scholarly journals Incidence, Speciation, and Morpho-Genetic Diversity of Penicillium spp. Causing Blue Mold of Stored Pome Fruits in Serbia

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1019
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Žebeljan ◽  
Nataša Duduk ◽  
Nina Vučković ◽  
Wayne M. Jurick ◽  
Ivana Vico
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Postharvest Decay ◽  
Pome Fruits ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Penicillium Spp

Blue mold, caused by Penicillium spp., is one of the most economically important postharvest diseases of pome fruits, globally. Pome fruits, in particular apple, is the most widely grown pome fruit in Serbia, and the distribution of Penicillium spp. responsible for postharvest decay is unknown. A two-year survey was conducted in 2014 and 2015, where four pome fruits (apple, pear, quince, and medlar) with blue mold symptoms were collected from 20 storage locations throughout Serbia. Detailed morphological characterization, analysis of virulence in three apple cultivars, and multilocus phylogeny revealed three main Penicillium spp. in order of abundance: P. expansum, P. crustosum, and P. solitum. Interestingly, P. expansum split into two distinct clades with strong statistical support that coincided with several morphological observations. Findings from this study are significant and showed previously undocumented diversity in blue mold fungi responsible for postharvest decay including the first finding of P. crustosum, and P. solitum as postharvest pathogens of quince and P. crustosum of medlar fruit in the world, and P. expansum of quince in Serbia. Data from this study provide timely information regarding phenotypic, morphological and genotypic plasticity in P. expansum that will impact the design of species-specific detection tools and guide the development of blue mold management strategies.

scholarly journals Baseline Sensitivity of Penicillium spp. to Difenoconazole

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne M. Jurick ◽  
Otilia Macarisin ◽  
Verneta L. Gaskins ◽  
Wojciech J. Janisiewicz ◽  
Kari A. Peter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
The United States ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Baseline Sensitivity ◽  
Single Spore ◽  
Commercial Use ◽  
Penicillium Spp

Penicillium spp. cause blue mold of stored pome fruit. These fungi reduce fruit quality and produce mycotoxins that are regulated for processed fruit products. Control of blue mold is achieved by fungicide application, and in 2015 Academy (active ingredients fludioxonil and difenoconazole) was released for use on pome fruit to manage postharvest blue mold. Baseline sensitivity for fludioxonil but not difenoconazole has been determined for P. expansum. To establish the distribution of sensitivity to difenoconazole before commercial use of Academy, 97 unexposed single-spore isolates from the United States and abroad were tested in vitro. Baseline EC50 values ranged from 0.038 to 0.827 µg/ml of difenoconazole with an average of 0.16 µg/ml. Complete inhibition of mycelial growth for all but three isolates occurred at 5 µg/ml of difenoconazole, whereas 10 µg/ml did not support growth for any of the isolates examined. Hence, 5 µg/ml of difenoconazole is recommended for phenotyping Penicillium spp. isolates with reduced sensitivity. Isolates with resistance to pyrimethanil and to both thiabendazole and pyrimethanil were observed among the isolates from the baseline collection. Academy applied at the labeled rate had both curative and protectant activities and controlled four representative Penicillium spp. from the baseline population. This information can be used to monitor future shifts in sensitivity to this new postharvest fungicide in Penicillium spp. populations.

scholarly journals Pathogenic Penicillium spp. on Apple and Pear

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 590-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Petrus Louw ◽  
Lise Korsten
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Marketing Channels ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
The Third ◽  
New Information ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Penicillium Spp

Numerous Penicillium spp. have been associated with postharvest fruit spoilage. This study investigates pathogenicity and aggressiveness of selected Penicillium spp. previously isolated from South African and European Union fruit export chains. Penicillium expansum was the most aggressive and P. crustosum the second most aggressive on all apple cultivars (‘Royal Gala’, ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Topred’, and ‘Cripps Pink’) and two pear cultivars (‘Packham's Triumph’ and ‘Forelle’) tested. P. digitatum was the most aggressive on ‘Beurre Bosc’, ‘Beurre Hardy’, and ‘Sempre’ (‘Rosemarie’) pear cultivars and the third most aggressive on Granny Smith and Cripps Pink apple cultivars. To our knowledge, this is the first report where P. digitatum has been described as aggressive on certain pome fruit cultivars. These pear cultivars are also the most commonly associated with decay on the export markets, resulting in considerable end-market losses. P. brevicompactum was detected as pathogenic on pear but was not further evaluated in the study. P. solitum covered a broader cultivar range, expressed higher disease incidence, and was more aggressive (larger lesions) on pear cultivars than on apple cultivars. This study provides new information on host specificity and the importance of pathogenic Penicillium spp. isolated from various environments in the shipping and marketing channels.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Incidence of Phacidiopycnis Rot in d'Anjou Pears in Washington State

