scholarly journals Waste Rubber Pyrolysis: Product Yields and Limonene Concentration

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 4435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Januszewicz ◽  
Paweł Kazimierski ◽  
Tomasz Suchocki ◽  
Dariusz Kardaś ◽  
Witold Lewandowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pyrolysis Product ◽  
Chemical Recycling ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Rubber Waste ◽  
Waste Rubber ◽  
Rubber Market ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Conveyor Belts ◽  
Shoe Soles ◽  
Scale Reactor

Tires, conveyor belts, floor mats, and shoe soles form a main-stream of rubber waste. The amount of these used materials continuously increases due to development of the rubber market. Therefore, pro-ecological utilization (i.e., energy recycling instead of burning) and recovering valuable and recyclable materials becomes an urgent necessity. In this regard, this work was devoted to the chemical recycling of selected used rubber products, and it especially explores the possibility of limonene production. Different types of waste rubber were characterized and pyrolyzed at microgram and laboratory scales, and the results were compared. Additionally, the pyrolysis of tires, the most significant stream of rubber waste, was also conducted in a semi-technical scale reactor. The effectiveness of limonene formation in the liquid fractions obtained from different types of waste rubber was compared.

Combined Steam-Ultrasound Treatment of 2 Seconds Achieves Significant High Aerobic Count and Enterobacteriaceae Reduction on Naturally Contaminated Food Boxes, Crates, Conveyor Belts, and Meat Knives

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 430-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
HANIEH S. MUSAVIAN ◽  
TARIQ M. BUTT ◽  
ANNETTE BALTZER LARSEN ◽  
NIELS KREBS
Keyword(s):  
Detection Limit ◽  
Ultrasound Treatment ◽  
Fast Process ◽  
Short Treatment ◽  
Food Contact Surfaces ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Conveyor Belts ◽  
Rubber Belt ◽  
Food Residues

Food contact surfaces require rigorous sanitation procedures for decontamination, although these methods very often fail to efficiently clean and disinfect surfaces that are visibly contaminated with food residues and possible biofilms. In this study, the results of a short treatment (1 to 2 s) of combined steam (95°C) and ultrasound (SonoSteam) of industrial fish and meat transportation boxes and live-chicken transportation crates naturally contaminated with food and fecal residues were investigated. Aerobic counts of 5.0 to 6.0 log CFU/24 cm2 and an Enterobacteriaceae spp. level of 2.0 CFU/24 cm2 were found on the surfaces prior to the treatment. After 1 s of treatment, the aerobic counts were significantly (P < 0.0001) reduced, and within 2 s, reductions below the detection limit (<10 CFU) were reached. Enterobacteriaceae spp. were reduced to a level below the detection limit with only 1 s of treatment. Two seconds of steam-ultrasound treatment was also applied on two different types of plastic modular conveyor belts with hinge pins and one type of flat flexible rubber belt, all visibly contaminated with food residues. The aerobic counts of 3.0 to 5.0 CFU/50 cm2 were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced, while Enterobacteriaceae spp. were reduced to a level below the detection limit. Industrial meat knives were contaminated with aerobic counts of 6.0 log CFU/5 cm2 on the handle and 5.2 log CFU/14 cm2 on the steel. The level of Enterobacteriaceae spp. contamination was approximately 2.5 log CFU on the handle and steel. Two seconds of steam-ultrasound treatment reduced the aerobic counts and Enterobacteriaceae spp. to levels below the detection limit on both handle and steel. This study shows that the steam-ultrasound treatment may be an effective replacement for disinfection processes and that it can be used for continuous disinfection at fast process lines. However, the treatment may not be able to replace efficient cleaning processes used to remove high loads of debris.

A Manœuvre Criterion

1964 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-363
Author(s):  
J. B. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Treatment ◽  
Technical Committee ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Observational Errors ◽  
Systematic And Random Errors

The consideration of the effect of observational errors on the problem of manoeuvring ships at sea has, surprisingly enough, only recently become the object of attention by contributors to this Journal, though the basic background was provided many years ago by Sadler. The discussion at the Technical Committee of the Institute emphasized the importance of a statistical treatment of the problem and this led first to a brief note by myself in which systematic and random errors in range and bearing were discussed, and later to a full survey by Hollingdale in which it was shown that the total time to the instant of closest approach should be divided between observing time and manoeuvring time. An article by Proctor, though rather out of the main stream of the ideas pursued by the above mentioned contributors, breaks new ground in the sense that comparisons are made between different types of manœuvre on a probabilistic basis.

