scholarly journals Transcriptional Responses of Fusarium graminearum Interacted with Soybean to Cause Root Rot

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 422
Author(s):  
Muhammd Naeem ◽  
Maira Munir ◽  
Hongju Li ◽  
Muhammad Ali Raza ◽  
Chun Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Relay Intercropping

Fusarium graminearum is the most devastating pathogen of Fusarium head blight of cereals, stalk and ear of maize, and it has recently become a potential threat for soybean as maize-soybean strip relay intercropping is widely practiced in China. To elucidate the pathogenesis mechanism of F. graminearum on intercropped soybean which causes root rot, transcriptional profiling of F. graminearum at 12, 24, and 48 h post-inoculation (hpi) on soybean hypocotyl tissues was conducted. In total, 2313 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of F. graminearum were annotated by both KEGG pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis. Among them, 128 DEGs were commonly expressed at three inoculation time points while the maximum DEGs were induced at 24 hpi. In addition, DEGs were also rich in carbon metabolism, ribosome and peroxisome pathways which might contribute to carbon source utilization, sexual reproduction, virulence and survival of F. graminearum when infected on soybean. Hence, this study will provide some basis for the deep understanding the pathogenesis mechanism of F. graminearum on different hosts and its effective control in maize-soybean strip relay intercropping systems.

scholarly journals Characterization of QTL and eQTL controlling early Fusarium graminearum infection and deoxynivalenol levels in a Wuhan 1 x Nyubai doubled haploid wheat population

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
François Fauteux ◽  
Yunli Wang ◽  
Hélène Rocheleau ◽  
Ziying Liu ◽  
Youlian Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Doubled Haploid ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Doubled Haploid Population ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Wheat Population ◽  
Fhb Resistance ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Abstract Background Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a major disease of cereal crops, caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum and related species. Breeding wheat for FHB resistance contributes to increase yields and grain quality and to reduce the use of fungicides. The identification of genes and markers for FHB resistance in different wheat genotypes has nevertheless proven challenging. Results In this study, early infection by F. graminearum was analyzed in a doubled haploid population derived from the cross of the moderately resistant wheat genotypes Wuhan 1 and Nyubai. Three quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified: 1AL was associated with lower deoxynivalenol content, and 4BS and 5A were associated with reduced F. graminearum infection at 2 days post inoculation. Early resistance alleles were inherited from Wuhan 1 for QTL 1AL and 4BS and inherited from Nyubai for the 5A QTL. Cis and trans expression QTL (eQTL) were identified using RNA-seq data from infected head samples. Hotspots for trans eQTL were identified in the vicinity of the 1AL and 4BS QTL peaks. Among differentially expressed genes with cis eQTL within the QTL support intervals, nine genes had higher expression associated with FHB early resistance, and four genes had higher expression associated with FHB early susceptibility. Conclusions Our analysis of genotype and gene expression data of wheat infected by F. graminearum identified three QTL associated with FHB early resistance, and linked genes with eQTL and differential expression patterns to those QTL. These findings may have applications in breeding wheat for early resistance to FHB.

scholarly journals The Dynamin-Like GTPase FgSey1 Plays a Critical Role in Fungal Development and Virulence in Fusarium graminearum

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuefa Chong ◽  
Chenyu Wang ◽  
Yao Wang ◽  
Yixiao Wang ◽  
Liyuan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Fungal Development ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT Fusarium graminearum, the main pathogenic fungus causing Fusarium head blight (FHB), produces deoxynivalenol (DON), a key virulence factor, which is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Sey1/atlastin, a dynamin-like GTPase protein, is known to be required for homotypic fusion of ER membranes, but the functions of this protein are unknown in pathogenic fungi. Here, we characterized Sey1/atlastin homologue FgSey1 in F. graminearum. Like Sey1/atlastin, FgSey1 is located in the ER. The FgSEY1 deletion mutant exhibited significantly reduced vegetative growth, asexual development, DON biosynthesis, and virulence. Moreover, the ΔFgsey1 mutant was impaired in the formation of normal lipid droplets (LDs) and toxisomes, both of which participate in DON biosynthesis. The GTPase, helix bundle (HB), transmembrane segment (TM), and cytosolic tail (CT) domains of FgSey1 are essential for its function, but only the TM domain is responsible for its localization. Furthermore, the mutants FgSey1K63A and FgSey1T87A lacked GTPase activity and failed to rescue the defects of the ΔFgsey1 mutant. Collectively, our data suggest that the dynamin-like GTPase protein FgSey1 affects the generation of LDs and toxisomes and is required for DON biosynthesis and pathogenesis in F. graminearum. IMPORTANCE Fusarium graminearum is a major plant pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheats worldwide. In addition to reducing the plant yield, F. graminearum infection of wheats also results in the production of deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxins, which are harmful to humans and animals and therefore cause great economic losses through pollution of food products and animal feed. At present, effective strategies for controlling FHB are not available. Therefore, understanding the regulation mechanisms of fungal development, pathogenesis, and DON biosynthesis is important for the development of effective control strategies of this disease. In this study, we demonstrated that a dynamin-like GTPase protein Sey1/atlastin homologue, FgSey1, is required for vegetative growth, DON production, and pathogenicity in F. graminearum. Our results provide novel information on critical roles of FgSey1 in fungal pathogenicity; therefore, FgSey1 could be a potential target for effective control of the disease caused by F. graminearum.

