scholarly journals Field and Laboratory Studies on the Ecology, Reproduction, and Adult Diapause of the Asian Comma Butterfly, Polygonia c-aureum L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Insects ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Hiroyoshi ◽  
Gadi Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Age ◽  
Testis Size ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Adult Diapause ◽  
Accessory Glands ◽  
Virgin Male ◽  
Eupyrene Sperm ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Male Butterflies

Adult diapause and reproduction of a nymphalid butterfly, Polygonia c-aureum L., were investigated in field and laboratory examinations. Laboratory studies showed that old virgin male butterflies of non-diapausing generations had heavy accessory glands and simplex, which were suppressed in diapausing generations. The number of eupyrene sperm bundles in the duplex increased with adult age, whereas testis size decreased with age. Field examinations indicated that reproductive development of both sexes of diapausing generations in autumn was suppressed, and developed in spring. We attempted to estimate the physiological age of wild-caught males, as adult male age can be estimated from the testis size. We also attempted to determine whether or not wild male butterflies had mated from the development of the accessory glands and simplex, as well as the number of eupyrene sperm bundles in the duplex, by comparing unmated males with mated males. Field examinations suggest that almost all females in a population of non-diapausing generations mated and showed a tendency toward polyandry, while in the diapausing generation, in spring, monoandry rather than polyandry predominated. This suggests a different mating strategy between non-diapausing and diapausing generations.

The Thoracic Glands of Hemiptera Heteroptera

1954 ◽  
Vol s3-95 (30) ◽  
pp. 231-244
Author(s):  
M. J. WELLS
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Nerve Supply ◽  
Accessory Glands ◽  
Dysdercus Cingulatus ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Gland System

The thoracic glands of the pyrrhocorid Dysdercus cingulatus are described. They originate in the second maxillary segment and grow backwards with the salivary gland system. During post-embryonic development the gland nuclei increase in size but not in numbers. In each instar they enlarge, discharge their secretion, and shrink. The thoracic glands of ten other Heteroptera from eight families are described. All consist of large granular nuclei with little surrounding cytoplasm, most commonly arranged as a pair of elongated ductless glands lying parallel to the salivary ducts and attached distally to either the principal or the accessory glands. The thoracic glands are well supplied with tracheoles, but unlike other insects in which corresponding organs have been described, do not appear to have a nerve supply. The number of nuclei in each gland is surprisingly constant, being about 300 in almost all the species examined, the volume of the gland being greater in the larger insects by increase in the size of individual nuclei. The glands disappear very rapidly after the last moult.

scholarly journals SOME RESULTS OF RESEARCH WORK ON PREVENTION OF ECHINOCOCCOSIS IN KYRGYZSTAN

2020 ◽  
pp. 428-431
Author(s):  
Tursunov ◽  
Isaev ◽  
Ibragimova
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Almost All

The Kyrgyz Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine is a co-executor of the Strategy for the Echinococcosis Control (2013–2018) and monitored dogs epizootological examinations after preventive treatment with azinox. Laboratory studies of biomaterials (feces) for infection with helminths were carried out along with the traditional coprological method, a more sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results of laboratory studies of fecal samples from dogs showed that the activities of the "Strategy for the Control of Echinococcosis in the Kyrgyz Republic", including the treatment of dogs with azinox, gave positive outcomes. From 2014 to 2018 2260 feces samples from deworming dogs from almost all regions of Kyrgyzstan were examined. At the same time, the infection of dogs with taeniidae is steadily decreasing; it has also been noted that the main joints of parasitocenosis in dogs are taeniidae, toxocaras, mesocestoids, and eimeria. In the studies conducted on the infection of dogs with taeniidae, the coprological and more sensitive ELISA method was used. Using both helminthological studies, a decrease in the invasion of dogs by taeniidae was confirmed. Thus, in the period from 2014 (the beginning of the Strategy) to 2018, the average invasion of dogs was reduced from 20.2 to 14.3%.

