The Feasibility of Utilizing Cultured Cordyceps militaris Residues in Cosmetics: Biological Activity Assessment of Their Crude Extracts

Solid-based residues (SBRs) left from harvesting the fruiting bodies of cultured Cordyceps mushrooms are a challenge to sustainability. Therefore, in this study, the SBRs from the cultivation of Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) via solid-state fermentation (SSF) were employed to prepare crude extracts, with the aim of considering their possible use in cosmetics. The SBRs obtained from cultivation with solid media containing defatted rice bran mixed with barley, white rice, Riceberry rice, and wheat were named SBR-B, SBR-R, SBR-Rb, and SRB-W, respectively. They were extracted with solvents of differing polarity and then evaluated for their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total carbohydrate content (TCC). In addition, antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities, photoprotection, and cytotoxicity were also assessed. The results revealed that the total bioactive contents and biological capacities of crude SBR extracts were significantly influenced by the types of SBR and extraction solvent (p < 0.05). The SBR-B extracted with hot water exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (66.62 ± 2.10, 212.00 ± 3.43, and 101.62 ± 4.42 mg TEAC/g extract) when assayed by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods, respectively, whereas tyrosinase inhibitory activity (51.13 ± 1.11 mg KAE/g extract) with 90.43 ± 1.96% inhibition at 1 mg/mL was excellently achieved by SBR-Rb extracted by 50% (v/v) ethanol. Correlations between bioactive contents in the crude extracts and their biological activities were mostly proven at a strong level (p < 0.01). The capability of the crude extracts to absorb UV over the range of 290–330 nm disclosed their potential roles as natural UV absorbers and boosters. Cytotoxicity analysis using fibroblast cell lines tested with hot water and 50% (v/v) ethanolic SBR extracts demonstrated safe use within a concentration range of 0.001–10 mg/mL. Interestingly, their fibroblast proliferative capacity, indicating anti-aging properties, was highly promoted. The chemical composition analyzed via LC–MS/MS techniques showed that seven phenolic acids and four flavonoids were identified in the crude SBR extracts. Furthermore, the other compounds present included nucleosides, nucleobases, amino acids, sugars, phospholipids, alkaloids, organic acids, vitamins, and peptides. Therefore, it is emphasized that SBRs from C. militaris can be a prospective source for preparing crude extracts employed in cosmetics. Lastly, they could be further utilized as multifunctional ingredients in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals.

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Impact of different fermentation characteristics on the production of mycelial biomass, extra-cellular polysaccharides, intra-cellular polysaccharides, and on the antioxidant activities of Cordyceps militaris (L.) Fr. (strains AG-1, PSJ-1)

Acta agriculturae Slovenica ◽

10.14720/aas.2020.116.2.1104 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 116 (2) ◽

pp. 337

Author(s):

Dang Ngoc HUNG ◽

Li Chun WANG ◽

Liang Horng LAY ◽

Vu Thi PHUONG

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Liquid Culture ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Cordyceps Militaris ◽

Hot Water ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Drying Methods ◽

Mycelial Biomass ◽

Oven Drying

The mycelial biomass, antioxidant activity and production of extra- and intra-cellular polysaccharides production [EPS, IPS] of Cordyceps militaris strains AG-1, PSJ-1 were evaluated under different submerged liquid culture (SLC) conditions. At 24 0C mycelial biomass and polysaccharide production of AG-1, PSJ-1 was optimal using PVC media and static culture conditions; (AG-1: 21.85 ± 1.00; PSJ-1: 18.20 ± 1.84 g l-1 ), and oven drying at 40 oC (AG-1: 25.95 ± 0.84, PSJ-1: 23.55 ± 0.69 mg g-1) compared with hot water extraction (AG-1: 7.07 ± 0.15, PSJ-1: 7.39 ± 0.61 mg g-1). Maximum biomass, EPS and IPS production were observed when the initial pH was 6.7: AG-1: 12.92 ± 0.33, 209.70 ± 1.56, 32.62 ± 0.87; PSJ-1: 9.03 ± 0.24 g l-1 , 198.16 ± 0.85 mg g-1, 30.63 ± 1.96 mg g-1, respectively. The use 3.5 % coconut oil improved biomass, EPS, IPS production, which were 8.27 ± 0.09, 8.01 ± 0.01 g l-1 ; 1208.00 ± 8.60, 1110.40 ± 7.20 mg g-1; 32.43 ± 0.49, 29.74 ± 0.44, for AG-1 and PSJ-1, respectively. Both culture condition and oven drying methods had significant effects on H2O2 and radical scavenging activity, ABTS.+ radical activity, lipid peroxidation, and also had effects on total flavonoid and, total phenolic contents. The use of crude submerged liquid culture and oven drying on strains AG-1, PSJ-1 led to extracts with potent antioxidant activity, suggesting the therapeutic use of polysaccharides from strains AG-1, PSJ-1.