scholarly journals Trichothecene Genotype of Fusarium graminearum Isolates from Soybean (Glycine max) Seedling and Root Diseases in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 1012-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Ellis ◽  
G. P. Munkvold
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Host Shift ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
The Third

Fusarium graminearum is an economically important pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight of wheat, barley, and oat, and Gibberella ear and stalk rot of maize. More recently, F. graminearum was reported as a soybean seedling and root pathogen in North America (1,5), causing seed decay, damping-off, and brown to reddish-brown root rot symptoms. Type B trichothecene mycotoxins are commonly produced by F. graminearum, which can be categorized into three trichothecene genotypes; those that produce 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), or nivalenol (NIV). The 15-ADON genotype is dominant in populations from small grains and maize in North America (4), but the 3-ADON genotype has recently been found (4). F. graminearum was known as a pathogen of wheat and maize in North America for over a century before it was reported as a soybean pathogen. Therefore, we hypothesized that recent reports on soybean could be associated with the appearance of the 3-ADON genotype. The objective of this research was to determine the trichothecene genotype of F. graminearum isolates from soybean in the United States. Thirty-eight isolates from soybean were evaluated. Twenty-seven isolates came from a 3-year survey for Fusarium root rot from 2007 to 2009 in Iowa. Other isolates (Ahmad Fakhoury, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale) were collected from soybean seedlings during a multi-state survey in 2012, and included three isolates from Illinois, three from Indiana, and five from Nebraska. Species identification and lineage of F. graminearum were confirmed by sequencing the translation elongation factor gene (EF1-α) using EF-1H and EF-2T primers. A maximum likelihood analysis of the EF1-α, including voucher strains from nine lineages of F. graminearum (2), placed all 38 isolates into lineage 7, F. graminearum sensu stricto (representative GenBank accessions KJ415349 to KJ415352). To determine the trichothecene genotype of each isolate we used three multiplex PCR assays. The first two assays targeted a portion of trichothecene biosynthesis genes Tri3 and Tri12 (4), while the third assay targeted portions of the Tri3, Tri5, and Tri7 genes (3). The PCR for the first two assays was conducted as described by Ward et al. (4) using four sets of primers: 3CON, 3NA, 3D15A, and 3D3A; and 12CON, 12NF, 12-15F, and 12-3F for the Tri3 and Tri12 genes, respectively. The PCR for the third assay was conducted as described by Quarta et al. (3) using the following primers: Tri3F971, Tri3F1325, Tri3R1679, Tri7F340, Tri7R965, 3551H, and 4056H. The amplification products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis. All 38 isolates produced amplicons consistent with the 15-ADON genotype; ~610 and 670 bp for the Tri3 and Tri12 genes, respectively (4), and two amplicons of ~708 and 525 bp for the Tri3/Tri5 genes (3). Our results indicated that the dominant trichothecene genotype among isolates of F. graminearum from soybean is 15-ADON, and the introduction of 3-ADON isolates does not explain the recent host shift of F. graminearum to soybean in North America. To our knowledge, this is the first assessment of trichothecene genotypes in F. graminearum populations from soybean from the United States. References: (1) K. E. Broders et al. Plant Dis. 91:1155, 2007. (2) K. O'Donnell et al. Fungal Gen. Biol. 41:600, 2004. (3) A. Quarta et al. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 259:7, 2006. (4) T. D. Ward et al. Fungal Gen. Biol. 45:473, 2008. (5) A. G. Zue et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 29:35, 2007.

scholarly journals Variation Among Isolates of Fusarium graminearum Associated with Fusarium Head Blight in North Carolina

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott L. Walker ◽  
Steven Leath ◽  
Winston M. Hagler ◽  
J. Paul Murphy
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
In Vitro Growth ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Previous Crop

