scholarly journals Brain Structure, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Executive Control Changes after a 9-Week Exercise Intervention in Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 292
Author(s):  
Lina Zhu ◽  
Qian Yu ◽  
Fabian Herold ◽  
Boris Cheval ◽  
Xiaoxiao Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Younger Adults

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is assumed to exert beneficial effects on brain structure and executive control (EC) performance. However, empirical evidence of exercise-induced cognitive enhancement is not conclusive, and the role of CRF in younger adults is not fully understood. Here, we conducted a study in which healthy young adults took part in a moderate aerobic exercise intervention program for 9 weeks (exercise group; n = 48), or control condition of non-aerobic exercise intervention (waitlist control group; n = 72). Before and after the intervention period maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) as an indicator of CRF, the Flanker task as a measure of EC performance and grey matter volume (GMV), as well as cortical thickness via structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), were assessed. Compared to the control group, the CRF (heart rate, p < 0.001; VO2max, p < 0.001) and EC performance (congruent and incongruent reaction time, p = 0.011, p < 0.001) of the exercise group were significantly improved after the 9-week aerobic exercise intervention. Furthermore, GMV changes in the left medial frontal gyrus increased in the exercise group, whereas they were significantly reduced in the control group. Likewise, analysis of cortical morphology revealed that the left lateral occipital cortex (LOC.L) and the left precuneus (PCUN.L) thickness were considerably increased in the exercise group, which was not observed in the control group. The exploration analysis confirmed that CRF improvements are linked to EC improvement and frontal grey matter changes. In summary, our results support the idea that regular endurance exercises are an important determinant for brain health and cognitive performance even in a cohort of younger adults.

THU0470 EFFECT OF LAND AND WATER-BASED EXERCISE ON PHYSICAL FUNCTION IN WOMEN WITH FIBROMYALGIA: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS FROM THE AL-ÁNDALUS RANDOMISED CONTROL TRIAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 472.1-472
Author(s):  
V. Segura-Jiménez ◽  
B. Gavilán Carrera ◽  
M. Borges Cosic ◽  
P. Acosta-Manzano ◽  
V. A. Aparicio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Function ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Body Strength ◽  
Water Based

Background:Previous evidence has shown physical function (PF) improvements after physical exercise programs in fibromyalgia1. However, research comparing the efficacy of land vs. water-based programs is scarce.Objectives:This study aimed at comparing the effects of two exercise interventions (land- and water-based) on PF in patients with fibromyalgia.Methods:A total of 262 women were initially randomized and 152 (age:50.6 ±7.7 years) completed all the assessments with an attendance ≥70% (control n=62, land-based n=48, water-based n=42). The intervention groups trained three non-consecutive days/week (60 min/session) during 24 weeks. Every session consisted of exercises focused on improving cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, and flexibility. Physical function components were assessed with the Functional Senior Fitness Test battery, and a standardized global PF index was calculated. Pre-, post- and re-test (12-week detraining) assessments were conducted. Groups did not differ in sex, sociodemographic characteristics, disease duration, drugs intake, and body mass index. Analysis of covariance was used to test the differences in changes from baseline (post-test vs. pre-test and re-test vs. pre-test) between groups using age, pain sensitivity, and baseline outcomes values as covariates.Results:Land- and water-based exercise groups improved lower body strength (mean difference; 95% confidence interval=2.8; 1.8, 3.8 and 1.7; 0.6, 2.8, respectively), upper body strength (4.8; 2.8, 6.8 and 3.5; 1.4, 5.6, respectively), and agility (-0.8; -1.2, -0.4 and -0.4; -0.8, -0.0, respectively) compared to the control group (all, P≤0.033). Additionally, land-based exercise group improved lower body flexibility and cardiorespiratory fitness compared to both the control (6.4; 2.8, 9.9 and 55.0; 31.0, 79.2, respectively) and water-based (5.4; 1.7, 9.2 and 37.5; 11.4, 63.6, respectively) groups (all, P≤0.002). Global PF improved in the land-based compared to the control group (0.4; 0.2, 0.5, P<0.001) and the water-based group (0.2; 0.0, 0.4, P=0.019). After the detraining period, land- and water-based groups maintained improvements in upper body strength (3.1; 1.2, 5.0 and 2.2; 0.1, 4.2, respectively) compared to the control group (all, P≤0.032). Land-based exercise group maintained improvements in lower body flexibility (5.1; 1.5, 8.8), lower body strength (1.7; 0.8, 2.6), agility (-0.6; -1.0, -0.3) and cardiorespiratory fitness (31.0; 6.8, 55.2) compared to control group (all, P≤0.007), and agility (-0.5; -0.9, -0.1) and cardiorespiratory fitness (40.2; 11.7, 68.7) compared to the water-based group (all, P≤0.014). The improvements in global PF were maintained in the land-based group compared to the control group (0.1; 0.0, 0.3, P=0.049).Conclusion:Land- and water-based exercise interventions are overall effective to improve PF in patients with fibromyalgia. However, the land-based exercise intervention presented greater effectiveness compared to the water-based exercise intervention. Improvements were overall sustained in the land-based group after a 12-week detraining period.References:[1]Macfarlane, G.J.; Kronisch, C.; Dean, L.E.; Atzeni, F.; Häuser, W.; Fluß, E.; Choy, E.; Kosek, E.; Amris, K.; Branco, J.; et al. EULAR revised recommendations for the management of fibromyalgia. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2017, 76, 318–328.Acknowledgments:This study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (I+D+i DEP2010-15639; I+D+I DEP2013-40908-R) and the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (FPU15/00002).Disclosure of Interests: :None declared

