scholarly journals The Structure and Compression of Medical Compression Stockings

Materials ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 353
Author(s):  
Miloš Lozo ◽  
Željko Penava ◽  
Ivo Lovričević ◽  
Zlatko Vrljičak
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Compression Stocking ◽  
Knitted Fabric ◽  
Structure Parameters ◽  
Compression Stockings ◽  
Fabric Structure ◽  
High Compression ◽  
Finer Yarn ◽  
Medical Compression Stockings ◽  
Made In

This paper lays out standards of compression stockings and their classification into classes. The analysis of knitted fabric structure parameters, elongation and compression of moderate- and high-compression stockings was conducted. Stocking compression on specific parts of the stocking leg was measured on three sizes of a wooden leg model. For moderate-compression stockings, compression above the ankle was 32 hPa. For high-compression stockings, compression above the ankle was 60 hPa. Both groups of the analyzed compression stockings were made on modern one-cylinder hosiery automats. The legs of the stockings were made in single inlaid jersey 1 + 1. Both yarns were elastane covered. The finer yarn formed loops and its knitting into a course was significantly larger than in the other yarn, which was much coarser and does not form loops but “lay the weft in a bent way”. The smallest elongation of knitted fabric was above the ankle, where the highest compression was achieved, while the largest elongation was under the crotch, where the stocking leg exerted the smallest compression on the surface. The leg of the compression stocking acted as a casing that imposed compression on the leg and often reinforced it to be able to sustain compression loads.

scholarly journals Designing compression of preventive compression stockings

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 155892502110604
Author(s):  
Miloš Lozo ◽  
Ivo Lovričević ◽  
Željka Pavlović ◽  
Zlatko Vrljičak
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Standing Position ◽  
Uniform Structure ◽  
Knitted Fabric ◽  
Compression Stockings ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Fabric Structure ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Made In

The paper focuses on leg diseases and the application of preventive compression stockings in people who perform their working tasks in the standing position, pregnant women and recreational athletes. Specific amounts of compression classes from several significant European standards are shown. Structural properties of knitted fabric structure in the production of preventive compression stockings are given. Tubular elastic knitted fabric samples of uniform structure which are used in the production of preventive compression stockings and pantyhose were produced. The yarns used for knitting were PA microfilament yarns in the counts 40 dtex f 40 and 60 dtex f 60 and elastane yarn in the count 22/17 dtex f 7. Tubular elastic knitted fabric samples of the structure intended for preventive compression stockings were made on a single-bed hosiery knitting machine with a gauge of E32 and needle bed diameter of 100 mm (4″) with 400 needles. The samples were made in jersey plated and partially plated structure 1 + 1 at three loop sinking depths. The widths of the tubular knitted fabric samples were 98 to 113 mm. The produced samples were pulled onto rigid cylinders of the circumferences 240 to 790 mm and the compression measured by the Pico Press device was 1 to 24 hPa.

Varicose Veins: optimum compression after surgery and sclerotherapy

1990 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-104
Author(s):  
P. J. Shouler ◽  
P. C. Runchman
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Varicose Vein ◽  
Varicose Veins ◽  
Compression Stocking ◽  
Compression Stockings ◽  
Varicose Vein Surgery ◽  
High Compression ◽  
Graduated Compression Stockings ◽  
Non Surgical Treatment

SummaryGraduated compression stockings are used in both surgical and non-surgical treatment of varicose veins. In a trial of high versus low compression stockings (40mmHg vs 15mmHg at ankle) after varicose vein surgery, both were equally effective in controlling bruising and thrombophlebitis, but low compression stockings proved to be more comfortable.In a further trial after sclerotherapy, high compression stockings alone produced comparable results to Elastocrepe® bandages with stockings. It is concluded that after varicose vein surgery low compression stockings provide adequate support for the leg and that after sclerotherapy, bandaging is not required if a high compression stocking is used.

