scholarly journals Electrodeposition of Pb and PbO2 on Graphite Felt in Membraneless Flow-Through Reactor: A Method to Prepare Lightweight Electrode Grids for Lead-Acid Batteries

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6122
Author(s):  
Arminas Ilginis ◽  
Nerita Žmuidzinavičienė ◽  
Egidijus Griškonis
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Surface ◽  
Composite Electrodes ◽  
Graphite Felt ◽  
Electrochemically Deposited ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Adequate Coverage ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Lower Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Pbo2 Electrodes ◽  
Lead Acid

One of the possible ways of mitigating the primary lead-acid battery downside—mass— is to replace the heavy lead grids that can add up to half of the total electrode’s mass. The grids can be exchanged for a lightweight, chemically inert, and conductive material such as graphite felt. To reduce carbon surface area, Pb/PbO2 can be electrochemically deposited on graphite felt. A flow-through reactor was applied to enhance penetration of adequate coverage of graphite felt fibers. Three types of electrolytes (acetate, nitrate, and methanesulfonate) and two additives (ligninsulfonate and Triton X-100) were tested. The prepared composite electrodes showed greater mechanical strength, up to 5 times lower electrical resistivity, and acted as Pb and PbO2 electrodes in sulfuric acid electrolytes.

scholarly journals Modification of Graphite Felt with Lead (II) Formate and Acetate—An Approach for Preparation of Lightweight Electrodes for a Lead-Acid Battery

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1248
Author(s):  
Arminas Ilginis ◽  
Egidijus Griškonis
Keyword(s):  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Current Collector ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Composite Electrodes ◽  
Lead Acid Battery ◽  
Graphite Felt ◽  
Electrochemically Active ◽  
Proposed Modification ◽  
Lead Acid

Lead-acid battery (LAB) weight is a major downside stopping it from being adapted to electric/hybrid vehicles. Lead grids constitute up to 50% of LAB electrode’s weight and it only ensures electric connection to electrochemically active material and provides structural integrity. Using graphite felt (GF) as a current collector can reduce the electrode’s weight while increasing the surface area. Modification of GF with lead (II) oxide using impregnation and calcination techniques and lead (II) formate and acetate as precursors was conducted to produce composite electrodes. It was found that lead (II) formate is not a viable material for this purpose, whereas multiple impregnation in lead (II) acetate saturated solution and calcination in air leads to thermal destruction GF. However, impregnation and calcination under nitrogen atmosphere in three cycles produced a sample of good quality with a mass loading of lead (II) oxide that was 17.18 g g−1 GF. This equates to only 5.5% of the total mass of composite electrode to be GF, which is immensely lower than lead grid mass in traditional electrodes. This result shows that a possible lightweight alternative of LAB electrode can be produced using the proposed modification method.

Fabrication of Polyaniline/Carbon Nanotubes Composites Using Carbon Nanotubes Films Obtained by Electrophoretic Deposition

2012 ◽  
Vol 507 ◽  
pp. 113-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Pilan ◽  
Matei Raicopol ◽  
Mariana Ioniţă
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Diazonium Salt ◽  
Modified Electrodes ◽  
Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Composite Electrodes ◽  
Electrochemically Deposited ◽  
Aniline Oxidation ◽  
Storage Properties ◽  
Diphenyl Amine

In this study, we report a facile electrochemical method to obtain polyaniline/single-wall carbon nanotubes (PANI/SWCNTs) composite electrodes by combining the electroreduction of diazonium salts and electropolymerization of conductive polymers. In a first step, the SWCNTs are covalently functionalized with diphenyl amine through the electrochemical reduction of the 4-aminodiphenylamine diazonium salt in order to provide anchors for the subsequent polymer electrodepostion. The aniline oxidation remains possible on this grafted layer and PANI can easily be deposited on the diphenyl amine-modified electrodes. The electrochemically deposited PANI/SWCNTs composites exhibit excellent electrochemical charge storage properties making them promising electrode materials for high power supercapacitors.