scholarly journals Injuries in Sedentary Individuals Enrolled in a 12-Month, Randomized, Controlled, Exercise Trial

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Campbell ◽  
Karen Foster-Schubert ◽  
Liren Xiao ◽  
Catherine Alfano ◽  
Lisa Cadmus Bertram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Bodily Pain ◽  
Musculoskeletal Injury ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vigorous Exercise ◽  
Common Causes

Background:The risk of musculoskeletal injury with the introduction of moderate-to-vigorous exercise in sedentary adults is not well established. The purpose of this report is to examine the effect of a 12-month exercise intervention on musculoskeletal injury and bodily pain in predominately overweight, sedentary men (n = 102) and women (n = 100), ages 40 to 75 years.Methods:Participants were randomized to a moderate-to-vigorous aerobic exercise intervention (EX) (6 d/wk, 60 min/d, 60% to 85% max. heart rate) or usual lifestyle control (CON). Participants completed a self-report of musculoskeletal injury and body pain at baseline and 12-months.Results:The number of individuals reporting an injury (CON; 28% vs. EX; 28%, P = .95) did not differ by group. The most commonly injured site was lower leg/ankle/foot. The most common causes of injury were sports/physical activity, home maintenance, or “other.” In the control group, bodily pain increased over the 12 months compared with the exercise group (CON −7.9, EX −1.4, P = .05). Baseline demographics and volume of exercise were not associated with injury risk.Conclusions:Previously sedentary men and women randomized to a 12-month aerobic exercise intervention with a goal of 360 min/wk reported the same number of injuries as those in the control group and less bodily pain.

scholarly journals Antidepressant Effects Associated with Different Exercise Conditions in Participants with Depression: A Pilot Study

2007 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabien Legrand ◽  
Jean Philippe Heuze
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Exercise Frequency ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Group Environment

In this article, we examined the antidepressant influence of an 8-week-long aerobic exercise intervention in which two training parameters were manipulated: exercise frequency and group environment. Twenty-three individuals with elevated symptoms of depression were recruited in a sport and fitness facility and agreed to participate in this 8-week study. They were randomly assigned to three groups: (a) low-frequency exercise (control) (n = 7), (b) high-frequency exercise (n = 8), and (c) high-frequency exercise + group-based intervention (n = 8). Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) at study entry, and at 4 and 8 weeks subsequently. The results showed that those in the high-frequency aerobic exercise experimental groups reported lower depression scores than those in the low-frequency (control) group at 4 weeks (13.2 ± 7.3 and 11.7 ± 3.1 vs. 22.4 ± 7.5) and 8 weeks (10.9 ± 8.1 and 9.6 ± 2.5 vs. 20.7 ± 6.3). However, alleviation in depressive symptoms was not found to be greater in those participants who received a group-based intervention.

