scholarly journals Reference Ranges of Left Ventricular Hemodynamic Forces in Healthy Adults: A Speckle-Tracking Echocardiographic Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (24) ◽  
pp. 5937
Author(s):  
Francesco Ferrara ◽  
Francesco Capuano ◽  
Rosangela Cocchia ◽  
Brigida Ranieri ◽  
Carla Contaldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Lv Function ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Hemodynamic Forces ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Echo Doppler Examination

Background: The normal limits of left ventricular (LV) hemodynamic forces (HDFs) are not exactly known. The aim of this study was to explore the full spectrum of HDF parameters in healthy subjects and determine their physiologic correlates. Methods: 269 healthy subjects were enrolled (mean age: 43 ± 14 years; 123 (45.7%) men). All participants underwent an echo-Doppler examination. Tri-plane tissue tracking from apical views was used to measure 2D global endocardial longitudinal strain (GLS), circumferential strain (GCS), and LV HDFs. HDFs were normalized with LV volume and divided by specific weight. Results: LV systolic longitudinal HDFs (%) were higher in men (20.8 ± 6.5 vs. 18.9 ± 5.6, p = 0.009; 22.0 ± 6.7 vs. 19.8 ± 5.6, p = 0.004, respectively). There was a significant correlation between GCS (increased) (r = −0.240, p < 0.001) and LV longitudinal HDFs (reduced) (r = −0.155, p = 0.01) with age. In a multivariable analysis age, BSA, pulse pressure, heart rate and GCS were the only independent variables associated with LV HDFs (β coefficient = −0.232, p < 0.001; 0.149, p = 0.003; 0.186, p < 0.001; 0.396, p < 0.001; −0.328, p < 0.001; respectively). Conclusion: We report on the physiologic range of LV HDFs. Knowledge of reference values of HDFs may prompt their implementation into clinical routine and allow a more comprehensive assessment of the LV function.

scholarly journals P737 Left ventricular hemodynamic forces: towards establishing reference values for healthy adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
F Capuano ◽  
R Cocchia ◽  
F Ferrara ◽  
S Lanero ◽  
V Russo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Disease Assessment ◽  
Lv Function ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Endocardial Contour ◽  
Hemodynamic Forces ◽  
Lv Volume

Abstract Introduction Left ventricular hemodynamic forces (LV-HDF) have been recently demonstrated to be promising markers of sub-clinical dysfunction and potential predictors of disease outcome. However, there is a lack of reference values in healthy subjects. Knowledge of physiologic ranges is mandatory towards the use of LV-HDF-based indices for disease assessment in future clinical applications. Purpose Aim of the current study is to define the normal reference values for LV-HDF parameters in a large cohort of healthy adults. Here we present preliminary results for the initial set of enrolled subjects. Methods We enrolled 82 healthy subjects [mean age 44 ± 13.2 years (range 18-88), 41 men]. All participants underwent standard transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) examination, as recommended by current guidelines, including apical two-, three- and four-chamber windows, acquired at a frame rate above 40 Hz. These were then analyzed by tri-plane tissue tracking, measuring LV volume and LV ejection fraction (EF) as reference parameters. The same tracking method was used to evaluate the global hemodynamic force by a novel mathematical calculation technique applied to the three-dimensional endocardial contour. Physical-based LV-HDF parameters were then extracted for clinical application; these included the amplitude (root mean square) of the longitudinal and transversal force components (FL and FT) and their alignment angle relative to the LV axis. Parameters were computed as average over the whole cardiac cycle as well as limited to the systolic phase. Forces were normalized with LV volume to reduce variability with LV dimension, and divided by specific weight to yield a dimensionless measure. Results Mean EF was 63 ± 9%. Whole cycle LV-HDF parameters were: FL = 16.0 ± 5.6%, FT = 2.3 ± 0.8%, with significant longitudinal alignment FT/FL = 0.15 ± 0.04, angle = 13.0°±3.1°. Systolic HDF parameters were: FL = 22.7 ± 8.2%, FT = 2.9 ± 1.1%, with longitudinal alignment FT/FL = 0.13 ± 0.04, angle = 11.2°±3.1°. Importantly, dimensionless physical-based LV-HDF parameters showed no significant variation with age, gender or BSA. Conclusions We report the physiologic range of LV-HDF parameters measured by TTE. Knowledge of age- and gender-specific reference values, for a combination of standard, mechanical and hemodynamic indices, can improve the global assessment of the LV function and may help to detect sub-clinical stages of LV dysfunction.

