Phytophthora infestans: An Overview of Methods and Attempts to Combat Late Blight

Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary is one of the main pathogens in the agricultural sector. The most affected are the Solanaceae species, with the potato (Solanum tuberosum) and the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) being of great agricultural importance. Ornamental Solanaceae can also host the pests Petunia spp., Calibrachoa spp., as well as the wild species Solanum dulcamara, Solanum sarrachoides, etc. Annual crop losses caused by this pathogen are highly significant. Although the interaction between P. infestans and the potato has been investigated for a long time, further studies are still needed. This review summarises the basic approaches in the fight against the late blight over the past 20 years and includes four sections devoted to methods of control: (1) fungicides; (2) R-gene-based resistance of potato species; (3) RNA interference approaches; (4) other approaches to control P. infestans. Based on the latest advances, we have provided a description of the significant advantages and disadvantages of each approach.

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Late Blight of Potato (Phytophthora infestans) I: Fungicides Application and Associated Challenges

Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology ◽

10.24925/turjaf.v5i3.261-266.1038 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 261 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Abdul Majeed ◽

Zahir Muhammad ◽

Zabeeh Ullah ◽

Rafi Ullah ◽

Habib Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Late Blight ◽

Phytophthora Infestans ◽

Solanum Tuberosum L ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

Agricultural Crop ◽

Irish Famine ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Agricultural Mechanization ◽

Global Food ◽

Late Blight Of Potato

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) has been remained an important agricultural crop in resolving global food issues through decades. The crop has experienced enormous growth in terms of production throughout the world in recent decades because of improvement in agricultural mechanization, fertilizers application and irrigation practices. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of this valuable crop is still vulnerable to losses due to prevalence of different viral, bacterial, fungal and nematodes infestations. Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, is one of the most threatening pathogenic diseases which not only results in direct crop losses but also cause farmers to embrace huge monetary expenses for disease control and preventive measures. The disease is well known for notorious ‘Irish Famine’ which resulted in drop of Irish population by more than 20% as result of hunger and potato starvation. Globally, annual losses of crop and money spend on fungicides for late blight control exceeds one trillion US dollars. This paper reviews the significance of late blight of potato and controlling strategies adopted for minimizing yield losses incurred by this disease by the use of synthetic fungicides. Advantages and disadvantages of fungicides application are discussed.

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Mapping the R10 and R11 genes for resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans) present in the potato (Solanum tuberosum) R-gene differentials of Black

Theoretical and Applied Genetics ◽

10.1007/s00122-005-0179-9 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 112 (4) ◽

pp. 744-751 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

John E. Bradshaw ◽

Glenn J. Bryan ◽

Alison K. Lees ◽

Karen McLean ◽

Ruth M. Solomon-Blackburn

Keyword(s):

Solanum Tuberosum ◽

Late Blight ◽

Phytophthora Infestans ◽

R Gene

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Response of An R Gene Pyramided Potato Genotype to Infection With Phytophthora Infestans

Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca Agriculture ◽

10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:6506 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Abdelmoumen TAOUTAOU ◽

Carmen SOCACIU ◽

Doru PAMFIL ◽

Erika BALAZS ◽

Constantin BOTEZ

Keyword(s):

Late Blight ◽

Phytophthora Infestans ◽

Gene Pyramiding ◽

Resistance Breeding ◽

R Gene ◽

Potato Disease ◽

Suitable Solution ◽

Potato Genotype ◽

Late Blight Disease ◽

Blight Disease

Phytophthora infestans is the most important potato disease. It is a hemibiotrophic pathogen, with a high evolution capacity. Resistance breeding is thought to be the most suitable solution. Gene pyramiding is advanced as a solution for late blight disease.

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An updated conventional- and a novel GM potato late blight R gene differential set for virulence monitoring of Phytophthora infestans

Euphytica ◽

10.1007/s10681-014-1276-0 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 202 (2) ◽

pp. 219-234 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Suxian Zhu ◽

Jack H. Vossen ◽

Marjan Bergervoet ◽

Maarten Nijenhuis ◽

Linda Kodde ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Late Blight ◽

Phytophthora Infestans ◽

Potato Late Blight ◽

R Gene ◽

Differential Set ◽

Gm Potato

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Enhancement of drug delivery across the skin barrier using iontophoresis technique: pros, cons, and novel findings from representative studies

Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam ◽

10.31276/vjst.63(9).39-43 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 63 (9) ◽

pp. 39-43

Author(s):