Multi-Functional Fabric Development and Study on its Performance

2012 ◽  
Vol 476-478 ◽  
pp. 1403-1407
Author(s):  
Yan Jun Liu ◽  
Lan Qing Feng ◽  
Peng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cotton Fiber ◽  
Moisture Absorption ◽  
Air Permeability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Knitted Fabric ◽  
Transfer Principle ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Fabric Structure

Based on the theory of sweat transfer principle and knitted fabric structure , two kinds of multi-functional fabrics are developed with chitin fiber , cotton fiber and coolplus fiber in this paper. The wearablity , moisture-absorption and dry-fast property , air permeability and anti-bacterial property etc. are tested . The results show that the fabrics have many excellent properties , such as wearablity , moisture-absorption , dry-fast and anti-bacterial property etc. The fabrics can absorb moisture rapidly from one side of the fabric , then transfer it to the other side of the fabric and gave off , thus the fabrics can dry quickly . So the clothing made of these fabrics will keep our skin dry and comfortable, In summary , the fabrics developed are ideal fabrics for making high–quality leisure sportswear .

Optimum Methods of Limb Compression following Varicose Vein Surgery

1987 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.D. Coleridge Smith ◽  
J.H. Scurr ◽  
K.P. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Varicose Vein ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Compression Stocking ◽  
Compression Stockings ◽  
Varicose Vein Surgery ◽  
The Poor ◽  
High Compression ◽  
Limb Compression

It has been shown that bandages rapidly lose their ability to compress the leg in ambulant patients. However, they are still widely used following varicose vein surgery. We have measured the compression produced by crepe bandages, elastocrepe bandages or graduated high compression stockings following varicose vein surgery. Pressures exerted by the bandages and stockings were measured during the first 24 h following operation. Initially the bandages exerted greater pressures than the stockings. However, the bandaging techniques lost 13-38% of their compression in the first hour and 29–48% in 24 h compared with 3-5% for the compression stocking. Further testing of the bandages on a standard wooden leg and a commercial fabric testing machine confirmed that the loss of compression in the bandaged groups was due to the poor elastic qualities of crepe and elastocrepe bandages. The stockings provided a more constant compression with maintained graduation compared with the bandages.

scholarly journals Slotting mechanization for intensive garden planting

2021 ◽  
Vol 845 (1) ◽  
pp. 012128
Author(s):  
A V Alyokhin ◽  
V I Gorshenin ◽  
N A Goncharova ◽  
N P Tishaninov
Keyword(s):  
Bevel Gear ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
Entire Length ◽  
The Other ◽  
Structure Parameters ◽  
Main Structure ◽  
Theoretical Substantiation ◽  
Working Section ◽  
Made In

Abstract The paper presents a structure diagram of a slot trencher when planting a garden, consisting of a frame on which working sections, a bevel gear reducer and support wheel stands are fixed. On the working section there is a shaft with a working body - a disk slot cutter. It is made in the form of a disc with teeth, one cutting edge of each tooth is straight and the other edge is parabolic. On the parabolic edge the working elements are fixed in the form of knives with a cutting edge consisting of two parts. A straight one is along the periphery; the other is in the form of a guide along the entire length of the curved edge of the tooth and equal to the width of the cutting edge of the knife. The theoretical substantiation of the main structure parameters is carried out as a result of which the length of the inclined knife is determined, which allows satisfying the operating conditions of the device.

First Validation of a Placebo Compression Stocking

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 175-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Vayssairat ◽  
B. Houot
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Compression Stocking ◽  
Visual Test ◽  
Compression Stockings ◽  
Physician Group ◽  
False Response ◽  
Methodological Improvement ◽  
Medical Compression Stockings

Objective: To validate a placebo compression stocking. Design: Subjects were asked to identify as the same or different, placebo (P) and medical compression stockings (MCS) presented in a controlled randomised masked manner. Setting: A university hospital in Paris, France, and Innothera Laboratory. Patients, participants: One hundred and twenty-seven volunteers. Main outcome measures: Recognition of P versus MCS. Results: The false response rates in the visual test were 46.6% for physicians and 47.6% for non-physicians; in the touch test, 19.7% and 34.5% respectively, and in the wearing test, performed by non-physicians, 25.4%. Conclusions: P was valid in the visual part of the study but not in its touching or wearing parts. However, the large number of false responses in the non-physician group indicates that the use of a placebo stocking would be a methodological improvement compared with the usual open studies.