scholarly journals PO-241 Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Activation of Neuroglia Cell and Expression of Inflammatory Factors in Aging Rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaya Xiong ◽  
Jia Jia ◽  
Xuanming Hao
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Aging Models

Objective In recent years, aerobic exercise has been considered as a method of anti-aging. The aging mechanism in nervous system is closely related to increased activation of neuroglia cells and progressing neuroinflammation with aging.This study tried to shed some light on relationship between chronic inflammation accumulation and aerobic exercise so as to understand how exercise intervened nervous aging through inflammation. In this study, we used D- galactose aging models, applying two intervention ways: aerobic exercise during aging process, after that, to explore the changes of astrocytes, microglia and TNF-α expression. This study aims to provide certain evidence that sport plays a role in anti-aging. Methods Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats at age of eight weeks, are randomly divided into five groups: control group(A), Aging group(S), Aging while exercising group(YS), After aging Quiet group(SA), After aging exercise group(SY). The aging groups were subcutaneously injected with D- galactose 150mg / kg / d for six weeks. Group YS do swimming exercise three times a week,once 60 minutes in the first six weeks. SY had same exercise intervention in the 7-12 week after injection. We took the hippocampus of rats in A, S, YS at the end of the sixth week, and of those in SA, SY at the end of twelfth week. tested the expression of GFAP, CD11b and TNF-α by immunohistochemical staining. Results 1.GFAP immunohistochemistry: Compared with group A,The expression of GFAP in group S, YS, SA and SY was significantly increased (P<0.01). Compared with group S, The expression of GFAP in group YS significantly decreased by 20.5% (P<0.01). There is no significant difference between group SA and SY(P > 0.05). 2.CD11b immunohistochemistry: Compared with group A, The expression of CD11b in group S, YS, SA and SY was significantly increased (P<0.01). Compared with group S, The expression of CD11b in group YS decreased by 18.4% (P < 0.05).There is no significant difference between group SA and SY(P > 0.05). 3.TNF-α Immunohistochemistry: Compared with group A,The expression of TNF-α in group S, YS, SA and SY was significantly increased (P<0.01). Compared with group S, The expression of TNF-α in group YS decreased by 30.1% (P < 0.01).There is no significant difference between group SA and SY(P > 0.05). Conclusions Exercise could effectively delay aging progression through improving neuroinflammation, but hard to reverse it, so the earlier in age to exercise, the better to delay aging.  

Spin Exercise Improves Semantic Fluency in Previously Sedentary Older Adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe R. Nocera ◽  
Keith M. McGregor ◽  
Chris J. Hass ◽  
Bruce Crosson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Semantic Fluency ◽  
The Impact

Studies suggest improvements of neurocognitive function among older adults who undergo aerobic exercise training. This study sought to examine the impact of an aerobic exercise intervention on verbal fluency in sedentary older adults. Twenty community-dwelling older adults were recruited and enrolled in either a spin exercise group or a control condition. Participants were evaluated with an estimated V02max test and on measures of letter, category, and switching verbal fluency both before and after a 12-week intervention period. Spin exercise resulted in a significant improvement in category (semantic) verbal fluency when compared with the control group (15% vs. 2% increase, respectively; P = .001). Spin exercise also resulted in a significant improvement in estimated V02max (P = .005). Also important, the spin exercise group demonstrated a high level of adherence (mean adherence = 82.5%). Spin exercise can be an effective mode of aerobic exercise to improve semantic fluency in previously sedentary older adults.

