Effects of the Environmental Temperature on Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes: A Review

The temperature of the environment is one of the most important abiotic factors affecting the life of insects. As poikilotherms, their body temperature is not constant, and they rely on various strategies to minimize the risk of thermal stress. They have been thus able to colonize a large spectrum of habitats. Mosquitoes, such as Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, vector many pathogens, including dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. The spread of these diseases has become a major global health concern, and it is predicted that climate change will affect the mosquitoes’ distribution, which will allow these insects to bring new pathogens to naïve populations. We synthesize here the current knowledge on the impact of temperature on the mosquito flight activity and host-seeking behavior (1); ecology and dispersion (2); as well as its potential effect on the pathogens themselves and how climate can affect the transmission of some of these pathogens (3).

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The impact of climate change on the biology of the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus: current knowledge and gaps to be filled.

10.1079/9781789249637.0029 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 193-208

Author(s):

Isabel Santos ◽

Matias Pablo Juan Szabó ◽

Alexandre Rodrigues Caetano ◽

Maristela Martins de Camargo

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Heat Stress ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Rhipicephalus Microplus ◽

Cattle Tick ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Host Ecology ◽

Earth’S Climate ◽

The Impact

Abstract This expert opinion revisits the factors affecting the on- and off-host ecology of Rhipicephalus microplus in the context of climate change. It also highlights how the negative effects of heat stress caused by climate change on animal welfare, productivity and health of cattle will likely become more of an issue in the future if the Earth's climate continues to warm as predicted.

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Aphid–Plant–Phytovirus Pathosystems: Influencing Factors from Vector Behaviour to Virus Spread

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11060502 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 502

Author(s):

Junior Corneille Fingu-Mabola ◽

Frédéric Francis

Keyword(s):

Influencing Factors ◽

Virus Transmission ◽

Physical Factors ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Vector Borne Diseases ◽

Vector Behaviour ◽

Crop Fields ◽

Host Seeking ◽

The Impact ◽

Vector Efficiency

Aphids are responsible for the spread of more than half of the known phytovirus species. Virus transmission within the plant–aphid–phytovirus pathosystem depends on vector mobility which allows the aphid to reach its host plant and on vector efficiency in terms of ability to transmit phytoviruses. However, several other factors can influence the phytoviruses transmission process and have significant epidemiological consequences. In this review, we aimed to analyse the aphid behaviours and influencing factors affecting phytovirus spread. We discussed the impact of vector host-seeking and dispersal behaviours mostly involved in aphid-born phytovirus spread but also the effect of feeding behaviours and life history traits involved in plant–aphid–phytovirus relationships on vector performances. We also noted that these behaviours are influenced by factors inherent to the interactions between pathosystem components (mode of transmission of phytoviruses, vector efficiency, plant resistance, …) and several biological, biochemical, chemical or physical factors related to the environment of these pathosystem components, most of them being manipulated as means to control vector-borne diseases in the crop fields.

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Diversity, distribution, and drivers of Polychromophilus infection in Malagasy bats

Malaria Journal ◽

10.1186/s12936-021-03696-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mercia Rasoanoro ◽

Steven M. Goodman ◽

Milijaona Randrianarivelojosia ◽

Mbola Rakotondratsimba ◽

Koussay Dellagi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Host Specificity ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Molecular Data ◽

