scholarly journals Mosquito Innate Immunity

Insects ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankit Kumar ◽  
Priyanshu Srivastava ◽  
PDNN Sirisena ◽  
Sunil Dubey ◽  
Ramesh Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Neural Tissues ◽  
Immune Pathways ◽  
Critical Overview ◽  
Mosquito Pathogen

Mosquitoes live under the endless threat of infections from different kinds of pathogens such as bacteria, parasites, and viruses. The mosquito defends itself by employing both physical and physiological barriers that resist the entry of the pathogen and the subsequent establishment of the pathogen within the mosquito. However, if the pathogen does gain entry into the insect, the insect mounts a vigorous innate cellular and humoral immune response against the pathogen, thereby limiting the pathogen’s propagation to nonpathogenic levels. This happens through three major mechanisms: phagocytosis, melanization, and lysis. During these processes, various signaling pathways that engage intense mosquito–pathogen interactions are activated. A critical overview of the mosquito immune system and latest information about the interaction between mosquitoes and pathogens are provided in this review. The conserved, innate immune pathways and specific anti-pathogenic strategies in mosquito midgut, hemolymph, salivary gland, and neural tissues for the control of pathogen propagation are discussed in detail.

Mathematical modeling and analysis of innate and humoral immune responses to dengue infections

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (07) ◽  
pp. 1950077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sulanie Perera ◽  
S. S. N. Perera
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Virus Dynamics ◽  
Quasi Steady State ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses

Dengue is an acute arthropode-borne virus, belonging to the family Flaviviridae. Currently, there are no vaccines or treatments available against dengue. Thus it is important to understand the dynamics of dengue in order to control the infection. In this paper, we study the long-term dynamics of the model that is presented in [S. D. Perera and S. S. N. Perera, Simulation model for dynamics of dengue with innate and humoral immune responses, Comput. Math. Methods Med. 2018 (2018) 8798057, 18 pp. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8798057 ] which describes the interaction of virus with infected and uninfected cells in the presence of innate and humoral immune responses. It was found the model has three equilibria, namely: infection free equilibrium, no immune equilibrium and endemic equilibrium, then analyzed its stability analytically. The analytical findings of each model have been exemplified by numerical simulations. Given the fact that intensity of dengue virus replication at early times of infection could determine clinical outcomes, it is important to understand the impact of innate immunity, which is believed to be the first line of defense against an invading pathogen. For this we carry out a simulation case study to investigate the importance of innate immune response on dengue virus dynamics. A comparison was done assuming that innate immunity was active; innate immunity was in quasi-steady state and innate immunity was inactive during the virus replication process. By a further analysis of the qualitative behavior of the quasi-steady state, it was observed that innate immune response plays a pivotal role in dengue virus dynamics. It can change the dynamical behavior of the system and is essential for the virus clearance.

scholarly journals Determination of the Role and Active Sites of PKC-Delta-Like from Lamprey in Innate Immunity

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3357
Author(s):  
Yang Xu ◽  
Huan Zhao ◽  
Yang Tian ◽  
Kaixia Ren ◽  
Nan Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Pkc Delta ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Catalytic Fragment

Protein kinase C-δ (PKC-δ) is an important protein in the immune system of higher vertebrates. Lampreys, as the most primitive vertebrates, have a uniquevariable lymphocyte receptor (VLR) immune system. PKC-δ-like is a crucial functional gene in lampreys and is highly expressed in their immune organs. In this study, lampreys were stimulated with different immunogens, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was found to increase the expression of PKC-δ-like. Overexpression of PKC-δ-like could also effectively activate the innate immune response. We further demonstrated that PKC-δ-like-CF, a catalytic fragment of PKC-δ-like, is responsible for activating the innate immune response, and Thr-211, which is Thr-419 of PKC-δ-like, was confirmed to be the key site affecting PKC-δ-like-CF activity. These results indicated that PKC-δ-like from lamprey may have an important role in the innate immune response.

scholarly journals Lifting the innate immune barriers to antitumor immunity

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e000695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla V Rothlin ◽  
Sourav Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Cell Functions

