scholarly journals Achieving Ethical Algorithmic Behaviour in the Internet of Things: A Review

IoT ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-426
Author(s):  
Seng W. Loke
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Code Of Ethics ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Ethical Behaviour ◽  
Autonomous Action ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The Internet of Things is emerging as a vast, inter-connected space of devices and things surrounding people, many of which are increasingly capable of autonomous action, from automatically sending data to cloud servers for analysis, changing the behaviour of smart objects, to changing the physical environment. A wide range of ethical concerns has arisen in their usage and development in recent years. Such concerns are exacerbated by the increasing autonomy given to connected things. This paper reviews, via examples, the landscape of ethical issues, and some recent approaches to address these issues concerning connected things behaving autonomously as part of the Internet of Things. We consider ethical issues in relation to device operations and accompanying algorithms. Examples of concerns include unsecured consumer devices, data collection with health-related Internet of Things, hackable vehicles, behaviour of autonomous vehicles in dilemma situations, accountability with Internet of Things systems, algorithmic bias, uncontrolled cooperation among things, and automation affecting user choice and control. Current ideas towards addressing a range of ethical concerns are reviewed and compared, including programming ethical behaviour, white-box algorithms, black-box validation, algorithmic social contracts, enveloping IoT systems, and guidelines and code of ethics for IoT developers; a suggestion from the analysis is that a multi-pronged approach could be useful based on the context of operation and deployment.

scholarly journals Problems of Powering End Devices in Wireless Networks of the Internet of Things

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2417
Author(s):  
Andrzej Michalski ◽  
Zbigniew Watral
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Radio Frequency Identification ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Alternative Possibilities ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Internet Of Things

This article presents the problems of powering wireless sensor networks operating in the structures of the Internet of Things (IoT). This issue was discussed on the example of a universal end node in IoT technology containing RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags. The basic methods of signal transmission in these types of networks are discussed and their impact on the basic requirements such as range, transmission speed, low energy consumption, and the maximum number of devices that can simultaneously operate in the network. The issue of low power consumption of devices used in IoT solutions is one of the main research objects. The analysis of possible communication protocols has shown that there is a possibility of effective optimization in this area. The wide range of power sources available on the market, used in nodes of wireless sensor networks, was compared. The alternative possibilities of powering the network nodes from Energy Harvesting (EH) generators are presented.

Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, and the Internet of Things in Cross-Border E-Commerce

2021 ◽  
pp. 257-272
Author(s):  
Aboobucker Ilmudeen
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Economic Globalization ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Technological Revolution ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Today, the terms big data, artificial intelligence, and internet of things (IoT) are many-fold as these are linked with various applications, technologies, eco-systems, and services in the business domain. The recent industrial and technological revolution have become popular ever before, and the cross-border e-commerce activities are emerging very rapidly. As a result, it supports to the growth of economic globalization that has strategic importance for the advancement of e-commerce activities across the globe. In the business industry, the wide range applications of technologies like big data, artificial intelligence, and internet of things in cross-border e-commerce have grown exponential. This chapter systematically reviews the role of big data, artificial intelligence, and IoT in cross-border e-commerce and proposes a conceptually-designed smart-integrated cross-border e-commerce platform.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation and Validation of QCM (Query Control Mechanism) for QoS-Enabled Layered-Based Clustering for Reactive Flooding in the Internet of Things

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Fawad Ali Khan ◽  
Rafidah Md Noor ◽  
Miss Laiha Mat Kiah ◽  
Ismail Ahmedy ◽  
Mohd Yamani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Network Flooding