Characterization of composites based on chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber/chlorinated natural rubber/waste rubber powder rubber blends

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordana Marković ◽  
Milena Marinović-Cincović ◽  
Vojislav Jovanović ◽  
Suzana Samaržija-Jovanović ◽  
Jaroslava Budinski-Simendić
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Powder ◽  
Rubber Blends ◽  
Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene ◽  
Rubber Waste ◽  
Waste Rubber ◽  
Waste Rubber Powder

Parametric Study of a Non-Contact Brake Actuator Using Magneto-Rheological Fluid

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng-Wei Li ◽  
Sung-Yu Tsai ◽  
Jen-Yuan (James) Chang
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Power Source ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Research Development ◽  
Mr Fluid ◽  
Dynamic Motion ◽  
Development History ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Testing Center ◽  
Magneto Rheological

Brake has a long engineering development history and has been widely applied on mechanical components from abstain from dynamic motion. There are many different types of brake mechanism, such as using tension cable, hydraulics and electronics. According to Automotive Research and Testing Center in Taiwan [1], electronics brake is becoming a very popular and is the main stream solution for brake mechanism. In addition, electronics brake using electromagnetic field for actuating power source has been widely developed in the recent years. However, brake system with smart fluid (i.e. Magneto-Rheological or Electro-Rheological Fluid) as brake mechanism has not been a common research development topic until recent year. The world’s first commercial MR fluid brake was invented by Lord Corp. [2] which was shown in Fig. 1. In 2003, Li, W. H and Du, H. has proposed an idea of applying electromagnetic as the source of excitation for the MR fluid brake [3]. However, a significant problem has been pointed out by the research suggesting that thermal effect is the major issue in preventing the MR fluid from performing the designed task. Evidently, heat is generated when the electric current passes through the coil of the electromagnetics.

Recycling of plastic waste, rubber waste and end-of-life cars in Germany

2004 ◽  
pp. 815-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Dreher ◽  
Martin Faulstich ◽  
Gabriele Weber-Blaschke ◽  
Burkhard Berninger ◽  
Uwe Keilhammer
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Rubber Waste ◽  
Waste Rubber

Thermoplastic Elastomers Based on Waste Rubber and Plastics

2004 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Rajeev ◽  
S. K. De
Keyword(s):  
Thermoplastic Elastomers ◽  
Waste Plastics ◽  
Rubber Latex ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Rubber Waste ◽  
Waste Rubber ◽  
Rubber Tire ◽  
Rubber Phase ◽  
Recycled Rubber ◽  
Waste Polymer

Abstract This paper reviews the utilization of waste rubber and waste plastics for the preparation of thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs). TPEs based on ground rubber tire (GRT), waste EPDM rubber, waste nitrile rubber, recycled rubber, latex waste, and waste plastics are described with respect to composition and physical properties. It is found that part of the rubber phase or plastics phase or both in the rubber-plastics blend can be replaced with corresponding waste polymer for the preparation of thermoplastic elastomers. In many cases, the materials prepared from waste polymers show properties comparable to those prepared from fresh polymers. However, in some cases, the materials prepared from waste rubber or waste plastics cannot be classified as TPEs, as the blend compositions show very low elongation at break. Modification of the waste polymer or the use of compatibilizers result in stronger composites.

Limiting the effects of hydropower dams on freshwater biodiversity: options on the Lancang River, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongzhang Xu ◽  
Jamie Pittock
Keyword(s):  
Pollution Control ◽  
Fish Fauna ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Migratory Species ◽  
Freshwater Biodiversity ◽  
Lancang River ◽  
Hydropower Dams ◽  
Different Types ◽  
International Importance

