scholarly journals Characteristics of the Mg-Zn-Ca-Gd Alloy after Mechanical Alloying

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Sabina Lesz ◽  
Bartłomiej Hrapkowicz ◽  
Małgorzata Karolus ◽  
Klaudiusz Gołombek
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
Hardness Test ◽  
Medical Application ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Powder Size ◽  
Powder Morphology ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Powder Particles ◽  
Average Size

Magnesium-based materials are interesting alternatives for medical implants, as they have promising mechanical and biological properties. Thanks to them, it is possible to create biodegradable materials for medical application, which would reduce both costs and time of treatment. Magnesium as the sole material, however, it is not enough to support this function. It is important to determine proper alloying elements and methods. A viable method for creating such alloys is mechanical alloying, which can be used to design the structure and properties for proper roles. Mechanical alloying is highly influenced by the milling time of the alloy, as the time of the process affects many properties of the milled powders. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were carried out to study the powder morphology and chemical composition of Mg65Zn30Ca4Gd1 powders. Moreover, the powder size was assessed by granulometric method and the Vickers hardness test was used for microhardness testing. The samples were milled for 6 min, 13, 20, 30, 40, and 70 h. The hardness correlated with the particle size of the samples. After 30 h of milling time, the average value of hardness was equal to 168 HV and it was lower after 13 (333 HV), 20 (273 HV), 40 (329 HV), and 70 (314 HV) h. The powder particles average size increased after 13 (31 μm) h of milling time, up to 30 (45–49 μm) hours, and then sharply decreased after 40 (28 μm) and 70 (12 μm) h.

Mechanical properties of FeAlSi powders prepared by mechanical alloying from different initial feedstock materials

2019 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Čech ◽  
Petr Haušild ◽  
Miroslav Karlík ◽  
Veronika Kadlecová ◽  
Jiří Čapek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Element Model ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Powder Particles ◽  
Complete Homogenization

FeAl20Si20 (wt.%) powders prepared by mechanical alloying from different initial feedstock materials (Fe, Al, Si, FeAl27) were investigated in this study. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and nanoindentation techniques were used to analyze microstructure, phase composition and mechanical properties (hardness and Young’s modulus). Finite element model was developed to account for the decrease in measured values of mechanical properties of powder particles with increasing penetration depth caused by surrounding soft resin used for embedding powder particles. Progressive homogenization of the powders’ microstructure and an increase of hardness and Young’s modulus with milling time were observed and the time for complete homogenization was estimated.

Study on Mechanical Alloying of TiB2 Particulate Reinforced Titanium Matrix Composites

2018 ◽  
Vol 875 ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Ying Li ◽  
Fu Wen Zhu ◽  
Zhen Liang Qiao
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Titanium Matrix ◽  
Titanium Matrix Composites ◽  
Plasma Sintering ◽  
Spark Plasma ◽  
Powder Particles ◽  
Particulate Reinforced

TiB2 particulate reinforced titanium matrix composites were prepared by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. Volume fraction of TiB2 powders in the composites are 5%, 10%, 15%. The effect of milling time and the volume fraction of reinforcement on microstructure and properties of the composites were studied. The results show that with increasing milling time, the size of powder particles decreases, quantity of them increases, and microstructure of the sintered samples becomes finer and more uniform. When milling time reaches 30h, the trend of powder agglomeration increases, the downward trend of the particle size becomes slowly. With the milling time, the density of titanium matrix composites is on the rise. The density of 10vol%TiB2 particulate reinforced titanium matrix composites can reach 4.799 g/cm3, with 30h milling time and sintering at 900°C. The density and hardness of the composites increase with increasing the volume fraction of TiB2. When the volume fraction of TiB2 is 15%, after milling 10h and sintered at 800°C, the density and hardness of the composites can reach 4.713g/cm3 and HV851.58.

The Effect of Annealing to the Hardness of Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) Fe-15Cr-0.3Y2O3 Alloy

2017 ◽  
Vol 888 ◽  
pp. 428-431
Author(s):  
Farha Mizana Shamsudin ◽  
Yusof Abdullah ◽  
Shahidan Radiman ◽  
Nasri A. Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Vickers Hardness ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
Hardness Test ◽  
Oxide Dispersion Strengthened ◽  
Oxide Dispersion ◽  
Alloy Matrix ◽  
Hardness Tester ◽  
Powder Particles ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Vickers Hardness Test

The objective of this study is to investigate the microstructure and effect of annealing to the hardness properties of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) Fe-15Cr-0.3Y2O3 alloy. This type of alloy was prepared by mechanical alloying (MA) method followed by compacting and sintering. The microstructure of milled Fe-15Cr-0.3Y2O3 alloy powders and pellet was examined by using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The milled alloy powders consist of nearly spherical shape of powder particles with average size of 10 µm. For the alloy pellet microstructure, the formations of Y2O3 nanoparticles with average size of 5 nm were observed indicating the dispersion and incorporation of this nano-scale dispersoids into the alloy matrix. Fe-15Cr-0.3Y2O3 alloy pellet was annealed at temperature of 600°C, 800°C and 1000°C, respectively for the Vickers hardness test. The Vickers hardness test was performed by using a micro-Vickers hardness tester with a load of 200 gf. The hardness value (HV) of this alloy pellet started to decrease at temperature of 600°C indicating the grain growth of this material at high temperature

