated sites than on tree-fruit crops. Wild bees were not abundant enough in orchard habitats to provide adequate tree-fruit pollination. Variable flower visitation patterns by polylectic bees in orchard and uncultivated habitats make it difficult to predict floral visitation patterns. Therefore, orchardists cannot rely on a substantial and predictable contribution to pollination of fruit crops by wild bee species. Research into the use of wild bees as managed pollinators for tree-fruit crops in the Okanagan Valley may have potential. Future studies should consider three wild bee species collected in Okanagan Valley orchards, Bombus terricola occidentalis Greene, Bombus bifarius nearcticus Handlirsch, and Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson, for pollination management.

Air Pollution and Vegetation Damage Functions

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 643-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
B-C Liu ◽  
E S H Yu
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Damage Functions ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Corn Grain

The primary objective of this paper is to review critically the current state of research in the field of air pollution and its effect on vegetation and to derive, through existing data and documentation, a set of integrated economic damage functions of air pollution on various kinds of vegetation, for the purpose of prediction. Economic damage functions of vegetation were estimated via a stepwise least-squares regression method by relating economic losses of a variety of crops to air pollution and climatological variables. The crops and agricultural products selected included corn grain, soybean, cotton, root vegetables, other vegetables, nursery products, flowers, trees, field crops, and fruit and nuts. By utilizing the ‘average’ economic damage functions derived in this study, the changes in crop losses brought about by changes in the pollution or climatological variables can be predicted.

scholarly journals Copper Sprays—Effects on Apple Fruit Typiness and Market Color Grades

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 756C-756
Author(s):  
Frank J. Peryea ◽  
Rhoda L. Burrows
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Apple Industry ◽  
Cu Deficiency ◽  
Tree Fruit ◽  
Cu Nutrition ◽  
Fruit Orchards

Late dormant copper (Cu) sprays and mid-summer foliar Cu sprays are being promoted within the Washington apple industry as a means to enhance fruit typiness and red skin color, respectively. While there appears to be theoretical bases for these practices, they have not been tested for horticultural significance. Differential late dormant spray treatments of Cu hydroxide (the Cu source most commonly recommended by agricultural consultants) were imposed in two `Delicious' orchards. Flower cluster Cu was positively related to Cu rate, but the sprays had no effect on leaf Cu or on six fruit typiness variables. Differential mid-summer spray treatments of water, Cu sulfate, and Cu oxysulfate solutions were imposed in three `Delicious' orchards and one `Fuji' orchard. The Cu sprays increased leaf Cu, but had no effect on market color grade measured using a commercial color sorter. The results appear to reflect Cu physicochemistry and timing of application. These preliminary results call into question the utility of the Cu sprays for improving apple fruit quality characteristics when trees show no visual signs of Cu deficiency. They do suggest some alternative ways to manage Cu nutrition in deciduous tree fruit orchards.

scholarly journals Selectivity of the oriental fruit moth sex pheromone trap in peach and apricot orchards

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Hári ◽  
B. Pénzes
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Pheromone Trap ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Oriental Fruit Moth ◽  
Pheromone Traps ◽  
Sex Pheromone Traps ◽  
Fruit Orchards ◽  
Trap Catches ◽  
Male Genital

One of the most important pests of the stone fruit orchards is the oriental fruit moth (Grapholitha 1110/esta B.). Chemical control targeted against the young larvae is the most effective way of protection. so the ti ming of treatments has to be based on the observation of emergence. Emergence may be monitored with sex pheromone traps. It is already known from former publications, that the traps for oriental fruit moth are also effective in the case of the plum moth (Grapholitha f1111ebra11a Tr.), which external morphology is very similar to the oriental fruit moth. As the emergence of the oriental fruit moth in peach and apricot orchards has not been observed in detaib in Hungary, we started a s1Udy in this field. Our aim was to measure the selectivity of the sex pheromone traps. On the basis of examining more than 5000 males caught and the investigation of male genital ia. it could be established that the pheromone traps. Csalomon and Deltastop, for oriental fruit moth, caught the plum moth in the same ratio. The ratio of the oriental fruit moth and the plum moth trapped in the peach orchards was I: I . while in the apricot orchards the number of the caught plum moth males was seven times as many as that of the oriental fruit moths. Consequently, it can be established that data based on oriental fruit moth trap catches can not be used without additional investigations of genitalia for the prediction of larval hatch. The selectivity of the plum moth trap. used as a control. was acceptable in both orchards.

scholarly journals LAYOUT SOLUTIONS FOR DRIP IRRIGATION NETWORK MODULES OF IRRIGATED WOOD-FRUIT PLANTS, CULTIVATED IN GARDEN PLANTINGS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. N. Shkura ◽  
◽  
A. S. Shtanko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Modular Approach ◽  
Planting Pattern ◽  
Irrigation Network ◽  
Tree Fruit ◽  
Network Modules ◽  
Fruit Plants ◽  
Fruit Orchards ◽  
Fruit Plantations

Purpose: to develop layout and design schemes for the territorial arrangement of drip irrigated commercial fruit orchards. Materials and methods. When the goal was achieved, the tasks on assessing and choosing the layouts of the garden's plant modules – garden squares, quarters and rows that make up tree-fruit plantations, and the development of irrigation network modules that ensure their drip irrigation were solved. The factual basis of the study was formed by the survey data of wood-fruit orchards and well-known recommendations on the organization of the garden plantings territory. Results. Taking a modular approach to the planning of perennial woody-fruit plantations, implying the arrangement of garden squares, quarters and rows as a basis, the corresponding schemes of the section, irrigation and watering modules ensuring their drip irrigation, were suggested. Taking into account the shapes and sizes of eight-squares garden blocks, two schemes of drip sectional modules were proposed, including a sectional distributor, sprinklers and a system of irrigation pipelines. The irrigation module, which provides watering of the garden quarter, includes an irrigation pipeline and irrigation pipelines fed from it. The watering module provides for irrigation of one row of woody-fruit plants and includes one (for a single-line irrigation module) or two (for a two-line irrigation module) irrigation pipelines with a system of built-in drip micro-outlets, placed taking into account the planting pattern of perennial plants and forming contours or strips of soil moisture in the sub-drip soil space. Conclusions. Rational layout solutions for drip irrigation network modules are proposed, corresponding to garden modules and allowing unifying design solutions for organizing the territory of drip irrigated gardens cultivated according to industrial technologies for planting, maintenance and harvesting operations.

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