Abstract 5714: Influence of Body Mass Index on Early Diastolic Untwisting Velocity in Healthy Children

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine O’Reilly ◽  
Katrina Abhayaratna ◽  
Satoru Sakuragi ◽  
Richard Telford ◽  
Walter P Abhayaratna
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Lv Function ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Diastolic Relaxation ◽  
And Function

Background: Childhood obesity is increasingly prevalent in the community and is predictive of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in adulthood. We hypothesised that increased body mass index (BMI) in children has an adverse influence on left ventricular (LV) untwisting, a sensitive marker of LV function that reflects a key process in the transition between LV relaxation and suction. Methods: Cardiac structure and function were assessed by transthoracic echocardiography. LV twist mechanics were quantitated using 2-dimensional speckle tracking imaging of the LV base and apex in short axis. Univariate associations of LV untwisting velocity (Er) were evaluated using Spearman’s correlation analysis. Significant univariate predictors (p≤0.10) were included into multivariable regression analysis to determine the independent relationship between body mass and Er (rad/s). Results: Of the first 150 children assessed (age 10.2 ± 0.3 years; 83 boys), the mean BMI was 18.2 ± 2.8 kg/m 2 . In univariate analysis, Er was inversely related to BMI (ρ= −0.13, p=0.10), LV end-diastolic diameter (ρ= −0.13, p=0.10) and LV end-systolic diameter (ρ= −0.28, p<0.001); and positively correlated with LV torsion (ρ=0.55, p<0.001), LV twisting velocity (ρ=0.29, p<0.001), early diastolic annular velocity (e′) (ρ=0.13, p=0.10), LV ejection fraction (EF) (ρ=0.14, p=0.09) and heart rate (ρ=0.18, p=0.03). There was no correlation between Er and LV relative wall thickness or mass index (p>0.25). In multivariable analysis, body mass index was independently associated with Er, independent of LV torsion, heart rate, EF, LV chamber size and e′ (Table ). Conclusion: Increased body mass is independently related to lower LV untwisting velocity during early diastole in healthy children. Additional studies are required to evaluate whether lifestyle measures to reduce body mass will attenuate further deterioration in LV diastolic relaxation and suction. Table: Independent Predictors of Left Ventricular Untwisting Velocity in Children

Abstract 12605: Defining the Reference Range for Left Ventricular Strain by Echocardiography in Healthy Subjects: A Novel Meta-analysis Strategy

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Kai Ming Wang ◽  
Milind Y Desai ◽  
Patrick H Collier ◽  
Richard A Grimm ◽  
Brian Griffin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Global Strain ◽  
Echocardiographic Parameters ◽  
The Mean ◽  
2D And 3D

Background: Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LVGLS), circumferential strain (LVGCS) and radial strain (LVGRS) are established echocardiographic parameters of systolic function with wide clinical applicability and prognostic implications. Despite this, the reference ranges of left ventricular (LV) strain, particularly the lower limit of normal (LLN), are not well established. This meta-analysis aims to determine the mean and LLN of two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) LV strain in healthy subjects and factors that may influence strain measurements. Methods: We searched Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane databases until 30 November 2019 for studies reporting left ventricular (LV) global strain in at least 50 healthy subjects. We pooled the mean and LLN of 2D and 3D LV strain using random-effects models, and performed subgroup and meta-regression analysis for 2D-LVGLS. Results: Forty-four studies were eligible totaling 8747 subjects. The pooled means and LLNs (95% confidence intervals) were -20.0% (-20.6%, -19.5%) and -15.6% (-16.2%, -15.0%) respectively for 2D-LVGLS; -22.1% (-23.7%, -20.5%) and -15.7% (-17.3%, -14.1%) respectively for 2D-LVGCS; and 48.0% (43.8%, 52.1%) and 23.2% (20.9%, 25.5%) respectively for 2D-LVGRS; all listed in Table 1. Significant heterogeneity was observed for almost all pooled LV strain analyses. The only factors associated with significant differences in both pooled mean and LLN of 2D-LVGLS were systolic blood pressure and vendor software. Conclusion: Pooled means and LLNs of 2D- and 3D- LV global strain parameters in healthy subjects were reported. Based on the pooled LLNs and their confidence intervals, the thresholds for abnormal, borderline and normal LV strains can be defined. Systolic blood pressure and vendor software were the most important parameters influencing 2D-LVGLS mean and LLN. Our novel methodology can also be applied to the meta-analysis of other echocardiographic parameters to define reference ranges.