Internet of Things (IoT) facilitates a wide range of applications through sensor-based connected devices that require bandwidth and other network resources. Enhancement of efficient utilization of a heterogeneous IoT network is an open optimization problem that is mostly suffered by network flooding. Redundant, unwanted, and flooded queries are major causes of inefficient utilization of resources. Several query control mechanisms in the literature claimed to cater to the issues related to bandwidth, cost, and Quality of Service (QoS). This research article presented a statistical performance evaluation of different query control mechanisms that addressed minimization of energy consumption, energy cost and network flooding. Specifically, it evaluated the performance measure of Query Control Mechanism (QCM) for QoS-enabled layered-based clustering for reactive flooding in the Internet of Things. By statistical means, this study inferred the significant achievement of the QCM algorithm that outperformed the prevailing algorithms, i.e., Divide-and-Conquer (DnC), Service Level Agreements (SLA), and Hybrid Energy-aware Clustering Protocol for IoT (Hy-IoT) for identification and elimination of redundant flooding queries. The inferential analysis for performance evaluation of algorithms was measured in terms of three scenarios, i.e., energy consumption, delays and throughput with different intervals of traffic, malicious mote and malicious mote with realistic condition. It is evident from the results that the QCM algorithm outperforms the existing algorithms and the statistical probability value “P” < 0.05 indicates the performance of QCM is significant at the 95% confidence interval. Hence, it could be inferred from findings that the performance of the QCM algorithm was substantial as compared to that of other algorithms.

Construction Security Architecture of the Internet of Things Based on IPv6 Technology

2013 ◽  
Vol 760-762 ◽  
pp. 1936-1941
Author(s):  
Guo Fang Kuang ◽  
Chun Lin Kuang
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Mobile Ipv6 ◽  
Security Policies ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Security Architecture ◽  
Address Space ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Ipv6 Address ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Internet Of Things

IPv6 has huge address space, while 128 bit IPv6 address is divided into two parts, namely the address prefix and the interface address. IPv6 provides a wide range of security policies for Internet of Things safety system. The security of the Internet of Things applications interface IPv6 address can be used to identify the node. This paper proposes construction security architecture of the Internet of Things based on IPv6 technology. In the allocation of the state address safety issues and mobile IPv6 binding buffer security update issues, are able to meet the security needs of the Internet of Things.

scholarly journals Assessing risks and threats with layered approach to Internet of Things security

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 338-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Aydos ◽  
Yılmaz Vural ◽  
Adem Tekerek
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Security Model ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Next Generation Internet ◽  
Critical Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Internet of Things is the next-generation Internet network created by intelligent objects with software and sensors, employed in a wide range of fields such as automotive, construction, health, textile, education and transportation. With the advent of Industry 4.0, Internet of Things has been started to be used and it has led to the emergence of innovative business models. The processing and production capabilities of Internet of Things objects in hidden and critical data provide great advantages for the next generation of Internet. However, the integrated features of Internet of Things objects cause vulnerabilities in terms of security, making them the target of cyber threats. In this study, a security model which offers an integrated risk-based Internet of Things security approach for the Internet of Things vulnerabilities while providing detailed information about Internet of Things and the types of attacks targeting Internet of Things is proposed. In addition, in this study, the vulnerabilities of Internet of Things were explained by classifying attack types threatening the physical layer, network layer, data processing layer and application layer. Moreover, the risk-based security model has been proposed by examining the vulnerabilities and threats of smart objects that generate the Internet of Things. The proposed Internet of Things model is a holistic security model that separately evaluates the Internet of Things layers against vulnerabilities and threats based on the risk-level approach.

The Internet of Places at Community-Scale

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Carroll ◽  
Patrick C. Shih ◽  
Jess Kropczynski ◽  
Guoray Cai ◽  
Mary Beth Rosson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Physical World ◽  
The Internet ◽  
User Research ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Previous Design ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The Internet of Things integrates entities of the physical world by making them addressable through the Internet, and making the Internet accessible through physical objects. We draw on our own previous design research in community informatics to explore a critical elaboration of the Internet of Things: The Internet of Places (IoP). IoP seeks to support awareness, engagement, and interaction pertaining to individual and collective human experiences, meaning making, activity, intentions, and values by computationally leveraging and integrating a wide range of human data with places to which those data refer. We describe design scenarios, prototypes, and user research at the scale of local community. We identify a critical alternative for humankind of hyperlocal community, enabling greater citizen awareness, engagement, participation, and power. We suggest that the Internet of Places at community-scale is the next generation infrastructure for community networks in the 40-year tradition of the Berkeley Community Memory.