Diapause in Tarnished Plant Bug (Heteroptera: Miridae): Simulated Seasonal Occurrence in a Mississippi Population

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric J. Villavaso ◽  
Gordon L. Snodgrass
Keyword(s):  
Fat Body ◽  
Diapause Induction ◽  
Seasonal Occurrence ◽  
Lygus Lineolaris ◽  
Tarnished Plant Bug ◽  
Accessory Glands ◽  
Almost All

The incidence of diapause was determined in adult tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), reared in environmental cabinets that simulated daily field photoperiods occurring at Starkville, MS, during every month of the year. Temperature was held constant at 26.7°C. Photoperiod played a major role in diapause induction. Most nymphs (77.6 to 100%) hatching between 15 September and 15 February, about half of nymphs hatching in early March or early September, and few nymphs hatching between 15 March and 15 August (1.8 to 10.3%) developed into diapausing adults. Thus, early March and early September are transitional periods during which about half of newly-hatched nymphs will develop into diapausing adults. Between those periods, almost all bugs were reproductive, and outside of them, almost all were in diapause. Hypertrophied fat body coupled with underdeveloped accessory glands were used to classify male diapause, and hypertrophied fat body coupled with lack of mature eggs were used to classify female diapause.

Male accessory secretions, their use and replenishment in Glossina (Diptera, Glossinidae)

1974 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Pollock
Keyword(s):  
Accessory Gland ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Mating Frequency ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Male Accessory Glands ◽  
Glossina Austeni ◽  
Accessory Glands ◽  
Virgin Male ◽  
Saline Medium

AbstractThe male accessory glands of Glossina austeni Newst. contain an apical secretion—a dense, opaque, whitish secretion at the apical end of the gland, and a diffuse secretion—a bulkier, more mobile, translucent, whitish secretion occupying nearly all the remainder of the gland. There is also a plug of clear solidified accessory material preventing the outflow of secretions from the resting gland. By immersing the whole accessory gland in a saline medium at pH 2·2, and then transferring the specimen to distilled water, the apical secretion can be separated manually from the rest of the gland, as an apical body. Measurements of the apical body in virgin male flies show that the apical body increases in width according to the equation: Age ≐ constant Χ width 2.5, but individual deviations from this relation were considerable. Immediately after mating the apical body is long and thin; recovery to approximately the resting condition is complete after 48 h, but, on average, mated males have thinner apical bodies than virgin males of the same age. The use of apical secretion measurements to assess mating frequency under field conditions might be possible if adequate samples of males were available.

DIAPAUSE INDUCTION IN THE HORN FLY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)

1994 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 949-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.J. Lysyk ◽  
R.D. Moon
Keyword(s):  
Diapause Induction ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Average Sensitivity ◽  
Haematobia Irritans ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Immature Development ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Horn Flies

AbstractLaboratory studies of diapause induction in the horn fly Haematobia irritans irritans (L.) indicated that the incidence of diapause was unrelated to daylength or the number of day–night cycles. Transfer experiments were conducted to estimate the beginning and end of diapause sensitivity and the required number of days for diapause induction. On average, sensitivity was between the ages 0.10 and 0.82 on a physiological age scale of immature development. The number of days required for 50% diapause was estimated as 19.1 days. A model was developed relating the proportion of insects in diapause to the number of days spent in the interval 0.10–0.82. Additional experiments revealed that diapause in the puparia was related to the mean temperatures experienced by immatures during the interval of sensitivity. An equation relating the proportion in diapause to temperature was also developed and compared with the required day number model. Both models provided similar estimates of the proportion of horn flies entering diapause.

scholarly journals Young Adults and Aggression: A Comparative Study of Gender Differences

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahida Shaban ◽  
Dr. Pardeep Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
General Notion ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
High Aggression ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Almost All

