scholarly journals Favipiravir and the Need for Early Ambulatory Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Advanced Practice ◽  
Ambulatory Treatment ◽  
Nasal Secretions ◽  
Polymerase Inhibitor ◽  
Multiple Drugs

ABSTRACT It is becoming increasingly clear that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), like most human viral infections, will require multiple drugs in combination to treat COVID-19 illness. In this issue of the Journal, Doi and colleagues describe successful treatment of patients with early COVID-19 with favipiravir, an oral polymerase inhibitor, to rapidly and substantially clear SARS-CoV-2 from nasal secretions irrespective if it was started relatively early or later within the first week of infection. These data support the concept that favipiravir could be paired with at least one more off-target antiviral agent (doxycycline, azithromycin, or ivermectin) followed by corticosteroids and antithrombotics to prevent COVID-19 hospitalization and death in those over age 50 and/or those with one or more comorbidities. Clinical trials and advanced practice should immediately pivot to combination/sequential drug therapy for ambulatory COVID-19 illness.

scholarly journals Clinical Trials for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Global Guidance During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. S815-S819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Reinisch ◽  
Silvio Danese ◽  
Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet ◽  
Edward V Loftus
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Principal Investigators ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Global Guidance ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Multiple Drugs

Abstract The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]-causing coronavirus disease [COVID]-19 pandemic poses major challenges for patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] to be recruited and maintained in clinical trials. However, clinical trials offer patients who have failed multiple drugs access to study medications with alternative modes of action and the potential for relief from inflammation-mediated symptoms. Therefore, the continuation of clinical trials in IBD during the COVID-19 pandemic is important both for participants and for the community of IBD patients, due to the dire need for an expanded therapeutic armamentarium. As the safety of patients in clinical trials is the leading principle, we are providing ten specific rules to guide patients and principal investigators safely through the challenging time.

scholarly journals An Early Test-and-Treat Strategy for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua T Schiffer ◽  
Christine Johnston ◽  
Anna Wald ◽  
Lawrence Corey
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trials ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Double Blind Placebo ◽  
Antiviral Therapies ◽  
Hospitalization Rates ◽  
Lower Likelihood ◽  
Golden Opportunity

Abstract As coronavirus disease 2019 cases and deaths continue to expand globally, there is an urgent need to develop, test, and approve effective antiviral therapies. Currently, a majority of clinical trials are evaluating therapies in patients who are already hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) infection. Given that the median time between development of symptoms and need for hospitalization is 1 week, a golden opportunity to intervene early is being missed. Indeed, for many other viral infections, early treatment soon after development of symptoms is associated with decreased mortality, lower hospitalization rates, and lower likelihood of transmission to others. In this study, we advocate for randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, clinical trials to evaluate promising agents early during SARS CoV-2 infection.

Remdesivir, A Potential Drug for COVID-19 Treatment: A New Hope

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuldeep Singh ◽  
Dilpreet Singh ◽  
Karan Razdan
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Potential Drug ◽  
Regulatory Status ◽  
The World ◽  
Polymerase Inhibitor

Objective: Coronavirus Diease-2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic outbreak in the world and is the leading cause of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Methods: Currently, many drugs/therapies have been tested for COVID-19 which responded sub optimally to the patients. Remdesivir is a RNA polymerase inhibitor found promising results in ongoing clinical trials and shows faster recovery rate in COVID-19 patients. Currently, USFDA approves for emergent use of this drug in severe COVID-19 patients. Results: In this review, we discussed brief overview of biopharmaceutical and pharmacological aspects of Remdesivir. Moreover, ongoing regulatory status of Remdesivir by official bodies has also been described.

scholarly journals Potential Roles of Modified Pectin Targeting Galectin-3 against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2

J ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 824-837
Author(s):  
Frederick Odun-Ayo ◽  
Lalini Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Galectin 3 ◽  
Clinical Models ◽  
Therapeutic Properties ◽  
Associated Function ◽  
Multiple Variants