Potential Effect ◽

Molecular Techniques ◽

Blood Parasites ◽

Single Individual ◽

Additional Material ◽

Maxent Modelling

Abstract Background Numerous studies have been undertaken to advance knowledge of apicomplexan parasites infecting vertebrates, including humans. Of these parasites, the genus Plasmodium has been most extensively studied because of the socio-economic and public health impacts of malaria. In non-human vertebrates, studies on malaria or malaria-like parasite groups have been conducted but information is far from complete. In Madagascar, recent studies on bat blood parasites indicate that three chiropteran families (Miniopteridae, Rhinonycteridae, and Vespertilionidae) are infected by the genus Polychromophilus with pronounced host specificity: Miniopterus spp. (Miniopteridae) harbour Polychromophilus melanipherus and Myotis goudoti (Vespertilionidae) is infected by Polychromophilus murinus. However, most of the individuals analysed in previous studies were sampled on the western and central portions of the island. The aims of this study are (1) to add new information on bat blood parasites in eastern Madagascar, and (2) to highlight biotic and abiotic variables driving prevalence across the island. Methods Fieldworks were undertaken from 2014 to 2016 in four sites in the eastern portion of Madagascar to capture bats and collect biological samples. Morphological and molecular techniques were used to identify the presence of haemosporidian parasites. Further, a MaxEnt modelling was undertaken using data from Polychromophilus melanipherus to identify variables influencing the presence of this parasite Results In total, 222 individual bats belonging to 17 species and seven families were analysed. Polychromophilus infections were identified in two families: Miniopteridae and Vespertilionidae. Molecular data showed that Polychromophilus spp. parasitizing Malagasy bats form a monophyletic group composed of three distinct clades displaying marked host specificity. In addition to P. melanipherus and P. murinus, hosted by Miniopterus spp. and Myotis goudoti, respectively, a novel Polychromophilus lineage was identified from a single individual of Scotophilus robustus. Based on the present study and the literature, different biotic and abiotic factors are shown to influence Polychromophilus infection in bats, which are correlated based on MaxEnt modelling. Conclusions The present study improves current knowledge on Polychromophilus blood parasites infecting Malagasy bats and confirms the existence of a novel Polychromophilus lineage in Scotophilus bats. Additional studies are needed to obtain additional material of this novel lineage to resolve its taxonomic relationship with known members of the genus. Further, the transmission mode of Polychromophilus in bats as well as its potential effect on bat populations should be investigated to complement the results provided by MaxEnt modelling and eventually provide a comprehensive picture of the biology of host-parasite interactions.

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Does Learners’ Proficiency Level Affect Oral Corrective Feedback Preferences?

International Journal of Linguistics ◽

10.5296/ijl.v8i4.9766 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 150 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nesa Bandarchian Rashti ◽

Maryam Danaye Tous

Keyword(s):

Error Correction ◽

Corrective Feedback ◽

Good Deal ◽

Potential Effect ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Proficiency Level ◽

Oral Corrective Feedback ◽

One Step ◽

Feedback Preferences ◽

The Impact

<p>For decades now, there has been a good deal of research on factors affecting students’ oral corrective feedback preferences. Although it has been proven that learners’ characteristics such as their verbal intelligence and attitude toward error correction are highly effective in students’ preferred type of oral corrective feedback, the claims regarding the impact of learners’ proficiency level on their choice of oral corrective feedback have yet to be fully substantiated. In order to take this line of research one step forward, it is important to examine the potential effect of students’ level of proficiency in error correction literature. To this end, this paper aims to shed light on lower and higher level learners’ opinion about corrective feedback issues in an EFL context.</p>

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Analysis of Climate Change in the Area of Vojvodina-Republic of Serbia and Possible Consequences

Journal of Geographical Research ◽

10.30564/jgr.v2i2.952 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Mirko Andreja Borisov

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Global Warming ◽

Hydrological Regime ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Digital Terrain ◽

Wide Range ◽

Digital Terrain Modeling ◽

Nature And Society ◽

The Impact ◽

Linear Correlations

Climate change conditions a wide range of impacts such as the impact on weather, but also on ecosystems and biodiversity, agriculture and forestry, human health, hydrological regime and energy. In addition to global warming, local factors affecting climate change are being considered. Presentation and analysis of the situation was carried out using geoinformation technologies (radar recording, remote detection, digital terrain modeling, cartographic visualization and geostatistics). This paper describes methods and use of statistical indicators such as LST, NDVI and linear correlations from which it can be concluded that accelerated construction and global warming had an impact on climate change in period from 1987 to 2018 in the area of Vojvodina – Republic of Serbia. Also, using the global SRTM DEM, it is shown how the temperature behaves based on altitude change. Conclusions and possible consequences in nature and society were derived.

