The Effect of Temperature and Milling Process on Steel Scale Utilized as a Pigment for Ceramic Glaze

This study is focused on the evaluation of the re-utilizability of scale originated during the steel casting and steel rolling processes as a pigment for glazes. Non-oiled scale with Fe3O4 as the major phase were used as a coloring component of transparent glaze matrix in: (i) as received state, (ii) thermally pre-treated at 700 and 900 °C, (iii) mechanically treated in planetary ball mill (60, 120 and 240 min) and (iv) mechanically treated in vibratory disc mill (60 and 120 min). Prepared glazes were applied on the surface of ceramic tiles prepared from a commercially available white ceramic slurry. The resulting tiles with given glaze were thermally treated at 800, 900 and 1060 °C. The pigments were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction method (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), granulometry (PSD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDAX). The color of the samples was described by the coordinates L*a*b* from CIELAB color space. The results showed that the non-oiled scale is suitable as the pigment for ceramic glazes. Careful control of the scale treatment process (mechanical as well as thermal) together with the temperature of final glaze firing is necessary to obtain the glaze of desired color and quality.

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Processing of Nano Hydroxyapatite from Eggshell and Seashell

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.659.159 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 659 ◽

pp. 159-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gréta Gergely ◽

Ferenc Wéber ◽

Mihály Tóth ◽

Attila Lajos Tóth ◽

Zsolt E. Horváth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Grain Size ◽

Ball Milling ◽

Milling Process ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Attrition Milling ◽

Milling Method ◽

Scanning Electron

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) was successfully produced from recycled eggshell, seashell and phosphoric acid by using two different type of milling method (attrition milling and ball milling). According to the analysis, the attrition milling resulted nanosize HAp even after milling, while the ball milling process provided HAp only after a 400oC, 2 h long heat treatment. The grain size in both cases were approximately preserved during the heat treatment. The effect of temperature on stoichiometry, morphology and crystallinity of HAp powders were investigated. The structures of the HAp were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microsopy.

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Study of The Hydrothermal Synthesis of Gallium Phosphates Using in Situ Time-Resolved X-Ray Diffraction

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-547-63 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 547 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R.I. Walton ◽

T. Loiseau ◽

R.J. Francis ◽

D. O'Hare ◽

G. Férey

Keyword(s):

Kinetic Data ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Diffraction Method ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Hydrothermal Conditions ◽

Time Resolved ◽

X Ray ◽

Phosphorus Source

AbstractThe hydrothermal crystallisation (130-180 °C) of three-dimensional open-framework gallium and aluminium oxyfluoro-phosphates with the ULM-3 and ULM-4 structures have been studied in situ for the first time. The in situ energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction method has allowed the formation of the crystalline products to be observed under hydrothermal conditions The integrated areas of the strongest Bragg reflections has allowed quantitative kinetic data to be extracted. The effect of temperature, phosphorus source, templating agent have been investigated. The nature of phosphorus source in the reaction mixture has been found to affect dramatically the course of reaction for certain combinations of amine and temperature. Previously unobserved transient crystalline phases have been seen during the production of ULM-3 gallium phosphates when P2O5 or polyphosphoric acid are used. The formation of these intermediates affects the kinetics of product growth. In the case of the aluminium ULM-3 materials reaction always proceeds via a crystalline intermediate whatever phosphorus source is used. The ULM-4 framework materials are found to always crystallise directly with no evidence for any intermediates. Kinetic data for each system have been modelled using standard solid-state chemistry expressions, and these calculations indicate the reactions to be diffusion controlled.

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The Analysis for Evaluation of Ceramic Tile’s Color Difference Based on CIELAB Color Space

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.3726 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 490-495 ◽

pp. 3726-3732

Author(s):

Zhe Min Dai ◽

De Sheng Li ◽

Hu Xie

Keyword(s):

Quality Evaluation ◽

Color Space ◽

Great Influence ◽

Color Difference ◽

Evaluation Index ◽

Ceramic Tiles ◽

Cielab Color Space ◽

Quality Testing ◽

Different Color ◽

Cielab Color

The color difference is one of the important evaluation index in ceramic tiles quality evaluation. So a good color difference evaluation index selecting has a great influence to the ceramic tile’s quality testing. In this paper, by computing and analyzing different color difference evaluation index, it is shown that CIE2000 formula is robust and feasible in ceramic tiles quality evaluation.

