scholarly journals Multidimensional Food Security Nexus in Drylands under the Slow Onset Effects of Climate Change

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1350
Author(s):  
Ilan Stavi ◽  
Anastasia Paschalidou ◽  
Apostolos P. Kyriazopoulos ◽  
Rares Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir ◽  
Si Mokrane Siad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Slow Onset

Hyperarid, arid, semiarid, and dry subhumid areas cover approximately 41% of the global land area. The human population in drylands, currently estimated at 2.7 billion, faces limited access to sufficient, affordable, and nutritious food. We discuss the interlinkages among water security, environmental security, energy security, economic security, health security, and food security governance, and how they affect food security in drylands. Reliable and adequate water supply, and the prevention of water contamination, increase the potential for ample food, fodder, and fiber production. Protecting woodlands and rangelands increases food security by buffering the slow onset effects of climate change, including biodiversity loss, desertification, salinization, and land degradation. The protection of natural lands is expected to decrease environmental contamination, and simultaneously, reduce the transfer of diseases from wildlife to humans. Biofuel production and hydroelectric power plants increase energy security but generate land-use conflicts, deforestation, and ecosystem degradation. Economic security generally positively correlates with food security. However, economic growth often degrades the environment, changes tenure rights over natural resources, and stimulates migration to urban areas, resulting in lower food and health security. Moreover, civil unrest, political instability, and armed conflicts disrupt local economies in drylands. Maintaining food security is crucial for health security; conversely, malnourished populations and unresponsive health systems decrease economic security, and adversely affect environmental, energy, and food security. Climate change is expected to deteriorate health security by spreading vector-borne diseases. Effective governance and timely interventions can substantially shorten periods of food insecurity, lower their intensities, and accelerate recovery from inevitable crises, and are therefore crucial in preventing humanitarian crises. Since global drylands population will nearly double by 2050, and since drylands are among the most susceptible areas to climate change, integrated multi-hazard approaches to food security are needed.

The Emergence of Environment as a Security Imperative

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Dodds
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Environmental Security ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Population ◽  
Security Issue ◽  
Health Security ◽  
The Relationship

The emergence of environment as a security imperative is something that could have been avoided. Early indications showed that if governments did not pay attention to critical environmental issues, these would move up the security agenda. As far back as the Club of Rome 1972 report, Limits to Growth, variables highlighted for policy makers included world population, industrialization, pollution, food production, and resource depletion, all of which impact how we live on this planet. The term environmental security didn’t come into general use until the 2000s. It had its first substantive framing in 1977, with the Lester Brown Worldwatch Paper 14, “Redefining Security.” Brown argued that the traditional view of national security was based on the “assumption that the principal threat to security comes from other nations.” He went on to argue that future security “may now arise less from the relationship of nation to nation and more from the relationship between man to nature.” Of the major documents to come out of the Earth Summit in 1992, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development is probably the first time governments have tried to frame environmental security. Principle 2 says: “States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and developmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national.” In 1994, the UN Development Program defined Human Security into distinct categories, including: • Economic security (assured and adequate basic incomes). • Food security (physical and affordable access to food). • Health security. • Environmental security (access to safe water, clean air and non-degraded land). By the time of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, in 2002, water had begun to be identified as a security issue, first at the Rio+5 conference, and as a food security issue at the 1996 FAO Summit. In 2003, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan set up a High-Level Panel on “Threats, Challenges, and Change,” to help the UN prevent and remove threats to peace. It started to lay down new concepts on collective security, identifying six clusters for member states to consider. These included economic and social threats, such as poverty, infectious disease, and environmental degradation. By 2007, health was being recognized as a part of the environmental security discourse, with World Health Day celebrating “International Health Security (IHS).” In particular, it looked at emerging diseases, economic stability, international crises, humanitarian emergencies, and chemical, radioactive, and biological terror threats. Environmental and climate changes have a growing impact on health. The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) identified climate security as a key challenge for the 21st century. This was followed up in 2009 by the UCL-Lancet Commission on Managing the Health Effects of Climate Change—linking health and climate change. In the run-up to Rio+20 and the launch of the Sustainable Development Goals, the issue of the climate-food-water-energy nexus, or rather, inter-linkages, between these issues was highlighted. The dialogue on environmental security has moved from a fringe discussion to being central to our political discourse—this is because of the lack of implementation of previous international agreements.

scholarly journals Comparative Assessment of Spatial Variability and Trends of Flows and Sediments under the Impact of Climate Change in the Upper Indus Basin

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 730
Author(s):  
Waqas Ul Hussan ◽  
Muhammad Khurram Shahzad ◽  
Frank Seidel ◽  
Anna Costa ◽  
Franz Nestmann
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Indus Basin ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Indus River ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Upper Indus Basin ◽  
The Impact