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Xiao ◽  
R. J. Boal
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Wound Infections ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Penicillium Spp ◽  
Organic Orchards

Phacidiopycnis rot, caused by Phacidiopycnis piri, is a newly recognized postharvest disease in pear fruit (Pyrus communis cv. d'Anjou) in the United States. To determine the prevalence and incidence of this disease, decayed fruit were sampled during packing and repacking operations from four packinghouses in 2001 and 2002. During March to May (repacking) in 2001, Phacidiopycnis rot was found in packed fruit that were stored in cardboard boxes from 22 of 26 grower lots (orchards), and accounted for 5 to 71% of the total decay. Phacidiopycnis rot, gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea, and blue mold caused by Penicillium spp. accounted for an average of 34.1, 10.3, and 33.6% of decayed fruit from conventional orchards, respectively; and 22.8, 35.7, and 23.5% of decayed fruit from organic orchards, respectively. During November 2001 to January 2002 (packing), Phacidiopycnis rot was observed in fruit that were stored in field bins before packing from 30 of 33 grower lots, accounting for 18.4% of decayed fruit sampled. During March to May in 2002, Phacidiopycnis rot was responsible for 2 to 68% of decayed fruit sampled from 36 of 39 grower lots. Phacidiopycnis rot, gray mold, and blue mold accounted for an average of 19.6, 26.8, and 37.4% of decayed fruit from conventional orchards, respectively; and 42.2, 25.7, and 8.2% of decayed fruit from organic orchards, respectively. Most Phacidiopycnis rot that occurred in field bins before packing appeared to originate from wound infections; whereas after packing, approximately 60 and 30% of Phacidiopycnis rot originated from stem and calyx infections, respectively. This study indicates that Phacidiopycnis rot should be considered one of the targets for control of postharvest diseases in d'Anjou pears in the region.

scholarly journals The occurrence of postharvest diseases on apples resistant to scab

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Bryk ◽  
Dorota Kruczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Brown Rot ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Monilinia Fructigena ◽  
Storage Diseases ◽  
Bitter Pit ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Bull's Eye

The occurrence of storage diseases on fruit of seven scab resistant apple cultivars (Freedom, Rajka, Topaz, Rubinola, Enterprise, Goldstar, GoldRush) grafted on M.9 was investigated in 2001-2005. The trees were planted in 1995. It was found that after storage (4 and 6 months at 2<sup>°</sup>C, 85-90% RH) the most severe appeared to be bull's eye rot (<i>Pezicula</i> spp.). The most sensitive cultivars to this disease were: Topaz, Freedom, Goldstar, the least sensitive were Rubinola, Enterprise, Rajka. Other postharvest diseases like gray mold (<i>Botrytis cinerea</i>), blue mold (<i>Penicillium expansum</i>) and brown rot (<i>Monilinia fructigena</i>) were not common. 'Rajka' and 'Goldstar' were susceptible to bitter pit, and 'Freedom' to superficial scald.

scholarly journals Distribution and Characterization of Monilinia spp. Causing Apple Fruit Decay in Serbia

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miljan Vasić ◽  
Ivana Vico ◽  
Wayne M. Jurick ◽  
Nataša Duduk
Keyword(s):  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Pome Fruit