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CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON MOUNTAIN BIODIVERSITY: A SPECIAL REFERENCE TO GILGIT-BALTISTAN OF PAKISTAN

Journal of Mountain Area Research ◽

10.53874/jmar.v1i0.12 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 53

Author(s):

S. Ishaq ◽

M. Z. Khan ◽

F. Begum ◽

K. Hussain ◽

R. Amir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Natural Resources ◽

Special Reference ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Knowledge Gap ◽

Change Models ◽

Impact Of Climate Change ◽

The Government ◽

Gilgit Baltistan ◽

The Impact

Climate Change is not a stationary phenomenon; it moves from time to time, it represents a major threat to mountainous biodiversity and to ecosystem integrity. The present study is an attempt to identify the current knowledge gap and the effects of climate change on mountainous biodiversity, a special reference to the Gilgit-Baltistan is briefly reviewed. Measuring the impact of climate change on mountain biodiversity is quite challenging, because climate change interacts with every phenomenon of ecosystem. The scale of this change is so large and very adverse so strongly connected to ecosystem services, and all communities who use natural resources. This study aims to provide the evidences on the basis of previous literature, in particular context to mountain biodiversity of Gilgit-Baltistan (GB). Mountains of Gilgit-Baltistan have most fragile ecosystem and are more vulnerable to climate change. These mountains host variety of wild fauna and flora, with many endangered species of the world. There are still many gaps in our knowledge of literature we studied because very little research has been conducted in Gilgit-Baltistan about climate change particular to biodiversity. Recommendations are made for increased research efforts in future this including jointly monitoring programs, climate change models and ecological research. Understanding the impact of climate change particular to biodiversity of GB is very important for sustainable management of these natural resources. The Government organizations, NGOs and the research agencies must fill the knowledge gap, so that it will help them for policy making, which will be based on scientific findings and research based.

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Climate Perspectives in the Intra–Americas Seas

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos11090959 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 959

Author(s):

Ana María Durán-Quesada ◽

Rogert Sorí ◽

Paulina Ordoñez ◽

Luis Gimeno

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Extreme Events ◽

Large Scale ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Regional Climate ◽

Climate Projections ◽

Economic Activities ◽

Weather And Climate ◽

The Impact

The Intra–Americas Seas region is known for its relevance to air–sea interaction processes, the contrast between large water masses and a relatively small continental area, and the occurrence of extreme events. The differing weather systems and the influence of variability at different spatio–temporal scales is a characteristic feature of the region. The impact of hydro–meteorological extreme events has played a huge importance for regional livelihood, having a mostly negative impact on socioeconomics. The frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall events and droughts are often discussed in terms of their impact on economic activities and access to water. Furthermore, future climate projections suggest that warming scenarios are likely to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme events, which poses a major threat to vulnerable communities. In a region where the economy is largely dependent on agriculture and the population is exposed to the impact of extremes, understanding the climate system is key to informed policymaking and management plans. A wealth of knowledge has been published on regional weather and climate, with a majority of studies focusing on specific components of the system. This study aims to provide an integral overview of regional weather and climate suitable for a wider community. Following the presentation of the general features of the region, a large scale is introduced outlining the main structures that affect regional climate. The most relevant climate features are briefly described, focusing on sea surface temperature, low–level circulation, and rainfall patterns. The impact of climate variability at the intra–seasonal, inter–annual, decadal, and multi–decadal scales is discussed. Climate change is considered in the regional context, based on current knowledge for natural and anthropogenic climate change. The present challenges in regional weather and climate studies have also been included in the concluding sections of this review. The overarching aim of this work is to leverage information that may be transferred efficiently to support decision–making processes and provide a solid foundation on regional weather and climate for professionals from different backgrounds.

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Impact of climate change on the potato crop and biodiversity in its center of origin

Open Agriculture ◽

10.1515/opag-2018-0029 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 273-283 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Roberto Quiroz ◽

David A. Ramírez ◽

Jürgen Kroschel ◽

Jorge Andrade-Piedra ◽

Carolina Barreda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Global Warming ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Potato Crop ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Tuber Initiation ◽

Crop Modeling ◽

Andean Region ◽

Impact Of Climate Change ◽

The Impact

Abstract The Andean region is the most important center of potato diversity in the world. The global warming trend which has taken place since the 1950s, that is 2-3 times the reported global warming and the continuous presence of extreme events makes this region a live laboratory to study the impact of climate change. In this review, we first present the current knowledge on climate change in the Andes, as compared to changes in other mountain areas, and the globe in general. Then, the review describes the ecophysiological strategies to cope and adapt to changes in atmospheric CO2 levels, temperature and soil water availability. As climate change also has a significant effect on the magnitude and frequency of the incidence of pests and diseases, the current knowledge of the dynamics of vectors in the Andean region is discussed. The use of modeling techniques to describe changes in the range expansion and number of insect pest generations per year as affected by increases in temperature is also presented. Finally, the review deals with the use of crop modeling to analyze the likely impact of projected climate scenarios on potato yield and tuber initiation.