Aggression or anger is an emotion felt by almost all of us in daily life. But in young adult age especially in student’s life this emotion can be very harmful if not managed properly. The current study investigates the level and gender differences in aggression by involving 100 participants (N = 100, 50 Males & 50 Females) from Lovely Professional University, Punjab. The age of the participants range from 18 to 25 (Mean = 22.44) years. The Aggression Scale has been used over a period of two months to collect data from both the genders. The results of the study present some interesting figures suggesting that female participants experience high aggression (30%) in comparison to male participants (22%). The results also suggest that overall 26% participants experience high aggression indicating that one fourth of the participants are on the higher side of aggression. Further, the results also indicate that though the percentage of female participants is high on aggression, but they do not differ significantly (t = -.568, p > .05) to their male counterparts on aggression. The results also differ from the general notion that males are aggressive than females. The results suggest that currently the pattern of aggression is changing and, in modern times, both males and females experience almost equal aggression.

scholarly journals Pupal Cues Increase Sperm Production but Not Testis Size in an Insect

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junyan Liu ◽  
Xiong Z He ◽  
Xia-Lin Zheng ◽  
Yujing Zhang ◽  
Qiao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Testis Size ◽  
Sperm Production ◽  
Sperm Competition Risk ◽  
Apyrene Sperm ◽  
Eupyrene Sperm ◽  
Fine Tune

Theoretic and empirical studies show that social surroundings experienced by male insects during their larval or adult stage can influence their testicular investment in diverse ways. Although insect pupae do not feed and crawl, they can communicate using sex-specific and/or non-sex specific cues. Yet, it is unknown, in any insect, whether and how male pupae can fine-tune their resource allocation to sperm production and testis size in response to socio-sexual environment. We investigated this question using a moth, Ephestia kuehniella, which produces fertile eupyrene sperm and unfertile apyrene sperm. We held male pupae individually or in groups with different sex ratios, and dissected adults upon eclosion, measured their testis size, and counted both types of sperm. We demonstrated that after exposure to conspecific pupal cues regardless of sex, male pupae increased production of eupyrenes and apyrenes at the same rate but kept testis size unchanged. We suggest that testis size is fixed after pupation because most morphological traits are formed during the larval stage, allowing little room for pupae to adjust testis size. Like adults, male pupae with fully grown testes have sufficient resources to produce more sperm of both types according to the perceived increase of sperm competition risk.

scholarly journals PENGGUNAAN BIOCHAR DAN MOL BONGGOL PISANG UNTUK PERBAIKAN KUALITAS BIBIT TANAMAN PISANG (Musa paradisiaca L).

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Yohana Merci Belit ◽  
Amir Hamzah ◽  
Reza Dwi Julianto Prakoso
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Combination Treatment ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Musa Paradisiaca ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Alternative Solutions ◽  
Banana Crop

ABSTRAKSelama ini petani menanam pisang hanya mengandalkan bibit dari anakan yang tumbuh dari pangkal pisang. Dampaknya produk pisang selalu tidak optimal. Permasalahan ini merupakan masalah serius, sehingga perlu dicari alternative solusi. Salah satusolusi yang dapat memperkecil permasalahan bibit pisang adalah dengan menggunakan biochar dan Mikro Organisme Lokal (MOL) dari bonggol pisang. Kedua bahan ini merupakn potensi sumberdaya alam yang selama ini masih belum banyak dimanfaatkan untuk memperbaiki mutu bibit pisang. Kombinasi biochar dan MOL bonggol pisang diharapkan mampu menghasilkan bibit tanaman pisang yang berkualitas baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan dosis biochar dan MOL bonggol pisang yang tepat untuk pembibitan pisang. Hasil analisis sidik ragam menunjukkan tidak adanya perbedaan yang siginifikan pada kombinasi perlakuan pemberian biochar dan MOL bonggol pisang (B) dengan umur anakan bonggol pisang (P) pada semua parameter pengamatan. Perlakuan anakan bonggol pisang terbaik terdapat pada perlakuan anakan bonggol umur dewasa (P2) karena berpengaruh hampir pada semua parameter yang diamati. Perlakuan pemberian biochar dan MOL bonggol pisang (B) pada semua parameter tidak berbeda nyata, namun secara terpisah perlakuan pemberian tanah + MOL 200 cc/L.air (B5) menunjukan perbedaan pertumbuhan yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lainABSTRACTDuring this time farmers planted bananas only relying on seedlings from saplings growing from the base of bananas. The impact of banana products is always not optimal. This issue is a serious problem, so it needs to look for alternative solutions. One of the solution that can minimize the problem of banana seedlings is to use biochar and local micro organism (MOL) from banana excrescence. These two materials are the potential of natural resources that have not been widely utilized to improve the quality of banana seedlings. Combination of biochar and MOL banana excrescence are expected to produce good quality banana crop seeds. This research aims to obtain a dose of biochar and MOL proper of banana excrescence for breeding bananas. The results analysis of variance showed that the combination treatment of biochar and MOL Banana excrescence (B) not significantly affect  to the Age of banana seedlings (P) on all observation parameters. The best banana seedlings treatment is found in the treatment of Adult age (P2) saplings because it affects almost all the observed parameters. The treatment of biochar and MOL of Banana excrescence (B) on all parameters are not significantly different, but separately the soil + MOL 200 cc/L. (B5) shows a better in growth compared to other treatments