Modified pectin (MP) is a bioactive complex polysaccharide that is broken down into smaller fragments of units and used as an oral dietary supplement for cell proliferation. MP is safe and non-toxic with promising therapeutic properties with regard to targeting galectin-3 (GAL-3) toward the prevention and inhibition of viral infections through the modulation of the immune response and anti-inflammatory cytokine effects. This effect of MP as a GAL-3 antagonism, which has shown benefits in preclinical and clinical models, may be of relevance to the progression of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in coronavirus disease 2019 patients. The outbreak of emerging infectious diseases continues to pose a threat to human health. Further to the circulation of multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2, an effective and alternative therapeutic approach to combat it has become pertinent. The use of MP as a GAL-3 inhibitor could serve as an antiviral agent blocking against the SARS-CoV-2-binding spike protein. This review highlights the potential effects of MP in viral infections, its proposed role as a GAL-3 inhibitor, and the associated function concerning a SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Nigella sativa L. as a Potential Phytotherapy for COVID-19: A Mini-Review of In-silico Studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulrahman E. Koshak ◽  
Emad A. Koshak
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Preliminary Data ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Antiviral Compounds ◽  
In Silico Studies

Coronaviruses are responsible for several human diseases such as the pandemic infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) which is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). So far, there is no effective approved antiviral agent for SARS-CoV-2. Natural products, such as Nigella sativa (NS), provide a wealth of known antiviral compounds. This mini literature review was aimed to explore any published or preprint in-silico data on the binding affinity of NS compounds to SARS-CoV-2 targets. At least eight in-silico studies have shown that some compounds of NS, including Nigelledine, α- Hederin, Hederagenin, Thymohydroquinone, Thymoquinone, had high to moderate affinity with SARS-CoV-2 enzymes and proteins. These compounds might potentially inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication and attachment to host cell receptors. These preliminary data proposes NS as a potential phytotherapy candidate in clinical trials for COVID-19.

scholarly journals POTENTIAL PHYTOCONSTITUENTS FROM NATURAL PRODUCTS FOR COMBATING AGAINST CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-19 (SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS‐2) - A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-18
Author(s):  
CHANDRASEKAR R ◽  
SIVAGAMI B ◽  
SATHEESH KUMAR G
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Beings

Coronavirus called as coronavirus diseases (COVID)-19 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus [SARS‐CoV]‐2) is a viral infection which is spreading to a great extent and affecting many people worldwide, many developed and developing countries are severely affected by the virus. The World Health Organization (WHO) is taking serious preventive measures to stop this viral infection worldwide. The coronavirus is a big threat to human beings and controlling the emerging viral infections is a global concern. Antiviral drug such as Remdesivir has been approved by the FDA, but combating against these viral infections is a great challenge to scientists and researchers with the available few antiviral drugs due to severe side effects and toxicity. Many drugs such as hydroxy chloroquin, Remdesivir, and vaccines have been recommended for combating this virus. Few Polyherbal formulations and Ayurvedic formulations containing antiviral phytoconstituents have been recommended to boost the immunity. Some drugs and phytoconstituents are under different phases of human clinical trials. The currently available synthetic drugs and vaccines for the treatment of viral infections have severe side effects. Medicinal plants play a critical role in treating viral infections by developing immunity against viral diseases. Some medicinal plants which were used as antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity helped in treating various diseases and viral infections. Many plants contain flavonoids such as quercetin, luteolin, apigenin, and polyphenols such as thymoquinone, phytosteroids such as cucurbitacin and others which may likely to act as antioxidants and immunomodulatory that can fight against COVID-19. The current review provides information on phytochemical constituents present in medicinal plants, their mechanism of action, in silico molecular docking studies and human clinical trials to treat viral disorders.

scholarly journals The development of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their common features

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu Daisy Liu ◽  
Chaoyang Lian ◽  
Leng-Siew Yeap ◽  
Fei-Long Meng
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Antibody Discovery ◽  
The Common ◽  
Antibody Technology ◽  
Neutralizing Epitopes

Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a worldwide severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic since December 2019. There is a great demand for effective therapies for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Developing therapeutic neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), which could block viral infection, issuch a promising approach, as NAbs have been successfully applied to the treatment of other viral infections. The recent advances of antibody technology have greatly accelerated the discovery of SARS-CoV-2 NAbs, and many of which are now actively tested in clinical trials. Here, we review the approaches applied for SARS-CoV-2 NAb development, and discuss the emerging technologies underlining the antibody discovery. We further summarize the common features of these antibodies including the shared neutralizing epitopes and sequence features.

