Wetting Behavior of LBE on Corroded Candidate LFR Structural Materials of 316L, T91 and CLAM

In this work, the wetting behaviors of lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) on corroded 316L, T91, and CLAM surfaces were studied. The wettability of LBE on virgin and corroded surfaces were tested at 450 °C by using the sessile-drop (SD) method after immersing the samples in LBE with saturated oxygen concentration for 400, 800, and 1200 h at 450°C. Additionally, the morphology, as well as element distribution of the corrosion structure, were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the virgin samples of three materials are non-wetting to LBE, and the formation of corrosion structures further reduces the wettability. Besides, the thickness of the corrosion layer formed on the 316L surface grew more slowly than the other two steel, which results in better corrosion resistance of austenitic steel 316L than that of ferritic/martensitic steels T91 and CLAM at 450 °C. Meanwhile, the morphology and distribution of corrosion products are important factors affecting the wettability of the steel surface. The formation of corrosion products with high roughness as well as disorder results in a significant reduction in surface wettability.

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Factors influencing timber gluability with one-part polyurethanes – studied with nine Australian timber species

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2006.066 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 60 (4) ◽

pp. 423-428 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Petri Widsten ◽

Voytek S. Gutowski ◽

Sheng Li ◽

Tony Cerra ◽

Sharon Molenaar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Sessile Drop ◽

Lap Joints ◽

Sessile Drop Method ◽

Timber Species ◽

Adhesion Properties ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

X Ray ◽

Polyurethane Adhesives ◽

Creep Loading

Abstract The bulk and surface properties of blocks of nine Australian wood species of commercial importance were investigated to elucidate the factors affecting timber gluability with structural one-component polyurethane adhesives. Cross-lap joints were prepared from freshly sanded blocks and the joints were subjected to creep loading in a condensing humidity environment. The median tensile strength (MTS) of the joints was found to improve with decreasing phenolic extractives content, lower timber density and decreasing lipophilic surface extractives content. The latter was assessed from O/C atomic ratios of the timber surfaces determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The content of bulk lipophilic extractives and lignins and wettability of the surface as determined by the sessile drop method did not reveal significant correlations with the adhesion properties. The adhesion tests indicated significant gluability differences between the species investigated.

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Early Stage of Corrosion Formation on Pipeline Steel X70 Under Oxyfuel Atmosphere at Low Temperature

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr8040421 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 421

Author(s):

Andreas Kratzig ◽

Le Quynh Hoa ◽

Dirk Bettge ◽

Martina Menneken ◽

Ralph Bäßler

Keyword(s):

Raman Spectroscopy ◽

Pipeline Steel ◽

Early Stage ◽

Ambient Pressure ◽

Corrosion Layer ◽

Corrosion Products ◽

X Ray ◽

Pit Formation ◽

Additional Water

The early stage of corrosion formation on X70 pipeline steel under oxyfuel atmosphere was investigated by applying a simulated gas mixture (CO2 containing 6700 ppmv O2, 100 ppmv NO2, 70 ppmv SO2 and 50 ppmv H2O) for 15 h at 278 K and ambient pressure. Short-term tests (6 h) revealed that the corrosion starts as local spots related to grinding marks progressing by time and moisture until a closed layer was formed. Acid droplets (pH 1.5), generated in the gas atmosphere, containing a mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3, were identified as corrosion starters. After 15 h of exposure, corrosion products were mainly X-ray amorphous and only partially crystalline. In-situ energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) results showed that the crystalline fractions consist primarily of water-bearing iron sulfates. Applying Raman spectroscopy, water-bearing iron nitrates were detected as subordinated phases. Supplementary long-term tests exhibited a significant increase in the crystalline fraction and formation of additional water-bearing iron sulfates. All phases of the corrosion layer were intergrown in a nanocrystalline network. In addition, numerous globular structures have been detected above the corrosion layer, which were identified as hydrated iron sulphate and hematite. As a type of corrosion, shallow pit formation was identified, and the corrosion rate was about 0.1 mma−1. In addition to in-situ EDXRD, SEM/EDS, TEM, Raman spectroscopy and interferometry were used to chemically and microstructurally analyze the corrosion products.

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Surface chemical composition and roughness as factors affecting the wettability of thermo-mechanically modified oak (Quercus robur L.)

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2018-0022 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 72 (11) ◽

pp. 993-1000 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Agnieszka Laskowska ◽

Janusz W. Sobczak

Keyword(s):

Free Energy ◽

Surface Free Energy ◽

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Sessile Drop ◽

Glassy Polymers ◽

Work Of Adhesion ◽

Densified Wood ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

X Ray ◽

Densification Temperature

AbstractEuropean oak wood (W) was thermo-mechanically modified (TM) via densifying at 100 and 150°C and the surface properties of the TMW were investigated. The contact angle (CA) of the wood with the reference liquids water and diiodomethane was determined using the sessile drop method. The surface free energy of the TMW on tangential sections within the first 60 s after applying a drop was analyzed. The roughness parameters Ra and Rz parallel (‖) and perpendicular (⊥) to the grain were investigated. The wettability analysis showed that densified wood had a higher CA and lower work of adhesion and surface free energy than non-densified wood. An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy [XPS or electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA)] analysis showed that the oxygen to carbon atoms ratio (O/C ratio) of densified wood surface was lower than that of non-densified wood. The carbon C1-C2 atoms ratio (C1/C2 ratio) increased with increasing TM temperature. The results were interpreted as being that extractives migrate to the surface and amorphous and glassy polymers, i.e. lignin and hemicelluloses, in wood are rearranged. Increasing densification temperature makes TMW surfaces more hydrophobic.