The dominant white spotting oncogene allele Kit(W-42J) exacerbates XY(DOM) sex reversal

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (11) ◽  
pp. 3597-3605
Author(s):  
C.M. Nagamine ◽  
C. Carlisle
Keyword(s):  
Inbred Strain ◽  
Point Mutation ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Sex Reversal ◽  
Testis Size ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Testis Differentiation ◽  
Testis Determination ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Almost All

The Y chromosome from certain populations of M. m. domesticus is incapable of normal testis determination in the B6 inbred strain resulting in XY hermaphrodites or XY females (XY(DOM) sex reversal). B6 consomic strains have been developed with either transient (B6-Y(AKR)) or severe (B6-Y(TIR)) XY(DOM) sex reversal. We report that a point mutation, the dominant white spotting oncogene allele, Kit(W-42J), exacerbates XY(DOM) sex reversal. In B6-Y(AKR), penetrance of the trait is low; however, in B6-Y(TIR), Kit(W-42J) exacerbated sex reversal to such an extent that almost all XY progeny developed into females. The exacerbation of sex reversal was not linked to retardation of early fetal growth or reduction of testis size. Furthermore, semiquantitative RT-PCR for the testis-determining gene, Sry, suggests that exacerbation of sex reversal in B6-Y(TIR) is not due to blockade of Sry expression, a substantial delay in initiation of Sry expression, or exceptionally low levels of Sry mRNAs. We propose that Kit(W-42J) enhances sex reversal by adversely affecting a critical step in testis differentiation that is downstream of Sry.

Experimental Evidence Supporting an Obligate Adult Diapause for Spruce Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from British Columbia

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-103
Author(s):  
K P Bleiker ◽  
T Willsey
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cold Period ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Emergence Period ◽  
Adult Diapause ◽  
Spruce Beetle ◽  
Developmental Rates ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Developmental Responses

Abstract Insects respond to environmental conditions with a variety of developmental responses which include changing developmental rates, or suppressing development altogether in quiescence or diapause. Such responses have important implications for survival and voltinism. The spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), has long been assumed to have an obligatory adult diapause based on field observations that adults always overwinter prior to dispersing and reproducing; however, it has never been experimentally demonstrated and recent evidence suggests that adults in some populations may exhibit facultative tendencies. We examined the emergence of adults at a constant 22°C after exposure to 2°C for 0 (no cold), 25, 50, and 75 d. Our observations of a delayed and extremely protracted emergence period in the absence of a substantive cold period, which could last several months, in combination with rapid, synchronous mass emergence after a substantive cold period, are most consistent with an obligate diapause. Approximately 50% of individuals could complete diapause in 55 d at 2°C, and 75 d of cold was adequate for almost all individuals to complete diapause. Beetles that emerged slowly over time may still have been in diapause; however, additional research would be required to test this hypothesis. Conditions throughout the beetle’s range in Canada should facilitate successful completion of diapause. An obligate adult diapause for spruce beetle populations in western Canada would limit the shortest possible life cycle to 1 yr, but would also serve to maintain an adaptive 1-yr life cycle, especially under a changing climate.

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