Extensive research of the variability of flows under the impact of climate change has been conducted for the Upper Indus Basin (UIB). However, limited literature is available on the spatial distribution and trends of suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) in the sub-basins of UIB. This study covers the comparative assessment of flows and SSC trends measured at 13 stations in the UIB along with the variability of precipitation and temperatures possibly due to climate change for the past three decades. In the course of this period, the country’s largest reservoir, Tarbela, on the Indus River was depleted rapidly due to heavy sediment influx from the UIB. Sediment management of existing storage and future planned hydraulic structures (to tap 30,000 MW in the region) depends on the correct assessment of SSC, their variation patterns, and trends. In this study, the SSC trends are determined along with trends of discharges, precipitation, and temperatures using the non-parametric Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator. The results reveal that the annual flows and SSC are in a balanced state for the Indus River at Besham Qila, whereas the SSC are significantly reduced ranging from 18.56%–28.20% per decade in the rivers of Gilgit at Alam Bridge, Indus at Kachura, and Brandu at Daggar. The SSC significantly increase ranging from 20.08%–40.72% per decade in the winter together with a significant increase of average air temperature. During summers, the SSC are decreased significantly ranging from 18.63%–27.79% per decade along with flows in the Hindukush and Western–Karakorum regions, which is partly due to the Karakorum climate anomaly, and in rainfall-dominated basins due to rainfall reduction. In Himalayan regions, the SSC are generally increased slightly during summers. These findings will be helpful for understanding the sediment trends associated with flow, precipitation, and temperature variations, and may be used for the operational management of current reservoirs and the design of several hydroelectric power plants that are planned for construction in the UIB.

Application of the contingent valuation method in a developing country: a case study of the Yusufeli Dam in northeast Turkey

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emre Alp ◽  
Ülkü Yetiş
Keyword(s):  
Contingent Valuation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Contingent Valuation Method ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Hydroelectric Power Plant ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Turkish Republic ◽  
Valuation Method

Hydroelectric power plants and dams often play an important role in developing countries in terms of their contribution to economy. In accordance with the energy policies of Turkish Republic, Yusufeli Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant in Northeastern Turkey have been initiated. In this study, the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was conducted in Yusufeli Village to determine the environmental costs of the Yusufeli Project. The purpose is to assess the willingness to pay (WTP) of Yusufeli Village residents for restoration of the environmental impacts of the dam project and also to investigate the underlying economic, psychological, and social motivations for WTP. WTP was calculated as US$761 per person which can further be used in the cost–benefit analysis. The results from the study suggest that application of the CVM in rural and urban areas located in the same region can show differences.

Energy security, uncertainty and energy resource use options in Ethiopia

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawit Guta ◽  
Jan Börner
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sources Of Uncertainty ◽  
Alternative Energy Resources

Purpose Ethiopia’s energy sector faces critical challenges to meeting steadily increasing energy demand given limited infrastructure, heavy reliance on hydroelectric power and underdevelopment of alternative energy resources. The purpose of this paper was to identify optimal least cost investment decisions for integrated energy source diversification. The authors seek to contribute to the relevant literature by paying particular attention to the role of public policy for promoting renewable energy investment and to better understand future energy security implications of various sources of uncertainty. Design/methodology/approach The authors created a dynamic linear programming model using General Algebraic Modelling System software to explore the national energy security implications of uncertainties associated with increasing technological advances and efficiency, and climate change scenarios. Findings To cope with the impacts of drought expected from future climate change on hydroelectric power production, Ethiopia would need to invest in the development of alternative energy resources. Such investment would not only enhance the sustainability and reliability of energy production but also increase costs. Greater rates of technological and efficiency innovations, however, were found to improve electricity diversification and reduce production costs and shadow prices or resource scarcity, and are thus key for enhancing energy security and reducing the risks posed by drought. Originality/value The dynamic linear programming model by the authors represents a flexible sector modelling tool for exploring the sustainability and efficiency of energy resource development pathways and evaluating the effects of different sources of uncertainty on the energy sector.

scholarly journals Russian hydropower under the global climate change

2019 ◽  
Vol 484 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-160
Author(s):  
V. V. Klimenko ◽  
E. V. Fedotova
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
River Runoff ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Hydroelectric Power Plant ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Ensemble Averaging ◽  
Climatic Scenarios ◽  
Qualitative Pattern ◽  
Integral Assessment

The influence of the climate change in Russia on the operation of hydroelectric power plants during the 21st century is considered. For obtaining quantitative assessments, the results yielded by global climatic models for river runoff were subjected to ensemble averaging. In addition to the standard RCP climatic scenarios, the MPEI scenario is considered, the fundamental distinctive feature of which is that the most likely development trajectories are selected. It is found that the choice of a scenario has an essential effect on both the qualitative pattern of river runoff changes over the territory and on the quantitative characteristics of this process.An integral assessment for the change in the hydroelectric power plant outputs due to climate change is made.