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Climate change prompts monitoring and systematic utilization of honey bee diversity in Turkey

10.32942/osf.io/92n68 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mert Kükrer ◽

C. Can Bilgin

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Honey Bee ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Genomic Diversity ◽

Local Adaptations ◽

Species Response ◽

Genomic Tools ◽

The Face ◽

Bee Diversity ◽

The Impact

Quantitative studies concerning the impact of climate change on pollinators are generally lacking. Relationship between honey bee diversity, present local adaptations and adaptive capacity of subspecies and ecotypes in the face of climate change is an urgent but rather poorly studied topic worldwide. Actually, such an effort lies at the crossroads of various fields of inquiry. Those include conservation of local honey bee diversity, breeding various local stocks for desirable traits, and enabling resilient ecosystem services. With the ever-increasing availability of genomic tools, now it is more probable than ever to simultaneously fill such gaps. Current knowledge and growing awareness on honey bee diversity in Turkey let us progress into a more systematic utilization of this resource through development of climate-conscious models. Here we provide a framework that takes genomic diversity into account for assessing and monitoring various aspects of species’ response to climate change which can potentially lead to drastic impacts.

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Host-seeking behavior and hourly biting rhythm of vectors in malaria endemic district of Arba Minch area, Southwest Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.2.20364/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Melkam Abiye Zeru ◽

Simon Shibru ◽

Fekadu Massebo

Keyword(s):

Malaria Vector ◽

Negative Binomial ◽

Malaria Vectors ◽

Malaria Vector Control ◽

Southwest Ethiopia ◽

Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽

Host Seeking ◽

Human Landing ◽

Seeking Behavior ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background The early and outdoor biting behaviors of malaria vectors are among the key challenges in malaria control. Hence, understanding the host-seeking behavior and the peak biting time of malaria vectors is important in malaria vector control programs. This study assessed the host-seeking behavior and hourly biting activity of malaria mosquitoes in Chano Mille village in Arba Minch district, southwest Ethiopia. Methods The first trial was done by keeping cattle together with human that collects the entered mosquitoes in tent, while the other was done by keeping cattle outside a 1 m distance from human collector inside a tent. In both trials, mosquito collation was done inside tents baited by cattle and human using human landing catches (HLC) techniques. Four human volunteers’ were recruited and trained to collect mosquitoes in the four tents from 18:00-24:00 for three months. Two tents were selected randomly for human alone and two for cattle baited collections in the first night and then rotated to minimize the variation due to location of tents and collectors skill. The tent trial was done close to the shore of the Lake Abaya to minimize the interference of other animals on mosquito movement. The peak biting hour of malaria vectors was assessed within a Chano village from 18:00-6:00. Mosquito collation was done both indoor and outdoor by HLC. Morphological speciation of Anopheles mosquitoes was done. The sporozoite infectivity status of Anopheles pharoensis was examined using enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay technique. The data was analyzed using a Generalized Estimating Equations with a negative binomial distribution. Results An. pharoensis, An. gambiae complex and An. tenebrosus were the three species documented during the trial. Keeping cattle together with human collector inside the tent attracted 42% ( P < 0.001) more An. pharoensis compared to human alone tent. Also, keeping cattle outside near to a tent with human at 1 m distance, attracted the entering An. pharoensis into the tent inside with human by 46% ( P = 0.002) than human in a tent with no cattle outside the same tent. The impact was not significant for An. gambiae complex and An. tenebrosus. Anopheles pharoensis and An. gambiae complex showed early night biting activity with peak biting from 19.00-20:00 which was significant for both An. gambiae complex ( P < 0.001) and An. pharoensis ( P = 0.015). Anopheles gambiae complex was mainly biting humans outdoor in the village. Conclusions Finally, keeping cattle within and close to human dwellings could increase malaria vectors bite exposure particularly to the zoophilic malaria vector An. pharoensis and, hence deployment of cattle far from human residence could be recommended to reduce the human exposure. The outdoor and early hours biting behavior of the An. gambiae complex could be a threat for success of current indoor based interventions and hence, tools could be designed to reduce this threat.

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