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HPLC Analysis and Antioxidant Evaluation of Acteoside-Rich Osmanthus fragrans Extracts

Journal of Food Quality ◽

10.1155/2020/8851285 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Sung-Ho Lee ◽

Seong-Wook Seo ◽

Seung-Yub Song ◽

Deuk-Sil Oh ◽

Jung-Hyun Shim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Hot Water ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Osmanthus Fragrans

A method for the separation and quantification of acteoside by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed and validated. Hot water and ethanolic extracts of Osmanthus fragrans leaves and flowers were analyzed for acteoside content. Excellent linearity was obtained, with an r2 higher than 0.999. The precision, specificity, and accuracy of our method were excellent, suggesting that it can be conveniently used for the quantification of acteoside in the crude extract of O. fragrans. The hot water and ethanol extracts were analyzed, and their biological activities were tested. The extraction yields, marker (acteoside) contents, and antioxidant activities of the leaf and flower extracts were analyzed. The antioxidant activity was confirmed by measuring the 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and total phenolic content. The acteoside content tended to be higher in the 100% ethanol extract of O. fragrans compared to those with the other extraction conditions tested. Overall, almost all extracts prepared with ethanolic solvents tended to produce better antioxidant activity than those prepared with hot water. These results suggest that the ethanolic extract of O. fragrans could serve as a potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical source, and our validated method would be useful for the quality control of O. fragrans extracts.

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Phytochemical Constituents and Biological Activities of the Unexplored Plant Rhinanthus angustifolius subsp. grandiflorus

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11199162 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (19) ◽

pp. 9162

Author(s):

Leilei Zhang ◽

Gokhan Zengin ◽

Gabriele Rocchetti ◽

Ismail Senkardes ◽

Jugreet B. Sharmeen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Water Extract ◽

The Other ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Water Extracts ◽

Extraction Solvent ◽

Rhinanthus Angustifolius ◽

Untargeted Profiling

In the present study, a total of 12 extracts of Rhinanthus angustifolius subsp. grandiflorus, an understudied hemiparasitic species, were obtained using different extraction techniques, namely, homogenizer-assisted extraction (HAE), maceration (MAC), soxhlet (SOX), infusion, and solvents (ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol, and water), and were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant and enzyme-inhibiting properties. Additionally, untargeted profiling based on high-resolution mass spectrometry targeted different phytochemical classes, namely, polyphenols, terpenoids, and alkaloids. The highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were detected using methanol as the extraction solvent. Multivariate statistics following the untargeted profiling revealed that the extraction solvent had a hierarchically higher impact than the extraction method when considering the recovery of bioactive compounds. The methanolic extracts displayed the highest radical-scavenging antioxidant capacity, as provided by CUPRAC and FRAP assays. On the other hand, the water extracts (MAC and HAE) and the infusion extract showed the highest activity as metal chelators (25.66–27.51 mg EDTAE/g). Similarly, the water extract obtained by HAE and the infusion extract revealed the highest phosphomolybdenum activity (3.92 ± 0.14 and 3.71 ± 0.01 mmol TE/g, respectively). The different extracts also exhibited different enzyme inhibition potentials. For instance, HAE and MAC ethanolic extracts inhibited only α-amylase (0.69 ± 0.01 and 0.70 ± 0.01 mmol ACAE/g), while all the other extracts showed a dual inhibition against both carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes tested (i.e., α-amylase: 0.07–0.69 mmol ACAE/g; α-glucosidase: 0.03–1.30 mmol ACAE/g). Nevertheless, the other extracts inhibited acetyl-, butyryl-cholinesterases, or both; MAC–water extract displayed no inhibition against the enzymes. Additionally, all the studied extracts were found to inhibit tyrosinase, ranging from 10.62 to 52.80 mg KAE/g. In general, the water extracts showed weaker inhibition towards the enzymes than the other extracts. This study demonstrated that R. angustifolius is an excellent source of natural antioxidants and enzyme inhibitors that could be further investigated and exploited for pharmaceutical purposes.