P3095Left ventricular thrombus formation after ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a prospective observational CMR study

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Holzknecht ◽  
S J Reinstadler ◽  
M Reindl ◽  
C Tiller ◽  
A Mayr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Troponin T ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Lv Function ◽  
Culprit Lesion ◽  
St Segment Elevation ◽  
Systolic Volume

Abstract Background Left ventricular (LV) thrombus formation is a severe complication after acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The incidence and determinants of LV thrombus formation are still a matter of controversy. Purpose We aimed to assess the incidence as detected by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging as well as the determinants of LV thrombus formation in contemporary reperfused STEMI patients. Methods This prospective observational study included 530 consecutive STEMI patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Comprehensive CMR was performed at a median of 3 days (interquartile range 2–4 days) after symptom onset for the evaluation of LV thrombus formation as well as LV function and infarct severity. Results LV thrombi were detected in 17 patients (3.2% of the overall cohort). The incidence of LV thrombi in anterior STEMI patients (n=247) was 6.9%. In all patients presenting with LV thrombus left anterior descending artery (LAD) was identified as culprit lesion. The occurrence of thrombi was significantly associated with reduced LV ejection fraction (LVEF) (p<0.001), larger LV end-diastolic volume (p<0.001) and LV end-systolic volume (p<0.001), larger areas of microvascular obstruction (MVO) (p=0.003) and larger infarct size (IS) (p<0.001). Furthermore, increased levels of peak high sensitivity cardiac Troponin T (p<0.001) and hyperlipidaemia (p=0.038) were significantly related to LV thrombi. In multivariable analysis including IS, LVEF and MVO, only LVEF (odds ratio: 0.91 (95% confidence interval: 0.87–0.96); p=0.001) emerged as independent predictor of LV thrombus formation. Conclusion The risk of LV thrombus formation remains considerable in contemporary treated STEMI patients, especially in those with LAD as culprit lesion. Among CMR parameters of LV dysfunction and infarct severity, only baseline LVEF, but not IS or MVO, independently predicted LV thrombus formation after STEMI.

Atrioventricular plane displacement is the major contributor to left ventricular pumping in healthy adults, athletes, and patients with dilated cardiomyopathy

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (3) ◽  
pp. H1452-H1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Carlsson ◽  
Martin Ugander ◽  
Henrik Mosén ◽  
Torsten Buhre ◽  
Hakan Arheden
Keyword(s):  
Dilated Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Radial Function ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Lv Function ◽  
Short Axis ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Atrioventricular Plane Displacement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Plane Displacement

Previous studies using echocardiography in healthy subjects have reported conflicting data regarding the percentage of the stroke volume (SV) of the left ventricle (LV) resulting from longitudinal and radial function, respectively. Therefore, the aim was to quantify the percentage of SV explained by longitudinal atrioventricular plane displacement (AVPD) in controls, athletes, and patients with decreased LV function due to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Twelve healthy subjects, 12 elite triathletes, and 12 patients with DCM and ejection fraction below 30% were examined by cine magnetic resonance imaging. AVPD and SV were measured in long- and short-axis images, respectively. The percentage of the SV explained by longitudinal function (SVAVPD%) was calculated as the mean epicardial area of the largest short-axis slices in end diastole multiplied by the AVPD and divided by the SV. SV was higher in athletes [140 ± 4 ml (mean ± SE), P = 0.009] and lower in patients (72 ± 7 ml, P < 0.001) when compared with controls (116 ± 6 ml). AVPD was similar in athletes (17 ± 1 mm, P = 0.45) and lower in patients (7 ± 1 mm, P < 0.001) when compared with controls (16 ± 0 mm). SVAVPD%was similar both in athletes (57 ± 2%, P = 0.51) and in patients (67 ± 4%, P = 0.24) when compared with controls (60 ± 2%). In conclusion, longitudinal AVPD is the primary contributor to LV pumping and accounts for ∼60% of the SV. Although AVPD is less than half in patients with DCM when compared with controls and athletes, the contribution of AVPD to LV function is maintained, which can be explained by the larger short-axis area in DCM.

scholarly journals Left and right ventricular hemodynamic forces in healthy volunteers and elite athletes assessed with 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging

2017 ◽  
Vol 312 (2) ◽  
pp. H314-H328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per M. Arvidsson ◽  
Johannes Töger ◽  
Marcus Carlsson ◽  
Katarina Steding-Ehrenborg ◽  
Gianni Pedrizzetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Right Ventricular ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
4D Flow ◽  
Hemodynamic Forces