The immune system evolved for adequate surveillance and killing of pathogens while minimizing host damage, such as due to chronic or exaggerated inflammation and autoimmunity. This is achieved by negative regulators and checkpoints that limit the magnitude and time course of the immune response. Tumor cells often escape immune surveillance and killing. Therefore, disrupting the brakes built into the immune system should effectively boost the anticancer immune response. The success of anti-CTLA4, anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 have firmly established this proof of concept. Since the response rate of anti-CTLA4, anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 is still limited, there is an intense effort for the identification of new targets and development of approaches that can expand the benefits of immunotherapy to a larger patient pool. Additional T cell checkpoints are obvious targets; however, here we focus on the unusual suspects—cells that function to initiate and guide T cell activity. Innate immunity is both an obligate prerequisite for the initiation of adaptive immune responses and a requirement for the recruitment of activated T cells to the site of action. We discuss some of the molecules present in innate immune cells, including natural killer cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, endothelial cells and stromal cells, that can activate or enhance innate immune cell functions, and more importantly, the inhibitors or checkpoints present in these cells that restrain their functions. Boosting innate immunity, either by enhancing activator functions or, preferably, by blocking the inhibitors, may represent a new anticancer treatment modality or at least function as adjuvants to T cell checkpoint inhibitors.

scholarly journals Self-harm caused by an insect's innate immunity

2006 ◽  
Vol 273 (1600) ◽  
pp. 2571-2574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben M Sadd ◽  
Michael T Siva-Jothy
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Life History ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Potential Disadvantage ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Fast Acting

It has been a long-held assumption that the innate immune system of insects causes self-harm when used to combat an immune insult. We show empirically that this assumption is correct. Invertebrate innate immunity relies heavily on effector systems which, on activation, produce cytotoxins that kill pathogens. Reliance on these robust, fast-acting, generic killing mechanisms ensures a potent and rapid response to pathogen invasion, but has the potential disadvantage of causing self-damage. We show that the innate immune response against an immune insult produces measurable phenotypic and functional damage to self-tissue in the beetle Tenebrio molitor . This type of self-harm (autoreactivity) and the life-history implications that arise from it are important to understand evolutionary phenomena such as the dynamics between hosts and parasites as well as the nature of immune system costs.

scholarly journals Rotavirus infection and immunity: discussion issues of clinical and immunological studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
S. G. Gorbunov ◽  
L. N. Mazankova ◽  
A. N. Os’kin
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immune Receptor ◽  
Rotavirus Infection ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Age Related

The article reflects the literature data on the immune response mechanisms to rotavirus infection. The authors note that innate immunity factors play the leading role in protecting the organism from rotavirus. They demonstrate that both cellular and humoral components of the immune system are important in the pathogenesis of rotavirus infection. The protective effect is based on the activation of interferon and other cytokines, as well as TLR – innate immune receptor for double-stranded rotavirus RNA. The authors also describe the age-related aspects of the immune response, which cause a higher susceptibility to rotavirus in the neonatal period and its reduction with age.

Boosting innate immunity during SARS-CoV-2 clearance

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishesh Kumar Mehata ◽  
Deepa Dehari ◽  
Anuj Kumar Mehta ◽  
Alim Miya
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Cell Immune Response ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Immune Check Points ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Individual

: Currently, humanity is suffering from a highly contagious and infectious novel coronavirus disease. Due to the unavailability of any specifically approved therapy to eradicate this pathogenic virus, day by day, it is claiming more and more life of the humans. By observing the current scenario, human civilization seems to be in dangerous situations, and the development of a potential vaccine against this invisible enemy may take some more time. It was observed that the individual immune system plays an important role in the fighting against the novel coronavirus. Additionally, the innate immune system of the host acts as the first line of defense against invading pathogenic viruses. The host innate immune cells can to detect and detoxify the evading viruses. Thus, boosting the innate immune response via targeting activator or inhibitory immune check points pathways for enhancing T-cell immune response that may potentially help the patients to fight against this deadly virus. The aim of this editorial is to discuss in brief about pathogenesis of COVID-19, role of innate immunity and autophagy during viral clearance.

scholarly journals The Yin and Yang of Innate Immunity in Stroke

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomeng Xu ◽  
Yongjun Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Yin And Yang ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Immune system plays an elementary role in the pathophysiological progress of ischemic stroke. It consists of innate and adaptive immune system. Activated within minutes after ischemic onset, innate immunity is responsible for the elimination of necrotic cells and tissue repair, while it is critically involved in the initiation and amplification of poststroke inflammation that amplifies ischemic damage to the brain tissue. Innate immune response requires days to be fully developed, providing a considerable time window for therapeutic intervention, suggesting prospect of novel immunomodulatory therapies against poststroke inflammation-induced brain injury. However, obstacles still exist and a comprehensive understanding of ischemic stroke and innate immune reaction is essential. In this review, we highlighted the current experimental and clinical data depicting the innate immune response following ischemic stroke, mainly focusing on the recognition of damage-associated molecular patterns, activation and recruitment of innate immune cells, and involvement of various cytokines. In addition, clinical trials targeting innate immunity were also documented regardless of the outcome, stressing the requirements for further investigation.