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Comparison of antioxidant capacities of two Ganoderma lucidum strains of different geographical origins

Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke ◽

10.2298/zmspn1733209r ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 209-219

Author(s):

Milena Raseta ◽

Sara Vrbaski ◽

Eleonora Boskovic ◽

Mira Popovic ◽

Neda Mimica-Dukic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Total Phenolic Content ◽

Ganoderma Lucidum ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Wide Spectrum ◽

Hot Water ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Medicinal Mushrooms ◽

Balkan Region

Ganoderma lucidum, used in a traditional Chinese medicine, represents one of the most important medicinal mushrooms in the world, whose fruiting bodies and spores have been traditionally used because of a wide spectrum of biological activities such as antidiabetic, antioxidative, antiproliferative, cardioprotective, etc. Its ethnomedicinal importance in some parts of the Balkan region (Serbia and Croatia) is almost totally unknown and there should be more scientific investigations carried out. The aim of this work was to make a comparative study of antioxidative activities and total phenolic content of ethanol and hot water extracts of G. lucidum, collected from forests in Serbia (Morovicke sume, Fruska Gora) and Croatia (Donji Lapac, Pljesevica). The present study was carried out to evaluate antioxidant potential of examined extracts via scavenging potential on ABTS, DPPH, OH? and NO? radicals, as well as of chelating effects via FRAP assay, together with determination of their total phenolic content. Results showed that both GLS extracts possessed better antiradical activities (IC50=0.23?0.01 for H2O and 2.75?0.01 ?g/mL for EtOH for OH? and DPPH assay, respectively) than in the ABTS assay (151.40?1.07 mg TE/g d.w. for EtOH), while the phenolic content was generally equal in extracts of Serbian and Croatian samples (60.74?0.57 mg GAE/g d.w. for EtOH and 77.10?0.27 mg GAE/g d.w. for H2O, respectively). Therefore, these extracts could be considered as a good source of natural antioxidants. These results showed that examined G. lucidum extracts (especially ?2?) contain high amount of phenolic content which could significantly enhance the antiradical potential and reduce potential on iron ions. This is the first study reporting the comparison of antioxidant activities and phenolic contents of two different extracts between two G. lucidum strains from two different geographical origins from the Balkan region.

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Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Homalomena josefii P.C. Boyce and S.Y. Wong rhizome extract

Food Research ◽

10.26656/fr.2017.4(6).278 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (6) ◽

pp. 2122-2131

Author(s):

K.R. Rinai ◽

I.S. Ismail ◽

Son R. ◽

C.Y. New ◽

Y. Rukayadi

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Methanolic Extract ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Crude Extracts ◽

Snake Bites ◽

Time Kill

The rhizome of Homalomena josefii P.C. Boyce and S.Y. Wong is commonly used in Borneo folk medicine. It is potent in treating stomach aches, headaches, and snake bites. The lack of information about their biological activities leads to an investigation to determine its antibacterial and antioxidant activities of H. josefii rhizome extract. This study aimed to ascertain antibacterial activity in opposition to foodborne pathogens namely Bacillus megaterium ATCC14581, Bacillus pumilus ATCC14884, Proteus mirabilis ATCC21100 and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC13773 and its antioxidant properties of H. josefii rhizome extracts. Extraction of dried powdered H. josefii rhizome was carried out through the maceration method using methanol as a solvent to produce crude extracts. The crude extracts were then tested for antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The antibacterial activity was conducted in terms of disc diffusion assay (DDA), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and time-kill assay. All were performed following the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) procedure to ensure liable results. Total phenolic compounds (TPC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) scavenging assay were used to stimulate the antioxidant activity. The results show that DDA inhibition zone of the methanolic extracts ranged from 9.00±0.58 to 10.00±0.00 mm. The extract was able to inhibit the growth of all tested bacteria with MICs value ranging from 0.31 to 5.00 mg/mL. Meanwhile, the extract is able to kill all tested bacteria with MBC values that range from 0.63 to 5.00 mg/mL. Time-kill assay curve analysis results showed that the extract was able to completely kill the bacterial growth at 4 × MIC for 4 hours. The total phenolic compound (TPC) of methanolic extract was 435.138 mg GAE/g and IC50 of the extract was 11.809 μg/mL. In conclusion, the methanolic extract of H. josefii rhizome extract exhibited antibacterial and antioxidant activities, thus it can further be developed as a natural preservative.