Fusarium head blight (FHB) can reduce yield of wheat and decrease the value of harvested grain by accumulation of detrimental toxins. Understanding the variability of the fungal population associated with infection could improve disease control strategies. Sixty-six isolates of Fusarium graminearum associated with FHB were collected in North Carolina and tested for in vitro growth rate, in vitro production of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone, and pathogenicity on three cultivars of soft red winter wheat. Significant differences among isolates were found for all three traits. Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis revealed high levels of genotypic diversity among isolates. Isolates of F. graminearum, F. culmorum, and F. avenaceum acquired from the Pennsylvania State University Fusarium Center were included for comparison in all tests. In vivo levels of DON were measured for the five isolates associated with the highest levels of disease and the five isolates associated with the lowest levels of disease, and no significant differences were found. However, all ten isolates produced detectable levels of DON in vivo. Mean disease ratings ranged from 3.4 to 96.4%, in vitro (DON) levels ranged from 0 to 7176.2 ppm, and zearalenone ranged from 0 to 354.7 ppm, among isolates. A multiple regression model using in vitro growth, in vitro DON, and zearalenone production, collection location, wheat cultivar of isolate origin, plot, tillage conditions, and previous crop as independent variables and percent blighted tissue as the dependent variable was developed. The cumulative R2 value for the model equaled 0.27 with in vitro rate of growth making the largest contribution. Analysis of phenotype and genotype among isolates demonstrated diversity in a single plot, in a single location, and in North Carolina. Genotypic and phenotypic diversity were significant under both conventional and reduced tillage conditions, and diversity was high regardless of whether the previous crop had been a host or non-host for F. graminearum. These data indicate a variable pathogen population of F. graminearum exists in North Carolina, and members of this population can be both highly pathogenic on wheat and produce high levels of detrimental toxins, indicating a potential threat for problems with FHB within the state.

scholarly journals The Transcriptome of Fusarium graminearum During the Infection of Wheat

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 995-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Lysøe ◽  
Kye-Yong Seong ◽  
H. Corby Kistler
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Global Gene Expression ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Complete Medium ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Evolutionary Selection ◽  
Blight Disease ◽  
Fungal Genes

Fusarium graminearum causes head blight disease in wheat and barley. To help understand the infection process on wheat, we studied global gene expression of F. graminearum in a time series from 24 to 196 h after inoculation, compared with a noninoculated control. The infection was rapid and, after 48 h, over 4,000 fungal genes were expressed. The number of genes expressed increased over time up to 96 h (>8,000 genes), and then declined at the 144- and 192-h post-inoculation time points. After subtraction of genes found expressed on complete medium, during carbon or nitrogen starvation, and on barley, only 355 were found exclusively expressed in wheat, mostly genes with unknown function (72.6%). These genes were mainly found in single-nucleotide polymorphism-enriched islands on the chromosomes, suggesting a higher evolutionary selection pressure. The annotated genes were enriched in functional groups predicted to be involved in allantoin and allantoate transport, detoxification, nitrogen, sulfur and selenium metabolism, secondary metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and degradation of polysaccharides and ester compounds. Several putative secreted virulence factors were also found expressed in wheat.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis reveals infection strategies employed by Fusarium graminearum as a root pathogen

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Ding ◽  
Donald M Gardiner ◽  
Kemal Kazan
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Virulence Factor ◽  
Brachypodium Distachyon ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Below Ground

AbstractThe fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum infect both heads and roots of cereal crops causing several economically important diseases such as head blight, seedling blight, crown rot and root rot. Trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), a well-known virulence factor, produced by F. graminearum (Fg) during disease development is also an important health concern. Although how F. graminearum infects above-ground tissues is relatively well studied, very little is known about molecular processes employed by the pathogen during below-ground infection. Also unknown is the role of DON during root infection. In the present study, we analyzed the transcriptome of F. graminearum during root infection of the model cereal Brachypodium distachyon. We also compared our Fg transcriptome data during root infection with those reported during wheat head infection. These analyses suggested that both shared and unique infection strategies employed by the pathogen during colonization of different host tissues. Several metabolite biosynthesis genes induced in F. graminearum during root infection could be linked to phytohormone production, implying that the pathogen likely interferes root specific defenses. In addition, to understand the role of DON in Fg root infection, we analyzed the transcriptome of the DON deficient Tri5 mutant. These analyses showed that the absence of DON had a significant effect on fungal transcriptional responses. Although DON was produced in infected roots, this mycotoxin did not act as a virulence factor during root infection. Our results reveal new mechanistic insights into the below-ground strategies employed by F. graminearum that may benefit the development of new genetic tools to combat this important cereal pathogen.

