scholarly journals Potential Roles of Modified Pectin Targeting Galectin-3 against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2

J ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 824-837
Author(s):  
Frederick Odun-Ayo ◽  
Lalini Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Galectin 3 ◽  
Clinical Models ◽  
Therapeutic Properties ◽  
Associated Function ◽  
Multiple Variants

Modified pectin (MP) is a bioactive complex polysaccharide that is broken down into smaller fragments of units and used as an oral dietary supplement for cell proliferation. MP is safe and non-toxic with promising therapeutic properties with regard to targeting galectin-3 (GAL-3) toward the prevention and inhibition of viral infections through the modulation of the immune response and anti-inflammatory cytokine effects. This effect of MP as a GAL-3 antagonism, which has shown benefits in preclinical and clinical models, may be of relevance to the progression of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in coronavirus disease 2019 patients. The outbreak of emerging infectious diseases continues to pose a threat to human health. Further to the circulation of multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2, an effective and alternative therapeutic approach to combat it has become pertinent. The use of MP as a GAL-3 inhibitor could serve as an antiviral agent blocking against the SARS-CoV-2-binding spike protein. This review highlights the potential effects of MP in viral infections, its proposed role as a GAL-3 inhibitor, and the associated function concerning a SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Favipiravir and the Need for Early Ambulatory Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Advanced Practice ◽  
Ambulatory Treatment ◽  
Nasal Secretions ◽  
Polymerase Inhibitor ◽  
Multiple Drugs

ABSTRACT It is becoming increasingly clear that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), like most human viral infections, will require multiple drugs in combination to treat COVID-19 illness. In this issue of the Journal, Doi and colleagues describe successful treatment of patients with early COVID-19 with favipiravir, an oral polymerase inhibitor, to rapidly and substantially clear SARS-CoV-2 from nasal secretions irrespective if it was started relatively early or later within the first week of infection. These data support the concept that favipiravir could be paired with at least one more off-target antiviral agent (doxycycline, azithromycin, or ivermectin) followed by corticosteroids and antithrombotics to prevent COVID-19 hospitalization and death in those over age 50 and/or those with one or more comorbidities. Clinical trials and advanced practice should immediately pivot to combination/sequential drug therapy for ambulatory COVID-19 illness.

scholarly journals COVID-19: when, along with aging, sex matters

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Boccardi ◽  
Patrizia Mecocci
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Patient Groups

Older persons are more susceptible to infection due to the age-related immunologic changes and the state of constitutive lowgrade inflammation. The rate of complications from the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its related coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is significantly higher in the elderly, with men as the most affected. It is known that women, in general, are less susceptible to viral infections complications thanks to three main differences in sex chromosomes, innate immunity, and steroid hormones. COVID-19 epidemiology in Italy further support that older women, even if frailer, may experience lower mortality than men, which extends the ‘male-female health-survival paradox’ to acutely ill patient groups.

Oxidative stress and inflammation in COVID-19 pathogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir G. Kukes ◽  
Olga K. Parfenova ◽  
Nikita G. Sidorov ◽  
Yuri V. Olefir ◽  
Albina А. Gazdanova
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Blood Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections

This study discusses the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in the development of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated with COVID-19 caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. An analysis of the literature revealed that the development of respiratory viral infections, including COVID-19, is usually accompanied by the accumulation of acidic metabolic products in the blood and tissues and, accordingly, oxidative stress and increased levels of cytokines. In this regard, it seems appropriate to use the second-generation low-toxic antioxidant Ethoxidol, manufactured in Russia, which reduces the intensity of inflammation, and also improves blood oxygen saturation.

scholarly journals Role of Vyadhikshamatva (Immunity) in COVID19

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayur D. Patel ◽  
Archana Gharge
Keyword(s):  
Supportive Care ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
The World ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Objective: The world was confronted with an illness 'COVID-19', caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-cov-2. This novel coronavirus is highly contagious and in just a few months has become a serious threat to human health all over the world. The mainstay in the management of corona viral infections has been supportive care, nutrition, and preventing secondary infections in the absence of any antiviral agent or vaccine. The best way of preventing COVID-19 infection is by enhancing an individual's body immunity. Hence the main objective of this study is to bring forward to the concept of immunity in Ayurveda for preventing COVID-19.  Data Source: Different Ayurvedic Samhitas and textbooks, modern medical books, research papers in different journals and internet sources were referred to understand the concept of ojas, immunity and COVID-19 Review Methods: To compile the available literature on immunity and COVID-19. To compile the importance of ojas and vyadhikshamatva. To compile the importance of the Ayurvedic concept of immunity in the prevention of COVID-19.  Results and Conclusion: The best way of preventing COVID-19 infection is by enhancing an individual's body immunity. Ojas is considered responsible for Vyadhikshamatva (immunity). An adequate exposition of the concept of ojas concerning immunity is essential during this COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and emerging viral infections: The case for interferon lambda

2020 ◽  
Vol 217 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmila Prokunina-Olsson ◽  
Noémie Alphonse ◽  
Ruth E. Dickenson ◽  
Joan E. Durbin ◽  
Jeffrey S. Glenn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Interferon Lambda