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Antioxidant Activity, α-Glucosidase Inhibition and UHPLC–ESI–MS/MS Profile of Shmar (Arbutus pavarii Pamp)

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10081659 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1659

Author(s):

Nawal Buzgaia ◽

Soo Yee Lee ◽

Yaya Rukayadi ◽

Faridah Abas ◽

Khozirah Shaari

Keyword(s):

Free Radical ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Esi Ms ◽

Crude Extracts ◽

Inhibitory Activities

The genus Arbutus (Ericaceae) has been traditionally used in folk medicine due to its phytomedicinal properties, especially Arbutus pavarii Pamp. However, this plant has not been evaluated for its efficacy, quality, and consistency to support the traditional uses, potentially in treating diabetes. Despite previous studies that revealed the biological activities of A. pavarii as antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory agents, scientific reports on the bioactive compounds that contribute to its health benefits are still scarce. Therefore, this research focused on the evaluation of antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the methanol crude extracts and various fractions of the leaf and stem bark, as well as on metabolite profiling of the methanol crude extracts. The extracts and fractions were evaluated for total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents, as well as the DPPH free radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Methanol crude extracts of the leaf and stem bark were then subjected to UHPLC–ESI–MS/MS. To the best of our knowledge, the comparative evaluation of the antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the leaf and stem bark of A. pavarii, as well as of the respective solvent fractions, is reported herein for the first time. Out of these extracts, the methanolic crude extracts and polar fractions (ethyl acetate and butanol fractions) showed significant bioactivities. The DPPH free radical and α-glucosidase inhibitions was highest in the leaf ethyl acetate fraction, with IC50 of 6.39 and 4.93 µg/mL, respectively, while the leaf methanol crude extract and butanol fraction exhibited the highest FRAP with 82.95 and 82.17 mmol Fe (II)/g extract. The UHPLC–ESI–MS/MS analysis resulted in the putative identification of a total of 76 compounds from the leaf and stem bark, comprising a large proportion of plant phenolics (flavonoids and phenolic acids), terpenoids, and fatty acid derivatives. Results from the present study showed that the different parts of A. pavarii had potent antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, which could potentially prevent oxidative damage or diabetes-related problems. These findings may strengthen the traditional claim on the medicinal value of A. pavarii.

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Quantification of total bioactive contents and evaluation of the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of crude extracts from Ephedra altissima Desf.

Acta Scientiarum Biological Sciences ◽

10.4025/actascibiolsci.v43i1.52123 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. e52123

Author(s):

Waffa Bouafia ◽

Soumia Mouffouk ◽

Hamada Haba

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Etoac Extract ◽

Crude Extracts ◽

Good Ability

The present work describes the in vitro biological activities of the crude extracts (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanol) prepared from the species Ephedra altissima Desf. The estimation of total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents were carried out using the Folin-Ciocalteu, trichloroaluminum and acidified vanillin methods, respectively. The evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant activities were performed by three different methods namely: scavenging of the free radical ABTS, permanganate reducing antioxidant capacity, and potentiometric assay. In addition, the antibacterial activity was assessed by the agar disk diffusion assay against seven bacterial strains. The results of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of several types of secondary metabolites. The EtOAc extract exhibited the highest content of phenols (125.62 ± 1.51 μg EGA mg-1 of extract). The greatest flavonoid and tannin contents were observed for n-BuOH extract (19.18 ± 0.39 µg EQ mg-1 of extract and 8.95 ± 1.70 μg EC mg-1 of extract, respectively). Moreover, the EtOAc extract revealed potent antioxidant activity in all the tested methods. Furthermore, the aqueous extract from the species E. altissima showed a good ability to reduce iron III to iron II with a value of 0.68 ± 0.3 moL eq L-1 in potentiometric assay. All the crude extracts (PE, EtOAc and n-BuOH) displayed inhibition of bacterial growth against at least three strains with values of MIC ranging from 3.125 to 50 µg mL-1. Therefore, these results suggest that Ephedra altissima could be used as an important source of natural bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antibacterial properties.

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Structural Characteristics of Crude Polysaccharides from 12 Selected Chinese Teas, and Their Antioxidant and Anti-Diabetic Activities

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10101562 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1562

Author(s):

Huan Guo ◽

Meng-Xi Fu ◽

Ding-Tao Wu ◽

Yun-Xuan Zhao ◽

Hang Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Activities ◽

Structural Characteristics ◽

Black Tea ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Hot Water ◽

Structural Function ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Tea Polysaccharides ◽