Intracardiac blood flow is driven by hemodynamic forces that are exchanged between the blood and myocardium. Previous studies have been limited to 2D measurements or investigated only left ventricular (LV) forces. Right ventricular (RV) forces and their mechanistic contribution to asymmetric redirection of flow in the RV have not been measured. We therefore aimed to quantify 3D hemodynamic forces in both ventricles in a cohort of healthy subjects, using magnetic resonance imaging 4D flow measurements. Twenty five controls, 14 elite endurance athletes, and 2 patients with LV dyssynchrony were included. 4D flow data were used as input for the Navier-Stokes equations to compute hemodynamic forces over the entire cardiac cycle. Hemodynamic forces were found in a qualitatively consistent pattern in all healthy subjects, with variations in amplitude. LV forces were mainly aligned along the apical-basal longitudinal axis, with an additional component aimed toward the aortic valve during systole. Conversely, RV forces were found in both longitudinal and short-axis planes, with a systolic force component driving a slingshot-like acceleration that explains the mechanism behind the redirection of blood flow toward the pulmonary valve. No differences were found between controls and athletes when indexing forces to ventricular volumes, indicating that cardiac force expenditures are tuned to accelerate blood similarly in small and large hearts. Patients’ forces differed from controls in both timing and amplitude. Normal cardiac pumping is associated with specific force patterns for both ventricles, and deviation from these forces may be a sensitive marker of ventricular dysfunction. Reference values are provided for future studies.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Biventricular hemodynamic forces were quantified for the first time in healthy controls and elite athletes (n = 39). Hemodynamic forces constitute a slingshot-like mechanism in the right ventricle, redirecting blood flow toward the pulmonary circulation. Force patterns were similar between healthy subjects and athletes, indicating potential utility as a cardiac function biomarker.

scholarly journals Echocardiographic reference ranges for normal left ventricular layer-specific strain: results from the EACVI NORRE study

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 896-905
Author(s):  
Toshimitsu Tsugu ◽  
Adriana Postolache ◽  
Raluca Dulgheru ◽  
Tadafumi Sugimoto ◽  
Julien Tridetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Myocardial Strain ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Normal Left Ventricular ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Specific Strain ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Aims  To obtain the normal range for 2D echocardiographic (2DE) measurements of left ventricular (LV) layer-specific strain from a large group of healthy volunteers of both genders over a wide range of ages. Methods and results  A total of 287 (109 men, mean age: 46 ± 14 years) healthy subjects were enrolled at 22 collaborating institutions of the EACVI Normal Reference Ranges for Echocardiography (NORRE) study. Layer-specific strain was analysed from the apical two-, three-, and four-chamber views using 2DE software. The lowest values of layer-specific strain calculated as ±1.96 standard deviations from the mean were −15.0% in men and −15.6% in women for epicardial strain, −16.8% and −17.7% for mid-myocardial strain, and −18.7% and −19.9% for endocardial strain, respectively. Basal-epicardial and mid-myocardial strain decreased with age in women (epicardial; P = 0.008, mid-myocardial; P = 0.003) and correlated with age (epicardial; r = −0.20, P = 0.007, mid-myocardial; r = −0.21, P = 0.006, endocardial; r = −0.23, P = 0.002), whereas apical-epicardial, mid-myocardial strain increased with the age in women (epicardial; P = 0.006, mid-myocardial; P = 0.03) and correlated with age (epicardial; r = 0.16, P = 0.04). End/Epi ratio at the apex was higher than at the middle and basal levels of LV in men (apex; 1.6 ± 0.2, middle; 1.2 ± 0.1, base 1.1 ± 0.1) and women (apex; 1.6 ± 0.1, middle; 1.1 ± 0.1, base 1.2 ± 0.1). Conclusion  The NORRE study provides useful 2DE reference ranges for novel indices of layer-specific strain.