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Impact of Rutile Fraction on TiO2 Visible-Light Absorption and Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalytic Activity

10.26434/chemrxiv.7461161.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David Maria Tobaldi ◽

Luc Lajaunie ◽

ana caetano ◽

nejc rozman ◽

Maria Paula Seabra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Photocatalytic Activity ◽

Visible Light ◽

Light Absorption ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Diffraction Method ◽

Band Alignment ◽

Quantitative Phase Analysis ◽

Transmission Microscopy ◽

Visible Light Absorption ◽

X Ray

<div>Titanium dioxide is by far the most utilised semiconductor material for photocatalytic applications. Still, it is transparent to visible-light. Recently, it has been proved that a type-II band alignment for the rutile−anatase mixture would improve its visible-light absorption.</div><div>In this research paper we thoroughly characterised the real crystalline and amorphous phases of synthesised titanias – thermally treated at different temperatures to get distinct ratios of anatase-rutile-amorphous fraction – as well as that of three commercially available photocatalytic nano-TiO2. </div><div>The structural characterisation was done via advanced X-ray diffraction method, namely the Rietveld-RIR method, to attain a full quantitative phase analysis of the specimens. The microstructure was also investigated via an advanced X-ray method, the whole powder pattern modelling. These methods were validated combining advanced aberration-corrected scanning transmission microscopy and high-resolution electron energy-loss spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity was assessed in the liquid- and gas-solid phase (employing rhodamine B and 4-chlorophenol, and isopropanol, respectively, as the organic substances to degrade) using a light source irradiating exclusively in the visible-range.</div><div>Optical spectroscopy showed that even a small fraction of rutile (2 wt%) is able to shift to lower energies the apparent optical band gap of an anatase-rutile mixed phase. But is this enough to attain a real photocatalytic activity promoted by merely visible-light?</div><div>We tried to give a reply to that question.</div><div>Photocatalytic activity results in the liquid-solid phase showed that a high surface hydroxylation led to specimen with superior visible light-induced catalytic activity (i.e. dye and ligand-to-metal charge transfer complexes sensitisation effects). That is: not photocatalysis <i>sensu-strictu</i>.</div><div>On the other hand, the gas-solid phase results showed that a higher amount of the rutile fraction (around 10 wt%), together with less recombination of the charge carriers, were more effective for an actual photocatalytic oxidation of isopropanol.</div>

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An X-ray diffraction method for semiquantitative mineralogical analysis of Chilean nitrate ore

Open-File Report ◽

10.3133/ofr94240 ◽

1994 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J.C. Jackson ◽

G.E. Ericksen

Keyword(s):

Diffraction Method ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Mineralogical Analysis ◽

X Ray

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Effect of Temperature on Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles Prepared by Coprecipitation Method

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.900.172 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 900 ◽

pp. 172-176 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Ji Mei Niu ◽

Zhi Gang Zheng

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽

Coprecipitation Method ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Vibrating Sample Magnetometer ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Magnetic Carriers ◽

Average Grain Size ◽

Or Gene ◽

Block Temperature

The Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles obtained by the aqueous coprecipitation method are characterized systematically using scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and vibrating sample magnetometer. These magnetic nanoparticles are spheric, dispersive, and have average grain size of 50 nm. The size and magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be tuned by the reaction temperature. All samples exhibit high saturation magnetization (Ms=53.4 emu·g-1) and superparamagnetic behavior with a block temperature (TB) of 215K. These properties make such Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles worthy candidates for the magnetic carriers of targeted-drug or gene therapy in future.