Brown rot, caused by Monilinia spp., is an economically important pre- and postharvest disease of pome and stone fruits worldwide. In Serbia, apple is the most widely grown pome fruit, and the distribution of economically important Monilinia spp. responsible for apple brown rot is unknown. Hence, we conducted a three year survey, from 2010 to 2012, where 349 isolates were obtained from six orchards and four storage facilities from five different apple cultivars with brown rot symptoms. Morphological characterization of the isolates, multiplex PCR, and phylogenetic analysis revealed four species: M. fructigena, M. laxa, M. fructicola, and Monilia polystroma. All species were found in the orchard and in storage, with M. fructigena predominating, followed by M. polystroma. Representative isolates were analyzed in vitro and in vivo where differences in growth rate, sporulation, and virulence on apple fruit were observed. Findings from this investigation demonstrate diversity in the species responsible for pre- and postharvest apple brown rot, which has significant implications for pathogen detection and for developing disease-specific management strategies.

scholarly journals Biocontrol Potential of Metchnikowia pulcherrima Strains Against Blue Mold of Apple

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (11) ◽  
pp. 1098-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Janisiewicz ◽  
T. J. Tworkoski ◽  
C. P. Kurtzman
Keyword(s):  
Large Subunit ◽  
Indicator Strain ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Maximum Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Major Cluster ◽  
Biocontrol Potential

Eight strains of Metschnikowia pulcherrima isolated over a 4-year period from an unmanaged orchard and selected for their biocontrol activity against blue mold (caused by Penicillium expansum) of apples were characterized phenotypically, genetically, and for their biocontrol potential against blue mold on apples. All strains grew well and only differed slightly in their growth in nutrient yeast dextrose broth medium at 1°C after 216 h, but large differences occurred at 0°C, with strain T5-A2 outgrowing other strains by more than 25% transmittance after 360 h. This strain was also one of the most resistant to diphenylamine (DPA), a postharvest antioxidant treatment. All strains required biotin for growth in minimum salt (MS) medium, although strain ST2-A10 grew slightly in MS medium containing riboflavin or folic acid, as did ST3-E1 in MS medium without vitamins. None of the strains produced killer toxins against an indicator strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Analysis of Biolog data from YT plates for all eight strains using the MLCLUST program resulted in separation of the strains into one major cluster containing four strains and four scattered strains from which strain ST1-D10 was the most distant from all other strains. This was particularly apparent in 3-D and principle component analysis. Genetic differentiation of the eight strains using maximum parsimony analysis of nucleotide sequences from domain D1/D2 of nuclear large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA resulted in detection of two clades. Strain ST1-D10 grouped with the type strain of M. pulcherrima but the remaining seven strains grouped separately, which might possibly represent a new species. All strains significantly reduced blue mold on mature Golden Delicious apples during 1 month of storage at 1°C followed by 7 days at room temperature, but strains T5-A2 and T4-A2 were distinctly more effective under these conditions. Strain T5-A2 also was the most effective in tests on harvest mature apples treated with the lowest concentration of the antagonist and stored for 3 months at 0.5°C. Populations of all eight strains increased in apple wounds by approximately 2 log units after 1 month at 1°C followed by 5 days at 24°C. Our results indicate that M. pulcherrima is an excellent candidate for biological control of postharvest diseases of pome fruit. The variation in phenotypic, genetic, and biocontrol characteristics among strains of M. pulcherrima isolated from the same orchard should make it possible to select antagonists with characteristics that are most desirable for postharvest application.

scholarly journals Genome Sequence of Penicillium solitum RS1, Which Causes Postharvest Apple Decay

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiujiang Yu ◽  
Guangxi Wu ◽  
Wayne M. Jurick ◽  
Verneta L. Gaskins ◽  
Yanbin Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Postharvest Decay ◽  
Pome Fruits ◽  
Penicillium Solitum ◽  
First Time

Penicillium species cause postharvest decay, commonly known as blue mold, in pome fruits, such as apples and pears. To devise novel strategies to prevent and reduce economic losses during storage, the genome sequence of Penicillium solitum RS1 is reported here for the first time.

scholarly journals Establishment of Nuclear Stock Collections for Apple and Pear in Latvia

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-165
Author(s):  
Neda Zuļģe ◽  
Anna Kāle ◽  
Alina Gospodaryk ◽  
Kristīne Vēvere ◽  
Inga Moročko-Bičevska
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Apple Stem ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Pome Fruits ◽  
Chlorotic Leaf ◽  
Apple Cultivars