China has planned 23 dams on the main stream of the Lancang (upper Mekong) River. The Chinese Government’s Thirteenth Five-Year Plan on Hydroelectricity Development (TFP) has goals to mitigate adverse effects on freshwater biodiversity. These measures are of international importance because China is the largest developer of hydropower projects. Herein we analyse the effects of the existing and planned dams on the fish fauna in the Lancang River. Drawing on development documents, the different types of mitigation measures on the proposed cascade of dams are assessed against the goals of the TFP. We find that: (1) migratory species (25% of total) are severely affected and there are few effective mitigation measures to conserve them; (2) a further 20% of species may be affected by lack of thermal pollution control or mitigation of peaking flow releases in the main stream; (3) fortunately, most species (81.14%) can be protected in tributary nature reserves in the lower Lancang, but many (54.4%) are inadequately protected in the upper Lancang; and (4) none of the 20 dams for which there is information meet all the five TFP conservation goals. There are lessons for mitigating the effects on biodiversity of Chinese-financed hydropower dams inside and outside China.

Methods of Reducing the Transonic Drag of Swept - Back Wings at Zero Lift

1957 ◽  
Vol 61 (553) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Küchemann
Keyword(s):  
Leading Edge ◽  
Normal Pressure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Separation Line ◽  
Pressure Drag ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Speed Range ◽  
Wing Chord ◽  
Attachment Line

The purpose of this paper is to review briefly some means of reducing the normal-pressure drag at transonic speeds of wings and wing-body combinations without lift. By transonic speeds is meant here not only the range of main stream Mach numbers around unity but, more generally, that speed range where a transonic type of flow around the body may exist. Thick non-lifting bodies as are considered here cause a displacement flow and it may be recalled that at least three different types of flow are involved: a subsonic, a transonic, and a supersonic type of flow, all of which are here assumed to have one attachment line along the leading edge and one separation line along the trailing edge. This excludes types of flow where separations occur elsewhere, such as shock-induced separations along some line within the wing chord.

scholarly journals Analysis of the influence of the cutting edge geometry on parameters of the perforation process for conveyor and transmission belts

2018 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
pp. 01022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Wojtkowiak ◽  
Krzysztof Talaśka ◽  
Ireneusz Malujda ◽  
Grzegorz Domek
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cutting Force ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Polyester Fabric ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
Reinforced Polymers ◽  
Edge Geometry ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Conveyor Belts ◽  
Different Thickness

Perforated belts, which are used in vacuum conveyor belts, can have significantly different mechanical properties like strength and elasticity due to a variety of used materials and can have different thickness from very thin (0,7 mm) to thick belts (6 mm). In order to design a complex machine for mechanical perforation, which can perforate whole range of belts, it is necessary to research the influence of the cutting edge geometry on the parameters of the perforation process. Three most important parameters, which describe the perforation process are the cutting force, the velocity and the temperature of the piercing punch. The results presented in this paper consider two different types of punching (a piercing punch with the punching die or with the reducer plate) and different cutting edge directions, angles, diameters and material properties. Test were made for different groups of composites belts – with polyurethane and polyester fabric, polyamide core or aramid-fibre reinforced polymers. The main goal of this research is to specify effective tools and parameters of the perforation process for each group of composites belts.

scholarly journals A New and Integral Approach to the Etiopathogenesis and Treatment of Breast Cancer Based upon Its Hydrogen Ion Dynamics

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 1110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvador Harguindey ◽  
Khalid Alfarouk ◽  
Julián Polo Orozco ◽  
Kévin Hardonnière ◽  
Daniel Stanciu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Metabolic Model ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Integral Approach ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Ion Dynamics ◽  
Success Story ◽  
Different Types ◽  
First Time

Despite all efforts, the treatment of breast cancer (BC) cannot be considered to be a success story. The advances in surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy have not been sufficient at all. Indeed, the accumulated experience clearly indicates that new perspectives and non-main stream approaches are needed to better characterize the etiopathogenesis and treatment of this disease. This contribution deals with how the new pH-centric anticancer paradigm plays a fundamental role in reaching a more integral understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of this multifactorial disease. For the first time, the armamentarium available for the treatment of the different types and phases of BC is approached here from a Unitarian perspective-based upon the hydrogen ion dynamics of cancer. The wide-ranged pH-related molecular, biochemical and metabolic model is able to embrace most of the fields and subfields of breast cancer etiopathogenesis and treatment. This single and integrated approach allows advancing towards a unidirectional, concerted and synergistic program of treatment. Further efforts in this line are likely to first improve the therapeutics of each subtype of this tumor and every individual patient in every phase of the disease.

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