Function Relationship

Twelve representative edible Chinese teas (Camellia sinensis L.) from six categories (dark tea, black tea, oolong tea, white tea, yellow tea, and green tea) were selected in this study. Tea polysaccharides (TPs) were extracted with hot water, and their structural properties and biological activities, mainly antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities, were systematically evaluated. Results revealed that the extraction yields of TPs ranged from 1.81% to 6.38%, and Pu-erh tea polysaccharides had the highest extraction yield (6.38 ± 0.28%). The chemical compositions, molecular weight, and compositional monosaccharides of TPs varied among the six categories of tea. It appeared that all TPs were protein-bound acid heteropolysaccharides, and all TPs exhibited obvious antioxidant and anti-diabetic (e.g., α-glucosidase inhibitory and antiglycation) activities. Particularly, Pu-erh tea polysaccharides also contained the highest total phenolic and protein contents, and also exhibited the best antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities. Moreover, for the structural-function relationship, the heat map analysis found that total phenolic and protein contents in TPs were positively correlated with their antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities, indicating that the presence of phenolic compounds and proteins in the TPs might be the main contributors to their bioactivities. The conclusion from this study can help understand the structural-function relationship of crude tea polysaccharides.

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Metabolomics and Pharmacological Screening of Aspergillus versicolor Isolated from Hyrtios erectus Red Sea Sponge; Egypt

Current Bioactive Compounds ◽

10.2174/1573407215666191111122711 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. 1083-1102

Author(s):

Mohamed A. Shreadah ◽

Nehad M.A. El Moneam ◽

Samy A. El-Assar ◽

Asmaa Nabil-Adam

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Red Sea ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Quantitative Methods ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Aspergillus Versicolor ◽

Crude Extracts ◽

Study Results ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Pharmacological Screening

Background: Aspergillus Versicolor is a marine-derived fungus isolated from Hyrtios Erectus Red Sea sponge. Methods: The aim of this study was to carry out a pharmacological screening and investigation for the in vitro biological activity (antioxidant, cholinergic, antidiabetic and anticancer) of Aspergillus Versicolor crude extract’s active compounds by using different qualitative and quantitative methods. Results: The present study results showed that Aspergillus Versicolor crude extracts contain 0.6 mg total phenolic/mg crude extract. Aspergillus Versicolor also showed a potent antioxidative capacity by decreasing the oxidation of ABTS. The anticancer and inhibitory effects of Aspergillus Versicolor crude extracts on PTK and SHKI were found to be 75.29 % and 80.76%; respectively. The AChE inhibitory assay revealed that Aspergillus Versicolor extracts had an inhibitory percentage of 86.67%. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activity using COX1, COX2, TNF, and IL6 was 77.32, 85.21 %, 59.83%, and 56.15%; respectively. Additionally, the anti-viral effect using reverse transcriptase enzyme showed high antiviral activity with 92.10 %. Conclusion: The current study confirmed that the Aspergillus versicolor crude extract and its active constituents showed strong effects on diminishing the oxidative stress, neurodegenerative damage, antiinflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-viral, suggesting their beneficial role as a promising fermented product in the treatment of cancer, oxidative stress, Alzheimer's, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral diseases.

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Avocado-Derived Biomass: Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Potential

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/foods_2020-07750 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 100

Author(s):

Minerva C. García-Vargas ◽

María del Mar Contreras ◽

Irene Gómez-Cruz ◽

Juan Miguel Romero-García ◽

Eulogio Castro

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Nutritional Properties ◽

Aqueous Fraction ◽

Extraction Solvent ◽

Main Components ◽

A Minor ◽

Derivatives Of

Avocado has become fashionable due to its great organoleptic and nutritional properties. It is consumed as a fresh product and it is also processed to obtain salad oil and guacamole. In all cases, the only usable portion is the pulp. Therefore, to be a more sustainable and profitable agribusiness, it is important to recognize which compounds from the peel and the stone waste can be converted into valuable bio-products. Therefore, their chemical composition was determined according to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, the total phenolic content by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the antioxidant properties by the FRAP and TEAC assays. The main components of the peel and stone were acid-insoluble lignin (35.0% and 15.3%, respectively), polymeric sugars (23.6% and 43.9%, respectively), and the aqueous extractives (15.5% and 16.9%, respectively). Both biomasses contain lipids and protein, but a minor proportion (<6%). The valorization of lignin and sugars is of interest given the high content; stones are a rich source of glucose (93.2% of the polymeric fraction), which could be used to obtain biofuels or derivatives of interest. The extractive fraction of the peel contained the highest number of phenolic compounds (4.7 g/100 g biomass), mainly concentrated in the aqueous fraction (i.e., 87%) compared to the ethanol one, which was subsequently extracted. It correlated with major antioxidant activity and, therefore, the peel can be applied to obtain antioxidants and water can be used as an environmentally friendly extraction solvent.

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