AbstractApples and pears are among the most important commercial fruit species grown in Latvia. Because of suitability to local climatic conditions, mainly domestic cultivars and cultivars originating in neighbouring countries are grown. The planting material of pome fruits produced and used for establishment of new orchards in Latvia corresponds to the Conformitas Agraria Communitatis standard due to the unavailability of nuclear stock. To establish virus-tested, experimental nuclear stock for apple and pear, one to two years old candidate plants were exposed to thermotherapy at +38 °C for 40 to 70 days. The mother trees and candidate plants before treatment were tested for the presence of the four most widespread pome fruit viruses by RT-PCR. The shoot tips of the heat-treated plants were grafted onto seedling rootstocks and were re-tested for the four viruses by RT-PCR during the next three to five vegetation seasons. Several plants of apple cultivars ‘Dace’, ‘Zarja Alatau’, ‘Rubin’, and ‘Ausma’ remained infected either with Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, Apple stem growing virus or Apple stem pitting virus after the thermotherapy. Tests on woody indicators were carried out to determine possible presence of graft-transmittable organisms according to EPPO guidelines for the establishment of nuclear stock material for pome fruits.

scholarly journals The Benefits of Combining Global and Local Data—A Showcase for Valuation and Mapping of Mangrove Climate Regulation and Food Provisioning Services within a Protected Area in Pará, North Brazil

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 432
Author(s):  
Robin Gutting ◽  
Ralf-Uwe Syrbe ◽  
Karsten Grunewald ◽  
Ulf Mehlig ◽  
Véronique Helfer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Food Provisioning ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Climate Regulation ◽  
North Brazil ◽  
Species Specific

Mangrove forests provide a large variety of ecosystem services (ES) to coastal societies. Using a case study focusing on the Ajuruteua peninsula in Northern Brazil and two ES, food provisioning (ES1) and global climate regulation (ES2), this paper proposes a new framework for quantifying and valuing mangrove ES and allow for their small-scale mapping. We modelled and spatialised the two ES from different perspectives, the demand (ES1) and the supply (ES2) side respectively. This was performed by combining worldwide databases related to the global human population (ES1) or mangrove distribution and canopy height (ES2) with locally derived parameters, such as crab catches (ES1) or species-specific allometric equations based on local estimates of tree structural parameters (ES2). Based on this approach, we could estimate that the area delivers the basic nutrition of about 1400 households, which equals 2.7 million USD, and that the mangrove biomass in the area contains 2.1 million Mg C, amounting to 50.9 million USD, if it were paid as certificates. In addition to those figures, we provide high-resolution maps showing which areas are more valuable for the two respective ES, information that could help inform management strategies in the future.

scholarly journals Methods for the Quantification of Resistance of Apple Genotypes to European Fruit Tree Canker Caused by Neonectria ditissima

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (12) ◽  
pp. 2012-2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Wenneker ◽  
P. W. Goedhart ◽  
P. van der Steeg ◽  
W. E. van de Weg ◽  
H. J. Schouten
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Infection Frequency ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Start Date ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Lesion Growth ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Parallel Tests

European fruit tree canker, caused by Neonectria ditissima, is an important disease of pome fruit worldwide. Apple cultivars differ in their levels of susceptibility to N. ditissima. In order to design an effective plant resistance test, we examined the effectiveness of two resistance parameters: infection frequency and lesion growth. Both parameters were evaluated in parallel tests using 10 apple cultivars in three experimental years, applying seminatural infection of leaf scars (infection frequency) or inoculation of artificial wounds (lesion growth). We compared six parameters for lesion growth, of which a new parameter, lesion growth rate (LGR), appeared to be the best with respect to reproducibility and statistical significance. LGR is defined as the slope of the regression of lesion size versus time. The slope was estimated for each lesion, employing a common start date and a lesion-specific end date determined by the girdling of the lesion. The two parameters (infection frequency and LGR) were examined in separate experiments and in three successive years, and provided complementary information and resulted in reproducible conclusions on the relative resistance levels to N. ditissima of the tested cultivars. The presented methods can be used to develop strategies for the control of European fruit tree canker (e.g., in the breeding of new apple cultivars with high levels of resistance to N. ditissima).

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