Effect of Milling Time on the Formation of NiAl Nanostructure Intermetallic Produced by the Mechanical Alloying Process

2013 ◽  
Vol 829 ◽  
pp. 115-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Golam Hossein Akbari ◽  
Hamid Attarzadeh ◽  
Ali Khajesarvi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
Milled Powder ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Lattice Strains ◽  
Structures And Properties ◽  
Milling Operation ◽  
Crystallite Sizes ◽  
Powder Particles ◽  
Nial Intermetallics

In the present study, NiAl nanostructure intermetallic produced by mechanical alloying process was investigated. Pure Al and Ni powders with the ratio of 50 at.% were mixed and milled in a planetary ball mill for different milling times in the range of 8 to 128 hours. The milled powder particles were investigated by XRD technique and scanning electron microscope. Williamson-Hall equation was employed to calculate lattice strains and crystallite sizes. The results showed that NiAl intermetallic formed after some milling times. The observation of flame or explosion in the vial just after the uncovering of it, in some cases, showed intense interaction between Al and Ni atoms after homogenization during milling. After longer milling time no flame and explosion was observed while NiAl intermetallics had been formed. Therefore, NiAl intermetallics were formed under different conditions with different structures and properties. The crystal sizes of obtained NiAl particles were less than 10 nm. The hardness changes in particles and also their internal strains were affected by milling operation at early stages of milling but they were mainly affected by transformation process of (Ni,Al) solid solution into intermetallic NiAl at longer milling times.

Nanocrystalline Cu90Nb10 Alloy Produced by Mechanical Alloying

2013 ◽  
Vol 750-752 ◽  
pp. 752-755
Author(s):  
C.J. Li ◽  
Q.X. Zhang ◽  
Q. Yuan ◽  
J. Tan ◽  
L. Teng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Ball Milling ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Deformation Degree ◽  
Solid Solution Strengthening ◽  
Fine Grain ◽  
Powder Particles ◽  
Energy Ball ◽  
Ball Milling Time

Nanocrystalline Cu90Nb10 alloy was produced by high energy ball milling mechanical alloying (MA). The effects of ball milling time on the microstructure and mechanical property of this alloy in the process of MA were investigated. The results show: up to 10 at.% Nb could be dissolved into Cu matrix by MA; the powder particles became compacted and homogeneous with increasing the ball milling time, and the deformation degree also increased synchronously; the grain size of this alloy was refined gradually, and it reached the minimum value of 11.5 nm after 30h milling; the microhardness of this alloy increased with increasing the milling time, and it obtained the maximum value of 328 Hv after 30h milling. The obvious reinforcement of this alloy may be due to the comprehensive effects of the fine grain strengthening, the solid solution strengthening and the strain strengthening.

Influence of Mechanical Alloying Time on Morphology and Properties of 15Cr-ODS Steel Powders

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haijian Xu ◽  
Zheng Lu ◽  
Chunyan Jia ◽  
Danzhu Feng ◽  
Chunming Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Vickers Hardness ◽  
Mechanical Milling ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
Oxide Dispersion Strengthened ◽  
Main Process ◽  
Powder Size ◽  
Ods Steel ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
The Mean

AbstractOxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic steels are the leading candidates of fuel cladding for Generation IV nuclear reactors due to their excellent properties such as excellent radiation tolerance and high-temperature creep strength. Mechanical milling with the aim of a fine dispersion of oxides in the metal matrix becomes the main process for the production of ODS steels. In order to clarify the influence of milling time on the precursor powders for 15Cr-ODS steel, the morphology and properties of mechanical alloying (MA) powders with different milling time were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser diffraction particle size analyzer, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Vickers hardness tester. The experimental results showed that the powder was fractured and welded with rotation and vibration of container during mechanical milling. The mean powder size increased (0–1 h) firstly then decreased (2–60 h). Extending milling time to 70 h, the mean powder size increased again. The grain size decreased quickly at the initial stage of milling process (0–2 h) then trended to reach a saturation value. The Vickers hardness increased rapidly at the initial stage of milling, then reached a saturation value.