With the first reports on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the scientific community working in the field of type III IFNs (IFN-λ) realized that this class of IFNs could play an important role in this and other emerging viral infections. In this Viewpoint, we present our opinion on the benefits and potential limitations of using IFN-λ to prevent, limit, and treat these dangerous viral infections.

scholarly journals Comment on “Optimal Nutritional Status for a Well-Functioning Immune System Is an Important Factor to Protect against Viral Infections. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1181”

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2321
Author(s):  
Alexandros Tsoupras ◽  
Ioannis Zabetakis
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has engulfed the world since December 2019 [...]

scholarly journals A REVIEW ON THE ANTIPARASITIC DRUG IVERMECTIN FOR VARIOUS VIRAL INFECTIONS AND POSSIBILITIES OF USING IT FOR NOVEL SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS 2: NEW HOPE TO TREAT CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-2019

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
TALHA JABEEN ◽  
MOHD ABDUL KHADER ◽  
SHAYESTHA JABEEN
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Antiparasitic Drug ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The novel coronavirus infection has spread all over the world. With no specific drug or vaccine, the process of “drug repurposing” becomes a feasible solution. As severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has 80% sequence similarity with the SARS-CoV, the nuclear import inhibitor “Ivermectin” (IVM) has recently been studied as a possible treatment option for coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The article aims to provide a review on structure and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2, indications of IVM for viral diseases, its possible mechanism on COVID-19 with a brief discussion on IVM structure, pharmacokinetics, adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, and contraindications. Further, we made possible comparisons of IVM with solidarity trial drugs and analyzed its major advantages, limitations and gave necessary recommendations for its use in future in vivo studies in the treatment of COVID-19.

Bats as the reservoir for outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (45) ◽  
Author(s):  
C J Williams
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Natural Reservoir

A study from China has provided evidence that bats may be the natural reservoir for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)

Highlighting the Correlation Between Telomere Shortening and the Susceptibility to the Novel SARS-CoV-2 Virus (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aml Ghanem
Keyword(s):  
Telomere Length ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Telomere Shortening ◽  
Infection Pathways ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Demographic Distribution

COVID-19 is a global crisis that requires a deep understanding of infection pathways to facilitate the development of effective treatments and vaccines. Telomere, which is regarded as a biomarker for other respiratory viral infections, might influence the demographic distribution of COVID-19 infection and fatality rates. Viral infection can induce many cellular remodeling events and stress responses, including telomere specific alterations, just as telomere shortening. In brief, this letter aims to highlight the connection between telomere shortening and susceptibility to COVID-19 infection, in addition to changes in telomeric length according to the variation of age and gender of confirmed cases with COVID-19 infection. To sum up, the correlation is revealed from the available data that connect telomere length and COVID-19 infection, demonstrated in the fact that the elderly patients and males are more susceptible to COVID-19 due to shortening in their telomere length.

scholarly journals Influence of protein (human galectin-3) design on aspects of lectin activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 154 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel García Caballero ◽  
Donella Beckwith ◽  
Nadezhda V. Shilova ◽  
Adele Gabba ◽  
Tanja J. Kutzner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Design ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Modular Assembly ◽  
Binding Partners ◽  
Galectin 3 ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Similar Affinity

Abstract The concept of biomedical significance of the functional pairing between tissue lectins and their glycoconjugate counterreceptors has reached the mainstream of research on the flow of biological information. A major challenge now is to identify the principles of structure–activity relationships that underlie specificity of recognition and the ensuing post-binding processes. Toward this end, we focus on a distinct feature on the side of the lectin, i.e. its architecture to present the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). Working with a multifunctional human lectin, i.e. galectin-3, as model, its CRD is used in protein engineering to build variants with different modular assembly. Hereby, it becomes possible to compare activity features of the natural design, i.e. CRD attached to an N-terminal tail, with those of homo- and heterodimers and the tail-free protein. Thermodynamics of binding disaccharides proved full activity of all proteins at very similar affinity. The following glycan array testing revealed maintained preferential contact formation with N-acetyllactosamine oligomers and histo-blood group ABH epitopes irrespective of variant design. The study of carbohydrate-inhibitable binding of the test panel disclosed up to qualitative cell-type-dependent differences in sections of fixed murine epididymis and especially jejunum. By probing topological aspects of binding, the susceptibility to inhibition by a tetravalent glycocluster was markedly different for the wild-type vs the homodimeric variant proteins. The results teach the salient lesson that protein design matters: the type of CRD presentation can have a profound bearing on whether basically suited oligosaccharides, which for example tested positively in an array, will become binding partners in situ. When lectin-glycoconjugate aggregates (lattices) are formed, their structural organization will depend on this parameter. Further testing (ga)lectin variants will thus be instrumental (i) to define the full range of impact of altering protein assembly and (ii) to explain why certain types of design have been favored during the course of evolution, besides opening biomedical perspectives for potential applications of the novel galectin forms.

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