scholarly journals Insights Into Triticum aestivum Seedling Root Rot Caused by Fusarium graminearum

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1288-1303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Wang ◽  
Stefanie Vera Buxa ◽  
Alexandra Furch ◽  
Wolfgang Friedt ◽  
Sven Gottwald
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Root Rot Disease ◽  
Rot Disease

Fusarium graminearum is one of the most common and potent fungal pathogens of wheat (Triticum aestivum), known for causing devastating spike infections and grain yield damage. F. graminearum is a typical soil-borne pathogen that builds up during consecutive cereal cropping. Speculation on systemic colonization of cereals by F. graminearum root infection have long existed but have not been proven. We have assessed the Fusarium root rot disease macroscopically in a diverse set of 12 wheat genotypes and microscopically in a comparative study of two genotypes with diverging responses. Here, we show a ‘new’ aspect of the F. graminearum life cycle, i.e., the head blight fungus uses a unique root-infection strategy with an initial stage typical for root pathogens and a later stage typical for spike infection. Root colonization negatively affects seedling development and leads to systemic plant invasion by tissue-adapted fungal strategies. Another major outcome is the identification of partial resistance to root rot. Disease severity assessments and histological examinations both demonstrated three distinct disease phases that, however, proceeded differently in resistant and susceptible genotypes. Soil-borne inoculum and root infection are considered significant components of the F. graminearum life cycle with important implications for the development of new strategies of resistance breeding and disease control.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Transcriptional Profiling of Pepper Responses to Root-Knot Nematode

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1507
Author(s):  
Weiming Hu ◽  
Krista Kingsbury ◽  
Shova Mishra ◽  
Peter DiGennaro
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Nematode Resistance ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Susceptible Cultivar ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Feeding Site

Genetic resistance remains a key component in integrated pest management systems. The cosmopolitan root-knot nematode (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.) proves a significant management challenge as virulence and pathogenicity vary among and within species. RKN greatly reduces commercial bell pepper yield, and breeding programs continuously develop cultivars to emerging nematode threats. However, there is a lack of knowledge concerning the nature and forms of nematode resistance. Defining how resistant and susceptible pepper cultivars mount defenses against RKN attacks can help inform breeding programs. Here, we characterized the transcriptional responses of the highly related resistant (Charleston Belle) and susceptible (Keystone Resistance Giant) pepper cultivars throughout early nematode infection stages. Comprehensive transcriptomic sequencing of resistant and susceptible cultivar roots with or without Meloidogyneincognita infection over three-time points; covering early penetration (1-day), through feeding site maintenance (7-days post-inoculation), produced > 300 million high quality reads. Close examination of chromosome P9, on which nematode resistance hotspots are located, showed more differentially expressed genes were upregulated in resistant cultivar at day 1 when compared to the susceptible cultivar. Our comprehensive approach to transcriptomic profiling of pepper resistance revealed novel insights into how RKN causes disease and the plant responses mounted to counter nematode attack. This work broadens the definition of resistance from a single loci concept to a more complex array of interrelated pathways. Focus on these pathways in breeding programs may provide more sustainable and enduring forms of resistance.

scholarly journals Screening of Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) Italian Cultivars for Susceptibility to Fusarium Head Blight Incited by Fusarium graminearum

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Gaetano Bentivenga ◽  
Alfio Spina ◽  
Karim Ammar ◽  
Maria Allegra ◽  
Santa Olga Cacciola
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Italian Origin

In 2009, a set of 35 cultivars of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) of Italian origin was screened for fusarium head blight (FHB) susceptibility at CIMMYT (Mexico) and in the 2019–20 cropping season, 16 of these cultivars, which had been included in the Italian National Plant Variety Register, were tested again in southern and northern Italy. Wheat cultivars were artificially inoculated during anthesis with a conidial suspension of Fusarium graminearum sensu lato using a standard spray inoculation method. Inoculum was a mixture of mono-conidial isolates sourced in the same areas where the trials were performed. Isolates had been characterized on the basis of morphological characteristics and by DNA PCR amplification using a specific primer set and then selected for their virulence and ability to produce mycotoxins. The susceptibility to FHB was rated on the basis of the disease severity, disease incidence and FHB index. Almost all of the tested cultivars were susceptible or very susceptible to FHB with the only exception of “Duprì”, “Tiziana” and “Dylan” which proved to be moderately susceptible. The susceptibility to FHB was inversely correlated with the plant height and flowering biology, the tall and the late heading cultivars being less susceptible.

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