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A Study Of Major And Trace Element Accumulation In Humic Acids

Environment Technology Resources Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference ◽

10.17770/etr2011vol1.891 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 76

Author(s):

Diana Dudare ◽

Oskars Purmalis ◽

Maris Klavins

Keyword(s):

Trace Element ◽

Humic Acids ◽

Element Concentration ◽

Inorganic Ions ◽

Anthropogenic Pollution ◽

Major And Trace Elements ◽

Element Distribution ◽

Trace Element Distribution ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

X Ray

It has been widely studied recent as well as historic accumulation of elements in peat profiles depending on intensity of anthropogenic pollution and thereby peat profiles serve as archives for research of environmental change. Peat ability to accumulate major and trace elements depends on the character of element supply, potency of metal ions to bind functionalities in the peat structure, pH reaction, oxygen presence, presence of complexing compounds, inorganic ions and many other factors. The aim of this study is to assign major and trace element distribution in humic acids (HA) for two well characterized ombrotrophic peat profiles of Eipurs and Dzelve Bog and analyse factors affecting element concentration in peat humic acids. Elemental and functional analysis of the isolated HAs was done, using total reflection X – ray spectrometry, Elemental Analyzer Model EA – 1108, Thermospectronic Helios γ UV (Thermo Electron Co.) spectrophotometer, Total acidity method.

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More than XRF Mapping: STEAM (Statistically Tailored Elemental Angle Mapper) a Pioneering Analysis Protocol for Pigment Studies

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11041446 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 1446

Author(s):

Jacopo Orsilli ◽

Anna Galli ◽

Letizia Bonizzoni ◽

Michele Caccia

Keyword(s):

Cultural Heritage ◽

Element Distribution ◽

Elemental Distribution ◽

X Rays ◽

Spectral Angle Mapper ◽

X Ray ◽

Fluorescence Radiation ◽

Set Up ◽

Non Destructive ◽

Analysis Protocol

Among the possible variants of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), applications exploiting scanning Macro-XRF (MA-XRF) are lately widespread as they allow the visualization of the element distribution maintaining a non-destructive approach. The surface is scanned with a focused or collimated X-ray beam of millimeters or less: analyzing the emitted fluorescence radiation, also elements present below the surface contribute to the elemental distribution image obtained, due to the penetrative nature of X-rays. The importance of this method in the investigation of historical paintings is so obvious—as the elemental distribution obtained can reveal hidden sub-surface layers, including changes made by the artist, or restorations, without any damage to the object—that recently specific international conferences have been held. The present paper summarizes the advantages and limitations of using MA-XRF considering it as an imaging technique, in synergy with other hyperspectral methods, or combining it with spot investigations. The most recent applications in the cultural Heritage field are taken into account, demonstrating how obtained 2D-XRF maps can be of great help in the diagnostic applied on Cultural Heritage materials. Moreover, a pioneering analysis protocol based on the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) algorithm is presented, unifying the MA-XRF standard approach with punctual XRF, exploiting information from the mapped area as a database to extend the comprehension to data outside the scanned region, and working independently from the acquisition set-up. Experimental application on some reference pigment layers and a painting by Giotto are presented as validation of the proposed method.

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Pediatric Minor Head Trauma: Factors Affecting the Anxiety of Parents

Clinical Pediatrics ◽

10.1177/00099228211009678 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 000992282110096

Author(s):

Hasan Aldinc ◽

Cem Gun ◽

Serpil Yaylaci ◽

Erol Barbur

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Head Trauma ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Cranial Computed Tomography ◽

Sufficient Information ◽

Minor Head Trauma ◽

Computed Tomography Imaging ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

X Ray

Managing the anxiety of the parents of pediatric patients with head trauma is challenging. This study aimed to examine the factors that affect anxiety levels of parents whose children were admitted to the emergency department with minor head trauma. In this prospective study, the parents of 663 consecutive pediatric patients were invited to answer a questionnaire. Parents of 600 children participated in the study. The parents who believed they were provided sufficient information and who were satisfied with the service received had significantly more improvement in anxiety-related questions. Cranial X-ray assessment had a significantly positive impact on the anxiety of the parents, whereas cranial computed tomography and neurosurgery consultation did not. In assessing pediatric minor head trauma, cranial computed tomography imaging and neurosurgery consultation should not be expected to relieve the anxiety of the parents. However, adequately informing them and providing satisfaction are the factors that could lead to improvement.

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