The Effect of Self-Paced Exercise Intensity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness on Frontal Grey Matter Volume in Cognitively Normal Older Adults: A Randomised Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Natalie J. Frost ◽  
Michael Weinborn ◽  
Gilles E. Gignac ◽  
Ying Xia ◽  
Vincent Doré ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Cognitively Normal

Abstract Objective: Exercise has been found to be important in maintaining neurocognitive health. However, the effect of exercise intensity level remains relatively underexplored. Thus, to test the hypothesis that self-paced high-intensity exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness (peak aerobic capacity; VO2peak) increase grey matter (GM) volume, we examined the effect of a 6-month exercise intervention on frontal lobe GM regions that support the executive functions in older adults. Methods: Ninety-eight cognitively normal participants (age = 69.06 ± 5.2 years; n = 54 female) were randomised into either a self-paced high- or moderate-intensity cycle-based exercise intervention group, or a no-intervention control group. Participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging and fitness assessment pre-intervention, immediately post-intervention, and 12-months post-intervention. Results: The intervention was found to increase fitness in the exercise groups, as compared with the control group (F = 9.88, p = <0.001). Changes in pre-to-post-intervention fitness were associated with increased volume in the right frontal lobe (β = 0.29, p = 0.036, r = 0.27), right supplementary motor area (β = 0.30, p = 0.031, r = 0.29), and both right (β = 0.32, p = 0.034, r = 0.30) and left gyrus rectus (β = 0.30, p = 0.037, r = 0.29) for intervention, but not control participants. No differences in volume were observed across groups. Conclusions: At an aggregate level, six months of self-paced high- or moderate-intensity exercise did not increase frontal GM volume. However, experimentally-induced changes in individual cardiorespiratory fitness was positively associated with frontal GM volume in our sample of older adults. These results provide evidence of individual variability in exercise-induced fitness on brain structure.

scholarly journals The Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Psychological Functioning in Family Caregivers: Secondary Analyses of a Randomized Controlled Trial

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin A Hives ◽  
E Jean Buckler ◽  
Jordan Weiss ◽  
Samantha Schilf ◽  
Kirsten L Johansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Caregiver Burden ◽  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Control Group

Abstract Background The responsibility and stress of being a family caregiver are associated with reduced physical and mental health. Purpose To examine whether a 24-week aerobic exercise program improves multiple aspects of psychological functioning in family caregivers. Methods Family caregivers of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias (n = 68) were recruited and randomized into either an aerobic exercise group (n = 34) or a waitlist control group (n = 34). The exercise group was assigned a 24-week aerobic training program that incrementally increased the intensity, duration, and frequency of the exercise program until 150 min of moderate to vigorous activity were completed per week by the ninth week. Twelve measures of psychological functioning were administered at baseline and compared with responses completed following the intervention. Results Multilevel modeling revealed significant decreases in caregiver burden (β = −4.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [−8.82, −0.38], RLMM2 = 0.11) and depression (β = −2.59, 95% CI = [−4.79, −0.38], RLMM2 = 0.13), as well as increases in mastery (β = 1.78, 95% CI = [0.09, 3.46], RLMM2 = .04) in the exercise intervention group compared to the control group. Conclusion Family caregivers report high levels of depression and caregiver burden. Engagement in a 24-week exercise intervention can ameliorate the perceived burden of caregiving, symptoms of depression, and their sense of mastery.

scholarly journals Regular Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activity and Walking Are Associated with Divergent but Not Convergent Thinking in Japanese Young Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1046
Author(s):  
Chong Chen ◽  
Yasuhiro Mochizuki ◽  
Kosuke Hagiwara ◽  
Masako Hirotsu ◽  
Shin Nakagawa
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Convergent Thinking ◽  
Intervention Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vigorous Intensity