scholarly journals DAMPAK IMPLEMENTASI MANDAT KONSUMSI BAHAN BAKAR NABATI TERHADAP PEREKONOMIAN INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-78
Author(s):  
Sugiyono Sugiyono ◽  
Rina Oktaviani ◽  
Dedi Budiman Hakim ◽  
Bustanul Arifin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Policy Implication ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Mitigate Climate Change

Before 2006, biofuel mandate consumption was expected to contribute to increase economic growth and job creation, decrease poverty, mitigate climate change, and improve energy security. The objective of the study is an analysis of implementation of biofuel mandate in Indonesian economy. This research applied the long run of Recursive Dynamic General Equilibrium (RDGE) model by Indonesian Forecasting. Three simulations are used to increase of biofuel demand, seconds to increase of biofuel agriculture land expansion, deforestation, and rise fixed capital, and to last change agricultural and biofuel productivity. The policy of biofuel mandate implementation is effectively to increase economic growth, rise household income, and improve carbon emission, but less effective to built food security and feed, decline employment by industri for non biofuel agriculture, and descend forest and other forest outputs in Indonesia. The policy implication is to increase output for non biofuel agriculture by rising productivity and policy of import and inflation targetting to take sides for welfare farmer’s and food employee’s.  Keywords: Biofuel, RDGE, food security, carbon emission

scholarly journals Enabling Water-Energy–Food Nexus: A New Approach for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Mountainous Landlocked Countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 46-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tek Bahadur Gurung
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Hydro Power ◽  
Policy Model ◽  
Nutrition Security ◽  
Hydro Power Plants ◽  
Agriculture And Food

Majority of landlocked mountainous countries are poorly ranked in Human Development Index (HDI), mostly due to poor per capita agriculture production, increasing population, unemployment, expensive and delayed transportation including several other factors. Generally, economy of such countries substantially relies on subsistence agriculture, tourism, hydropower and largely on remittance etc.  Recently, it has been argued that to utilize scarce suitable land efficiently for food production, poor inland transport, hydropower, irrigation, drinking water in integration with other developmental infrastructures, an overarching policy linking water - energy – food nexus within a country for combating water, energy and food security would be most relevant.  Thus, in present paper it has been opined that promotion of such linkage via nexus approach is the key to sustainable development of landlocked mountainous countries.  Major land mass in mountainous countries like Nepal remains unsuitable for agriculture, road and other infrastructure profoundly imposing food, nutrition and energy security. However, large pristine snowy mountains function as wildlife sanctuaries, pastures, watershed, recharge areas for regional and global water, food and energy security.  In return, landlocked mountainous countries are offered certain international leverages. For more judicious trade off, it is recommended that specific countries aerial coverage of mountains would be more appropriate basis for such leverages.  Moreover, for sustainability of mountainous countries an integrated approach enabling water - energy – food nexus via watershed-hydropower-irrigation-aquaculture-agriculture-integrated linking policy model is proposed. This model would enable protection of watershed for pico, micro, and mega hydro power plants and tail waters to be used for aquaculture or irrigation or drinking water purposes for food and nutrition security.

Entering the anthropocene: ‘Geonauts’ or sorcerer’s apprentices?

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 462-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacy Sachs
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Social Disparities ◽  
Human Intervention ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Earth Summit ◽  
Spaceship Earth ◽  
Global Transition

The Second Earth Summit to be held in Rio de Janeiro in 2012 will coincide with the ratification by the International Commission on Stratigraphy of the concept of a new geological era, the anthropocene. This term emphasizes the acknowledgement of the increasing impact of human intervention on the future of the Spaceship Earth. Humanity is thus at a crossroads and we need, more than ever, to abide by the principle of responsibility. We must mobilize ourselves to learn how to speedily mitigate deleterious climate change without losing sight of the urgent need to reduce the abyssal social disparities. The immediate imperative is to propose long-term development strategies to go hand in hand with an aggiornamento of long-term democratic planning. Such strategies must rely on two pillars: food security and energy security. Last but not least, the United Nations ought to take advantage of the forthcoming Earth Summit to set in motion a global transition towards a socially inclusionary and environmentally sustainable path.

scholarly journals Impact of slow-onset events related to Climate Change on food security in Latin America and the Caribbean

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 215-224
Author(s):  
Roberto A Abeldaño Zuñiga ◽  
Gabriela N Lima ◽  
Ana M González Villoria
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Food Security ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Slow Onset
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