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Growth of sillenite Bi12FeO20 single crystals: structural, thermal, optical, photocatalytic features and first principle calculations

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-78598-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Durga Sankar Vavilapalli ◽

Ambrose A. Melvin ◽

F. Bellarmine ◽

Ramanjaneyulu Mannam ◽

Srihari Velaga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Crystal ◽

Single Crystals ◽

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Diffraction Method ◽

Lattice Parameter ◽

First Principle ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

First Principle Calculations ◽

Photodegradation Efficiency

AbstractIdeal sillenite type Bi12FeO20 (BFO) micron sized single crystals have been successfully grown via inexpensive hydrothermal method. The refined single crystal X-ray diffraction data reveals cubic Bi12FeO20 structure with single crystal parameters. Occurrence of rare Fe4+ state is identified via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The lattice parameter (a) and corresponding molar volume (Vm) of Bi12FeO20 have been measured in the temperature range of 30–700 °C by the X-ray diffraction method. The thermal expansion coefficient (α) 3.93 × 10–5 K−1 was calculated from the measured values of the parameters. Electronic structure and density of states are investigated by first principle calculations. Photoelectrochemical measurements on single crystals with bandgap of 2 eV reveal significant photo response. The photoactivity of as grown crystals were further investigated by degrading organic effluents such as Methylene blue (MB) and Congo red (CR) under natural sunlight. BFO showed photodegradation efficiency about 74.23% and 32.10% for degrading MB and CR respectively. Interesting morphology and microstructure of pointed spearhead like BFO crystals provide a new insight in designing and synthesizing multifunctional single crystals.

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Study of Corrosion Resistance and Degradation Mechanisms in LiTiO2-Li2TiO3 Ceramic

Crystals ◽

10.3390/cryst11070753 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 753

Author(s):

Dmitriy Shlimas ◽

Artem L. Kozlovskiy ◽

Maxim Zdorovets

Keyword(s):

Degradation Mechanism ◽

Diffraction Method ◽

Large Mass ◽

Time Frame ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Acidic Media ◽

X Ray ◽

Mass Losses ◽

The Stability ◽

Thermal Sintering

The interest in lithium-containing ceramics is due to their huge potential as blanket materials for thermonuclear reactors for the accumulation of tritium. However, an important factor in their use is the preservation of the stability of their strength and structural properties when under the influence of external factors that determine the time frame of their operation. This paper presents the results of a study that investigated the influence of the LiTiO2 phase on the increasing resistance to degradation and corrosion of Li2TiO3 ceramic when exposed to aggressive acidic media. Using the X-ray diffraction method, it was found that an increase in the concentration of LiClO4·3H2O during synthesis leads to the formation of a cubic LiTiO2 phase in the structure as a result of thermal sintering of the samples. During corrosion tests, it was found that the presence of the LiTiO2 phase leads to a decrease in the degradation rate in acidic media by 20–70%, depending on the concentration of the phase. At the same time, and in contrast to the samples of Li2TiO3 ceramics, for which the mechanisms of degradation during a long stay in aggressive media are accompanied by large mass losses, for the samples containing the LiTiO2 phase, the main degradation mechanism is pitting corrosion with the formation of pitting inclusions.

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Crystallization of TiO2-MoS2 Hybrid Material under Hydrothermal Treatment and Its Electrochemical Performance

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13122706 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 2706

Author(s):

Katarzyna Siwińska-Ciesielczyk ◽

Beata Kurc ◽

Dominika Rymarowicz ◽

Adam Kubiak ◽

Adam Piasecki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrothermal Treatment ◽

Surface Composition ◽

Specific Capacity ◽

Diffraction Method ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Surface Concentration ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Storage Device ◽

X Ray ◽

Chemical Surface

Hydrothermal crystallization was used to synthesize an advanced hybrid system containing titania and molybdenum disulfide (with a TiO2:MoS2 molar ratio of 1:1). The way in which the conditions of hydrothermal treatment (180 and 200 °C) and thermal treatment (500 °C) affect the physicochemical properties of the products was determined. A physicochemical analysis of the fabricated materials included the determination of the microstructure and morphology (scanning and transmission electron microscopy—SEM and TEM), crystalline structure (X-ray diffraction method—XRD), chemical surface composition (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy—EDS) and parameters of the porous structure (low-temperature N2 sorption), as well as the chemical surface concentration (X-ray photoelectron spectroscop—XPS). It is well known that lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) represent a renewable energy source and a type of energy storage device. The increased demand for energy means that new materials with higher energy and power densities continue to be the subject of investigation. The objective of this research was to obtain a new electrode (anode) component characterized by high work efficiency and good electrochemical properties. The synthesized TiO2-MoS2 material exhibited much better electrochemical stability than pure MoS2 (commercial), but with a specific capacity ca. 630 mAh/g at a current density of 100 mA/g.

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