Thi Hong Duc Nguyen ◽

◽

Quoc Anh Vo ◽

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Physical Therapy ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Skin Barrier ◽

Large Molecules ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Safety Aspects ◽

The Past ◽

Long Time

Iontophoresis has been utilised to deliver medications in physical therapy for a long time, but its applications in treating diseases are still limited. This stemmed partly from its complicated and unsafe instrumentation as well as insufficient scientific evidence. Over the past decade, however, the design and safety aspects of iontophoresis devices have been dramatically improved. More importantly, various optimistic results were revealed from many scientific studies, especially its potential to actively transport large molecules and nanoparticles across the skin barrier that attracts great attention from both academia and industry. This paper aimed to review the advantages and disadvantages of the technique and representative transdermal enhancement studies using iontophoresis.

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Discerning strains of Phytophthora infestans the causative agent of potato late blight by SSCP analysis of virulence genes

Biotekhnologiya ◽

10.21519/0234-2758-2018-34-6-4-11 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 4-11

Author(s):

V.K. Chizhik ◽

◽

E.A. Sokolova ◽

V.V. Martynov ◽

M.A. Kuznetsova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Late Blight ◽

Phytophthora Infestans ◽

Causative Agent ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Potato Late Blight ◽

Sscp Analysis

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Possibilities of using biodegradable polymeric materials in the agricultural sector

Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK ◽

10.22314/2658-4859-2020-67-2-115-120 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 67 (2) ◽

pp. 115-120

Author(s):

Raisa A. Alekhina ◽

Victoriya E. Slavkina ◽

Yuliya A. Lopatina

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Biodegradable Polymers ◽

Biodegradable Polymer ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Polymeric Materials ◽

Polymer Materials ◽

Limiting Factors ◽

Research Purpose ◽

Biodegradable Materials ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages

The article presents options for recycling polymers. The use of biodegradable materials is promising. This is a special class of polymers that can decompose under aerobic or anaerobic conditions under the action of microorganisms or enzymes forming natural products such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water, biomass, and inorganic salts. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in reviewing biodegradable materials that can be used for the manufacture of products used in agriculture. (Materials and methods) The study are based on open information sources containing information about biodegradable materials. Research methods are collecting, studying and comparative analysis of information. (Results and discussion) The article presents the advantages and disadvantages of biodegradable materials, mechanical properties of the main groups of biodegradable polymers. The article provides a summary list of agricultural products that can be made from biodegradable polymer materials. It was found that products from the general group are widely used in agriculture. Authors have found that products from a special group can only be made from biodegradable polymers with a controlled decomposition period in the soil, their use contributes to increasing the productivity of crops. (Conclusions) It was found that biodegradable polymer materials, along with environmental safety, have mechanical properties that allow them producing products that do not carry significant loads during operation. We have shown that the creation of responsible products (machine parts) from biodegradable polymers requires an increase in their strength properties, which is achievable by creating composites based on them. It was found that the technological complexity of their manufacture and high cost are the limiting factors for the widespread use of biodegradable polymers at this stage.

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Predicting Fraud Victimization Using Classical Machine Learning

Entropy ◽

10.3390/e23030300 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 300

Author(s):

Mark Lokanan ◽

Susan Liu

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Financial Literacy ◽

Learning Algorithm ◽

Demographic Characteristics ◽

Financial Knowledge ◽

The Past ◽

Machine Learning Model ◽

Long Time ◽

Regulatory Organization ◽

Investment Fraud

Protecting financial consumers from investment fraud has been a recurring problem in Canada. The purpose of this paper is to predict the demographic characteristics of investors who are likely to be victims of investment fraud. Data for this paper came from the Investment Industry Regulatory Organization of Canada’s (IIROC) database between January of 2009 and December of 2019. In total, 4575 investors were coded as victims of investment fraud. The study employed a machine-learning algorithm to predict the probability of fraud victimization. The machine learning model deployed in this paper predicted the typical demographic profile of fraud victims as investors who classify as female, have poor financial knowledge, know the advisor from the past, and are retired. Investors who are characterized as having limited financial literacy but a long-time relationship with their advisor have reduced probabilities of being victimized. However, male investors with low or moderate-level investment knowledge were more likely to be preyed upon by their investment advisors. While not statistically significant, older adults, in general, are at greater risk of being victimized. The findings from this paper can be used by Canadian self-regulatory organizations and securities commissions to inform their investors’ protection mandates.

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