Antibody Therapy for the Control of Viral Diseases: An Update

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 1108-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Dibo ◽  
Eduardo C. Battocchio ◽  
Lucas M. dos Santos Souza ◽  
Matheus D. Veloso da Silva ◽  
Bruna K. Banin-Hirata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Viral Antigen ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antibody Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
The Status ◽  
Epidemiological Impact

The epidemiological impact of viral diseases, combined with the emergence and reemergence of some viruses, and the difficulties in identifying effective therapies, have encouraged several studies to develop new therapeutic strategies for viral infections. In this context, the use of immunotherapy for the treatment of viral diseases is increasing. One of the strategies of immunotherapy is the use of antibodies, particularly the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and multi-specific antibodies, which bind directly to the viral antigen and bring about activation of the immune system. With current advancements in science and technology, several such antibodies are being tested, and some are already approved and are undergoing clinical trials. The present work aims to review the status of mAb development for the treatment of viral diseases.

scholarly journals Protease Inhibitors as Antiviral Agents

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 614-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Patick ◽  
K. E. Potts
Keyword(s):  
Protease Inhibitors ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
Viral Protease ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Viral Proteases ◽  
Viral Polyprotein

SUMMARY Currently, there are a number of approved antiviral agents for use in the treatment of viral infections. However, many instances exist in which the use of a second antiviral agent would be beneficial because it would allow the option of either an alternative or a combination therapeutic approach. Accordingly, virus-encoded proteases have emerged as new targets for antiviral intervention. Molecular studies have indicated that viral proteases play a critical role in the life cycle of many viruses by effecting the cleavage of high-molecular-weight viral polyprotein precursors to yield functional products or by catalyzing the processing of the structural proteins necessary for assembly and morphogenesis of virus particles. This review summarizes some of the important general features of virus-encoded proteases and highlights new advances and/or specific challenges that are associated with the research and development of viral protease inhibitors. Specifically, the viral proteases encoded by the herpesvirus, retrovirus, hepatitis C virus, and human rhinovirus families are discussed.

scholarly journals COVID-19: Role of Nutrition and Supplementation

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 976
Author(s):  
Fiorenzo Moscatelli ◽  
Francesco Sessa ◽  
Anna Valenzano ◽  
Rita Polito ◽  
Vincenzo Monda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
The World ◽  
Diet Regimen ◽  
Specific Diet

At the end of 2019, a new coronavirus (COVID-19) appeared on the world scene, which mainly affects the respiratory system, causing pneumonia and multi-organ failure, and, although it starts with common symptoms such as shortness of breath and fever, in about 2–3% of cases it leads to death. Unfortunately, to date, no specific treatments have been found for the cure of this virus and, therefore, it is advisable to implement all possible strategies in order to prevent infection. In this context, it is important to better define the role of all behaviors, in particular nutrition, in order to establish whether these can both prevent infection and improve the outcome of the disease in patients with COVID-19. In the literature, it is widely shown that states of malnutrition, overweight, and obesity negatively affect the immune system, leading to viral infections, and several studies have shown that nutritional interventions can act as immunostimulators, helping to prevent viral infections. Even if several measures, such as the assumption of a specific diet regimen, the use of dietary supplements, and other similar interventions, are promising for the prevention, management, and recovery of COVID-19 patients, it is important to highlight that strong data from randomized clinical trials are needed to support any such assumption. Considering this particular scenario, we present a literature review addressing several important aspects related to diet and SARS-CoV-2 infection, in order to highlight the importance of diet and supplementation in prevention and management of, as well as recovery from COVID-19.

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