Research of the Milling Time Influence on Ag-Cu Powder Particles Size Processed by Mechanical Alloying Route

2012 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 382-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oana Gîngu ◽  
Claudiu Nicolicescu ◽  
Gabriela Sima
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Powder Mixture ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Powder Particles

This research focuses on Ag-Cu powder particles processing by mechanical alloying (MA) route. The powder mixture is representative for the eutectic composition, respectively 72%wt. Ag + 28% wt. Cu. The milling process is developed in high energy ball mill Pulverisette 6, using different size for the milling balls, in wet conditions for 80 hours. One of the most important parameter studied in this research is the particle size distribution of the processed powder mixture. Thus, it changes along the milling time, from 10…75 µm at the beginning of MA process up to (60 – 80) nm at 80 h. The milling parameters will be optimized in future research depending on the particle size distribution related with thermophysical and thermodynamic properties focused on electrical and optical properties improvement.

scholarly journals Mechanical Alloying Process Applied for Obtaining a New Biodegradable Mg-xZn-Zr-Ca Alloy

Metals ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Doina Raducanu ◽  
Vasile Danut Cojocaru ◽  
Anna Nocivin ◽  
Radu Hendea ◽  
Steliana Ivanescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Processing Route ◽  
Powder Size ◽  
Experimental Sample ◽  
Uniform Size ◽  
Additive Manufacturing Technology ◽  
Milling Parameters ◽  
Powder Particles ◽  
Efficient Processing

The aim of the present paper is to apply the mechanical alloying process to obtain from powder components a new biodegradable Mg-based alloy powder from the system Mg-xZn-Zr-Ca, with high biomechanical and biochemical performance. Various processing parameters for mechanical alloying have been experimented with the ultimate goal to establish an efficient processing route for the production of small biodegradable parts for the medical domain. It has been observed that for the same milling parameters, the composition of the powders has influenced the powder size and shape. On the other hand, for the same composition, the highest experimented milling speed and time conduct to finer powder particles, almost round-shaped, without pores or various inclusions. The most uniform size has been obtained for the powder sample with 10 wt.%Zn. These powders were finally processed by selective laser melting, an additive manufacturing technology, to obtain a homogeneous experimental sample, without cracking, for future more systematical trials.

Development of Biodegradable Mg-Ti Alloy Synthesized Using Mechanical Alloying

2016 ◽  
Vol 1133 ◽  
pp. 75-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emee Marina Salleh ◽  
Sivakumar Ramakrishnan ◽  
Zuhailawati Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
Milled Powder ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Planetary Mill ◽  
Ti Alloy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Argon Flow ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Ti Powder

The aim of this work was to study the effect of milling time on binary magnesium-titanium (Mg-Ti) alloy synthesized by mechanical alloying. A powder mixture of Mg and Ti with the composition of Mg-15wt%Ti was milled in a planetary mill under argon atmosphere using a stainless steel container and balls. Milling process was carried out at 400 rpm for various milling time of 2, 5, 10, 15 and 30 hours. 3% n-heptane solution was added prior to milling process to avoid excessive cold welding of the powder. Then, as-milled powder was compacted under 400 MPa and sintered in a tube furnace at 500 °C in argon flow. The refinement analysis of the x-ray diffraction patterns shows the presence of Mg-Ti solid solution when Mg-Ti powder was mechanically milled for 15 hours and further. Enhancements of Mg-Ti phase formation with a reduction in Mg crystallite size were observed with the increase in milling time. A prolonged milling time has increased the density and hardness of the sintered Mg-Ti alloy.

scholarly journals Effect of Milling Parameters on the Development of a Nanostructured FCC–TiNb15Mn Alloy via High-Energy Ball Milling

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1225
Author(s):  
Cristina García-Garrido ◽  
Ranier Sepúlveda Sepúlveda Ferrer ◽  
Christopher Salvo ◽  
Lucía García-Domínguez ◽  
Luis Pérez-Pozo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Ball Mill ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Planetary Mill ◽  
Nominal Composition ◽  
Mechanically Alloyed ◽  
Milling Parameters ◽  
Energy Ball ◽  
Full Conversion

In this work, a blend of Ti, Nb, and Mn powders, with a nominal composition of 15 wt.% of Mn, and balanced Ti and Nb wt.%, was selected to be mechanically alloyed by the following two alternative high-energy milling devices: a vibratory 8000D mixer/mill® and a PM400 Retsch® planetary ball mill. Two ball-to-powder ratio (BPR) conditions (10:1 and 20:1) were applied, to study the evolution of the synthesized phases under each of the two mechanical alloying conditions. The main findings observed include the following: (1) the sequence conversion evolved from raw elements to a transitory bcc-TiNbMn alloy, and subsequently to an fcc-TiNb15Mn alloy, independent of the milling conditions; (2) the total full conversion to the fcc-TiNb15Mn alloy was only reached by the planetary mill at a minimum of 12 h of milling time, for either of the BPR employed; (3) the planetary mill produced a non-negligible Fe contamination from the milling media, when the highest BPR and milling time were applied; and (4) the final fcc-TiNb15Mn alloy synthesized presents a nanocrystalline nature and a partial degree of amorphization.

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