scholarly journals 1042 Assessment of left ventricular systolic function in obstructive sleep apnea with automatic function imaging and its relation relation with hypoxia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Chenyao ◽  
JOHN Sanderson ◽  
L U Mi ◽  
L I U Hu ◽  
XIAO Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Systolic Function ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Lv Function ◽  
P Value ◽  
2D Echocardiography ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements OSA & Subclinical myocardial impairment Background Early detection of left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction is crucial for patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) . LV longitudinal strain (GLS), derived from automated function imaging (AFI) based on 2D echocardiography, provides a new tool to detect subclinical impairment of both global and regional myocardium. Its value in OSA remains unclear compared to traditional parameters since obesity is not uncommon in OSA, which may compromise the accuracy of AFI. We aimed to investigate the feasibility of AFI in OSA and further to explore the impact of OSA severity and degree of hypoxia on LV function. Methods Comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography was done in those receiving polysomnography (PSG) suspected as OSA consecutively (n = 322). All subjects were divided into 3 groups by apnea-hyponea index (AHI) by PSG (Control: AHI＜5; mild-to-moderate AHI 5-30; severe: AHI≥30) and GLS and mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) were compared among the 3 groups. Results 322 patients with normal LVEF (≥50%) were finally analyzed. Though more segments were measured, inter- and intra- observer variability of GLS were comparable with MAPSE in a Bland-Altman analysis. For group comparison, GLS was reduced compared to the other 2 groups in the severe OSA category (p ≤ 0.001) while MAPSE showed no differences. Further analysis showed the feasibility of AFI was acceptable even in obese patients. In multivariable analysis of GLS, only maximum desaturation was an independent associated factor (p = 0.027). Conclusions Even in OSA patients with obesity, AFI-derived GLS is feasible. GLS is more sensitive than MAPSE or TDI for detection of reduced LV systolic function in OSA. Control(n = 27) Mild-Mod OSA(n = 145) Severe OSA(n = 160) P-value Age(years) 43 ± 13 47 ± 12 46 ± 11 0.218 Males, n(%) 17(63.0%) 118(81.4%) 154(96.3%) ＜0.001 BSA(m2) 1.82 ± 0.18 1.88 ± 0.18 1.97 ± 0.17*† ＜0.001 BMI(kg/ m2) 24.7 ± 4.4 26.8 ± 3.7* 28.6 ± 4.2*† ＜0.001 LVEF(%) 66.5 ± 6.4 67.0 ± 5.0 66.7 ± 4.6 0.813 Sep S’(cm/s) 8.3 ± 1.7 8.4 ± 1.5 8.7 ± 1.9 0.256 Sep E’(cm/s) 9.5 ± 3.0 9.0 ± 2.4 8.2 ± 2.0*† 0.003 E/ E’ 9.2 ± 2.9 9.1 ± 2.9 9.8 ± 2.9 0.145 GLS(%) 19.1 ± 2.7 19.0 ± 2.5 17.9 ± 2.4*† ＜0.001 MAPSE(mm) 15.1 ± 2.5 14.7 ± 2.3 14.3 ± 2.2 0.302 *p＜0.05 compared with mild OSA patients, †p＜0.05 compared with moderate OSA patients Echo Comparison between 3 OSA Groups

scholarly journals Seven-day overfeeding enhances adipose tissue dietary fatty acid storage and decreases myocardial and skeletal muscle dietary fatty acid partitioning in healthy subjects

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (2) ◽  
pp. E286-E296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Noll ◽  
Émilie Montastier ◽  
Mehdi Amrani ◽  
Margaret Kunach ◽  
Frédérique Frisch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acid ◽  
Lv Function

Increased myocardial partitioning of dietary fatty acids (DFA) and decreased left ventricular (LV) function is associated with insulin resistance in prediabetes. We hypothesized that enhanced myocardial DFA partitioning and reduced LV function might be induced concomitantly with reduced insulin sensitivity upon a 7-day hypercaloric (+50% in caloric intake), high-saturated fat (~11%energy), and simple carbohydrates (~54%energy) diet (HIGHCAL) versus an isocaloric diet (ISOCAL) with a moderate amount of saturated fat (~8%energy) and carbohydrates (~50%energy). Thirteen healthy subjects (7 men/6 women) underwent HIGHCAL versus ISOCAL in a randomized crossover design, with organ-specific DFA partitioning and LV function measured using the oral 14( R,S)-[18F]fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid and [11C]acetate positron emission tomography methods at the end of both interventions. HIGHCAL induced a decrease in insulin sensitivity indexes with no significant change in body composition. HIGHCAL led to increased subcutaneous abdominal (+4.2 ± 1.6%, P < 0.04) and thigh (+2.4 ± 1.2%, P < 0.08) adipose tissue storage and reduced cardiac (−0.31 ± 0.11 mean standard uptake value [(SUV), P < 0.03] and skeletal muscle (−0.17 ± 0.08 SUV, P < 0.05) DFA partitioning without change in LV function. We conclude that early increase in adipose tissue DFA storage protects the heart and skeletal muscles from potential deleterious effects of DFA.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document