The beneficial effects of regular physical activity (PA) on cognitive functions have received much attention. Recent research suggests that regular PA may also enhance creative thinking, an indispensable cognitive factor for invention and innovation. However, at what intensity regular PA brings the most benefits to creative thinking remains uninvestigated. Furthermore, whether the levels of regular PA affect the acute PA effects on creative thinking is also unclear. In the present study, using a previous dataset that investigated the effects of an acute bout of aerobic exercise on creative thinking in healthy Japanese young adults (22.98 ± 1.95 years old) in the year 2020, we tested the association between different intensities of regular PA (i.e., vigorous, moderate, and walking) and creative thinking with the cross-sectional baseline data using multiple linear regression. We also investigated whether regular PA levels were associated with the acute aerobic exercise intervention effects on creative thinking. The results showed that cross-sectionally, the regular PAs were differentially associated with divergent but not convergent thinking. Specifically, whereas the amount of vigorous-intensity PA was positively associated with fluency and flexibility, the amount of walking was positively associated with novelty on the alternate uses test (AUT) measuring divergent thinking. Importantly, the explained variances of fluency, flexibility, and novelty were 20.3% (p = 0.040), 18.8% (p = 0.055), and 20.1% (p = 0.043), respectively. None of the regular PAs predicted convergent thinking (i.e., an insight problem-solving task), nor were they associated with the acute aerobic exercise intervention effects on divergent and convergent thinking. These findings suggest that engaging in regular vigorous-intensity PA and walking may be useful strategies to enhance different aspects of divergent thinking in daily life.

Neurocognitive Plasticity Is Associated with Cardiorespiratory Fitness Following Physical Exercise in Older Adults with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Galit Yogev-Seligmann ◽  
Tamir Eisenstein ◽  
Elissa Ash ◽  
Nir Giladi ◽  
Haggai Sharon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Memory Encoding

Background: Aerobic training has been shown to promote structural and functional neurocognitive plasticity in cognitively intact older adults. However, little is known about the neuroplastic potential of aerobic exercise in individuals at risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and dementia. Objective: We aimed to explore the effect of aerobic exercise intervention and cardiorespiratory fitness improvement on brain and cognitive functions in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Methods: 27 participants with aMCI were randomized to either aerobic training (n = 13) or balance and toning (BAT) control group (n = 14) for a 16-week intervention. Pre- and post-assessments included functional MRI experiments of brain activation during associative memory encoding and neural synchronization during complex information processing, cognitive evaluation using neuropsychological tests, and cardiorespiratory fitness assessment. Results: The aerobic group demonstrated increased frontal activity during memory encoding and increased neural synchronization in higher-order cognitive regions such as the frontal cortex and temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) following the intervention. In contrast, the BAT control group demonstrated decreased brain activity during memory encoding, primarily in occipital, temporal, and parietal areas. Increases in cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with increases in brain activation in both the left inferior frontal and precentral gyri. Furthermore, changes in cardiorespiratory fitness were also correlated with changes in performance on several neuropsychological tests. Conclusion: Aerobic exercise training may result in functional plasticity of high-order cognitive areas, especially, frontal regions, among older adults at risk of AD and dementia. Furthermore, cardiorespiratory fitness may be an important mediating factor of the observed changes in neurocognitive functions.

scholarly journals The effects of an individualized exercise intervention on body composition in breast cancer patients undergoing treatment

2007 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Battaglini ◽  
Martim Bottaro ◽  
Carolyn Dennehy ◽  
Logan Rae ◽  
Edgar Shields ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Changes in metabolism have been reported in the majority of patients undergoing cancer treatment, and these are usually characterized by progressive change in body composition. The effects of aerobic exercise programs to combat the cancer and cancer treatment-related side effects, which include the negative changes in body composition, have been extensively reported in the literature. However, few resistance exercise intervention studies have hypothesized that breast cancer patients might benefit from this type of exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine whether exercise protocols that emphasize resistance training would change body composition and strength in breast cancer patients undergoing treatment. DESIGN AND SETTING: Randomized controlled trial, at the Campus Recreation Center and Rocky Mountain Cancer Rehabilitation Institute of the University of Northern Colorado, and the North Colorado Medical Center. METHODS: Twenty inactive breast cancer patients were randomly assigned to a 21-week exercise group (n = 10) or a control group (n = 10). The exercise group trained at low to moderate intensity for 60 minutes on two days/week. The primary outcome measurements included body composition (skinfold method) and muscle strength (one repetition maximum). RESULTS: Significant differences in lean body mass, body fat and strength (p = 0.004, p = 0.004, p = 0.025, respectively) were observed between the groups at the end of the study. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that exercise emphasizing resistance training promotes positive changes in body composition and strength in breast cancer patients undergoing treatment.

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