Effects of carbon surface area and morphology on performance of stationary lead acid battery

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 101763
Author(s):  
Arun S ◽  
Mithin Kumar S ◽  
K Uday Venkat Kiran ◽  
Sundar Mayavan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Carbon Surface ◽  
Lead Acid Battery ◽  
Lead Acid

scholarly journals Enhanced Stability and Driving Performance of GO–Ag-NW-based Ionic Electroactive Polymer Actuators with Triton X-100-PEDOT:PSS Nanofibrils

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minjeong Park ◽  
Seokju Yoo ◽  
Yunkyeong Bae ◽  
Seonpil Kim ◽  
Minhyon Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Composite Electrode ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Silver Nanowire ◽  
Composite Electrodes ◽  
Optimum Weight ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Voltage Activation

Ionic electroactive polymers (IEAPs) have received considerable attention for their flexibility, lightweight composition, large displacement, and low-voltage activation. Recently, many metal–nonmetal composite electrodes have been actively studied. Specifically, graphene oxide–silver nanowire (GO–Ag NW) composite electrodes offer advantages among IEAPs with metal–nonmetal composite electrodes. However, GO–Ag NW composite electrodes still show a decrease in displacement owing to low stability and durability during driving. Therefore, the durability and stability of the IEAPs with metal–nonmetal composite electrodes must be improved. One way to improve the device durability is coating the electrode surface with a protective layer. This layer must have enough flexibility and suitable electrical properties such that it does not hinder the IEAPs’ driving. Herein, a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)–poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) protective layer and 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl-polyethylene glycol (Triton X-100) are applied to improve driving performance. Triton X-100 is a nonionic surfactant that transforms the PEDOT:PSS capsule into a nanofibril structure. In this study, a mixed Triton X-100/PEDOT:PSS protective layer at an optimum weight ratio was coated onto the GO–Ag NW composite-electrode-based IEAPs under various conditions. The IEAP actuators based on GO–Ag NW composite electrodes with a protective layer of PEDOT:PSS treated with Triton X-100 showed the best stability and durability.

Entrapment of enzymes in electropolymers for biosensors and graphite felt based flow-through enzyme reactors

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1135-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Rüdel ◽  
Oliver Geschke ◽  
Karl Cammann
Keyword(s):  
Graphite Felt ◽  
Enzyme Reactors ◽  
Flow Through

scholarly journals A Sensitive Zinc Ion Electrode Based on Electrochemically Deposited Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic onto Glassy Carbon Surface

2016 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 669-673
Author(s):  
Amina Touati ◽  
Messaoud Benounis ◽  
Abdesselam Babouri ◽  
Houcine Barhoumi ◽  
Merieme Bourourou
Keyword(s):  
Glassy Carbon ◽  
Zinc Ion ◽  
Ethylene Diamine ◽  
Carbon Surface ◽  
Electrochemically Deposited ◽  
Glassy Carbon Surface

scholarly journals Evaluation of Hydrophilized Graphite Felt for Electrochemical Heavy Metals Detection (Pb2+, Hg2+)

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laila Bouabdalaoui ◽  
Benjamin Le Ouay ◽  
Thibaud Coradin ◽  
Christel Laberty-Robert
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Electrochemical Analysis ◽  
Metal Species ◽  
Carbon Surface ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Graphite Felt ◽  
Large Peak ◽  
First Time ◽  
Do So

Hydrophilized graphite felt has been used,for the first time, for the electrochemical detection of Hg2+ions both as single metal species and via its simultaneous detection with Pb2+. To do so, square wave voltammetry (SWV) method was developed with alginate modified graphite felt as working electrode. The structure of the graphite felt such as its high porosity and specific surface area coupled with its good electrical conductivity allows achieving large peak currents via the SWV method, suggesting that the alginate coating helps to preconcentrate metals at the carbon surface. The as-described electrode has low cost, it is easy to manipulate, and the electrochemical analysis can be performed by simple immersion of the felt in the metal solution.

Tin dioxide as a high-performance catalyst towards Ce(vi)/Ce(iii) redox reactions for redox flow battery applications

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 5036-5043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaolin Na ◽  
Xuxu Wang ◽  
Dongming Yin ◽  
Limin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Electrocatalytic Activity ◽  
Redox Reactions ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Tin Dioxide ◽  
Composite Electrodes ◽  
Redox Flow Battery ◽  
Flow Battery ◽  
Graphite Felt ◽  
First Time

SnO2/graphite felt composite electrodes exhibiting excellent electrocatalytic activity toward cerium redox reactions are developed for the first time.

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