scholarly journals Pathogen Recognition by the Long Pentraxin PTX3

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Moalli ◽  
Sebastien Jaillon ◽  
Antonio Inforzato ◽  
Marina Sironi ◽  
Barbara Bottazzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Pathogen Recognition ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Infection And Inflammation ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Innate immunity represents the first line of defence against pathogens and plays key roles in activation and orientation of the adaptive immune response. The innate immune system comprises both a cellular and a humoral arm. Components of the humoral arm include soluble pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) that recognise pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate the immune response in coordination with the cellular arm, therefore acting as functional ancestors of antibodies. The long pentraxin PTX3 is a prototypic soluble PRM that is produced at sites of infection and inflammation by both somatic and immune cells. Gene targeting of this evolutionarily conserved protein has revealed a nonredundant role in resistance to selected pathogens. Moreover, PTX3 exerts important functions at the cross-road between innate immunity, inflammation, and female fertility. Here, we review the studies on PTX3, with emphasis on pathogen recognition and cross-talk with other components of the innate immune system.

scholarly journals Mice, men and the relatives: cross-species studies underpin innate immunity

Open Biology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 120015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare E. Bryant ◽  
Tom P. Monie
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Forward Genetics ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Current Increase

The innate immune response is the first line of defence against infection. Germ-line-encoded receptors recognize conserved molecular motifs from both exogenous and endogenous sources. Receptor activation results in the initiation of a pro-inflammatory immune response that enables the resolution of infection. Understanding the inner workings of the innate immune system is a fundamental requirement in the search to understand the basis of health and disease. The development of new vaccinations, the treatment of pathogenic infection, the generation of therapies for chronic and auto-inflammatory disorders, and the ongoing battle against cancer, diabetes and atherosclerosis will all benefit from a greater understanding of innate immunity. The rate of knowledge acquisition in this area has been outstanding. It has been underpinned and driven by the use of model organisms. Information obtained from Drospohila melanogaster , knock-out and knock-in mice, and through the use of forward genetics has resulted in discoveries that have opened our eyes to the functionality and complexity of the innate immune system. With the current increase in genomic information, the range of innate immune receptors and pathways of other species available to study is rapidly increasing, and provides a rich resource to continue the development of innate immune research. Here, we address some of the highlights of cross-species study in the innate immune field and consider the benefits of widening the species-field further.

A molecular analysis of ascidian metamorphosis reveals activation of an innate immune response

Development ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (20) ◽  
pp. 4739-4751
Author(s):  
Brad Davidson ◽  
Billie J. Swalla
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Heart Tissue ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Settlement Cues ◽  
Immunity Genes

Ascidian metamorphosis represents a powerful model for comparative work on chordate development that has remained largely unexplored. We isolated transcripts differentially expressed during metamorphosis in the ascidian Boltenia villosa by suppressive PCR subtractions of staged larval and juvenile cDNAs. We employed a series of three subtractions to dissect gene expression during metamorphosis. We have isolated 132 different protein coding sequences, and 65 of these transcripts show significant matches to GenBank proteins. Some of these genes have putative functions relevant to key metamorphic events including the differentiation of smooth muscle, blood cells, heart tissue and adult nervous system from larval rudiments. In addition, a significant fraction of the differentially expressed transcripts match identified genes from the innate immune system. Innate immunity confers a rapid response to pathogen-specific molecules and/or compromised self-tissues. The activation of innate immunity genes during metamorphosis may represent the programmed maturation of the adult immune system. In addition, this immune response may be necessary for phagocytosis and re-structuring of larval tissues. An innate immune-related inflammatory response may also underlie two waves of trans-epidermal blood cell migration that occur during the swimming larval period and immediately upon settlement. We characterized these trans-epidermal migrations and discovered that some migratory cells leave the animal entirely through an anterior tunnel in the tunic. We show that these cells are positioned to detect external settlement cues and hypothesize that the innate immune system may also be employed to detect and rapidly respond to environmental settlement cues.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document