The Internet of Things and Dual Layers of Ethical Concern

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Henschke
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Physical Layer ◽  
Ethical Concern ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Moral Pluralism ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The internet of things (IoT), where objects can communicate with each other in a way that affects the physical world, will likely have a great impact on people and society at large. Like a massively distributed set of robots, its effects will be felt on both physical and information realms. After describing key elements of the IoT, this chapter summarizes major ethical concerns. For the physical layer, the primary ethical concerns center on safety, while the informational layer’s primary concerns are about controlling information. Given the two layers’ distinct ethical concerns, we face a problem of moral pluralism—which of these layers should take priority? Recognizing this pluralism, the chapter argues that designers, policymakers, and users not only must not pay attention to both layers, but may also have to prioritize one layer over the other.

scholarly journals FTSMAC: A Multi-Channel Hybrid Reader Collision Avoidance Protocol for RFID Network

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Rachid Mafamane ◽  
Asmae Ait Mansour ◽  
Mourad Ouadou ◽  
Khalid Minaoui
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Collision Avoidance ◽  
Radio Frequency Identification ◽  
Stable State ◽  
High Density ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Mac Layer ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Frequency Identification ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Due to the emergence of the Internet of Things, the need for effective identification and traceability has increased. Radio-frequency identification (RFID), a simple and cheap approach for gathering information, has therefore drawn the attention of research communities. However, this system suffers from problems caused by high density, such as collisions and duplication. Thus, the deployment of RFID is more effective in a dense environment where it may improve overage and delays. A wide range of solutions have been proposed; however, the majority of these are based on the application context. In this paper, we propose a general MAC layer protocol FTSMAC (Frequency Time Scheme MAC) in which the spectrum frequency is efficiently used by dividing the signal into different time slots via a messaging mechanism used by RFID readers. This limits the collisions in high-density RFID deployment that affect the performance of the system. Thus, our solution allows the communication system to converge to a stable state within a convenient time.

scholarly journals Optimizing Hybrid Metaheuristic Algorithm with Cluster Head to Improve Performance Metrics on the IoT

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malik bader alazzam ◽  
Fawaz Alassery
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Whale Optimization ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) has subsequently been applied to a variety of sectors, including smart grids, farming, weather prediction, power generation, wastewater treatment, and so on. So if the Internet of Things has enormous promise in a wide range of applications, there still are certain areas where it may be improved. Designers had focused our present research on reducing the energy consumption of devices in IoT networks, which will result in a longer network lifetime. The far more suitable Cluster Head (CH) throughout the IoT system is determined in this study to optimize energy consumption. Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) with Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) is indeed a mixed meta-heuristic algorithm used during the suggested study. Various quantifiable metrics, including the variety of adult nodes, workload, temperatures, remaining energy, and a target value, were utilized IoT network groups. The suggested method then is contrasted to several cutting-edge optimization techniques, including the Artificial Bee Colony method, Neural Network, Adapted Gravity Simulated annealing. The findings show that the suggested hybrid method outperforms conventional methods.

scholarly journals IOT - LIVESTOCK MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Ophir Isaac
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Business Process ◽  
Management System ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Use Case ◽  
Informational Model ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The intention of this research is to establish a platform or livestock monitoring and management system. The IOT framework provides IOT solutions in a wide range of domains and applications in farming, livestock, and agricultural front. The technology stack is based on the Internet of Things (IOT) with relevant sensors available to determine the dairy monitoring system to be placed on the animal. This document provides Use Cases (UC) of the domain, and performs evaluations in different conditions which are close to real-time scenarios and operational ones. With the IOT stack, with appropriate sensors for determining geographical boundaries, assets, interoperability, re-usability and functionality, the technical use-case is described in terms of entity/informational model, deployment view, functional view, business process hierarchy. This document provides detailed analysis of the flow of data and its interactions.

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