The treatment of venous leg ulcers with a specifically designed compression stocking kit

Phlebologie ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 37 (04) ◽  
pp. 191-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Mattaliano ◽  
G. Mosti ◽  
V. Gasbarro ◽  
M. Bucalossi ◽  
W. Blättler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Compression Stocking ◽  
Leg Ulcers ◽  
Compression Stockings ◽  
Venous Leg Ulcers ◽  
Venous Ulcers ◽  
Time To Completion ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Ankle Movement

SummaryTraditionally, venous leg ulcers are treated with firm nonelastic bandages. Medical compression stockings are not the first choice although comparative studies found them equally effective or superior to bandages. Patients, methods: We report on a multi-center randomized trial with 60 patients treated with either short stretch multi-layer bandages or a two-stocking system (Sigvaris® Ulcer X® kit). Three patients have been excluded because their ankle movement was restricted to the extent that they could not put on the stockings and 1 patient withdrew consent. Patient characteristics and ulcer features were evenly distributed. The proportion of ulcers healed within 4 months and the time to completion of healing were recorded. Subjective appraisal was assessed with a validated questionnaire. Results: Complete wound closure was achieved in 70.0% (21 of 30) with bandages and in 96.2% (25 of 26) with the ulcer X kit (p = 0.011). Ulcers with a diameter of up to about 4cm healed twice as rapidly, the larger ones as fast with the stocking kit as with bandages. The sum of problems encountered with bandages was significantly greater than that observed with the stocking kit (p < 0.0001). Pain at night and in the morning was absent with stockings but reported by 40% and 20% in the bandage group, respectively. The cardinal features associated with delayed or absent healing were ulcer size and pain. Conclusions: Common venous ulcers can readily be treated with the ulcer X compression kit provided the ankle movement allow its painless donning. Bandages, even when applied by the most experienced staff are less effective and cause more problems.

Randomized trial of medical compression stockings versus two-layer short-stretch bandaging in the management of venous leg ulcers

Phlebologie ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (04) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Franek ◽  
L. Brzezinska-Wcislo ◽  
E. Blaszczak ◽  
A. Polak ◽  
J. Taradaj
Keyword(s):  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Therapy Group ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Leg Ulcers ◽  
Compression Stockings ◽  
Venous Leg Ulcers ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Medical Compression Stockings

SummaryA prospective randomized clinical trial was undertaken to compare a medical compression stockings with two-layer short-stretch bandaging in the management of venous leg ulcers. Study endpoints were number of completely healed wounds and the clinical parameters predicting the outcome. Patients, methods: Eighty patients with venous leg ulcers were included in this study, and ultimately allocated into two comparative groups. Group A consisted of 40 patients (25 women, 15 men). They were treated with the compression stockings (25–32 mmHg) and drug therapy. Group B consisted of 40 patients (22 women, 18 men). They were treated with the short-stretch bandages (30–40 mmHg) and drug therapy, administered identically as in group A. Results: Within two months the 15/40 (37.50%) patients in group A and 5/40 (12.50%) in group B were healed completely (p = 0.01). For patients with isolated superficial reflux, the healing rates at two months were 45.45% (10/22 healed) in group A and 18.18% (4/22 healed) in group B (p = 0.01). For patients with superficial plus deep reflux, the healing rates were 27.77% (5/18 healed) in group A and 5.55% (1/18 healed) in group B (p = 0.002). Comparison of relative change of the total surface area (61.55% in group A vs. 23.66% in group B), length (41.67% in group A vs. 27.99% in group B), width (46.16% in group A vs. 29.33% in group B), and volume (82.03% in group A vs. 40.01% in group B) demonstrated difference (p = 0.002 in all comparisons) in favour of group A. Conclusion: The medical compression stockings are extremely useful therapy in enhancement of venous leg ulcer healing (both for patients with superficial and for patients who had superficial plus deep reflux). Bandages are less effective (especially for patients with superficial plus deep reflux, where the efficiency compared to the stockings of applied compression appeared dramatically low). These findings require confirmation in other randomized clinical trials with long term results.

On the Future of the Financial Redistribution across Member States in the EU

2006 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-43
Author(s):  
Sándor Richter
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Member States ◽  
New Member States ◽  
Financial Position ◽  
Cross Member ◽  
Expenditure Structure ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Made In

The order and modalities of cross-member state redistribution as well as the net financial position of the member states are one of the most widely discussed aspects of European integration. The paper addresses selected issues in the current debate on the EU budget for the period 2007 to 2013 and introduces four scenarios. The first is identical to the European Commission's proposal; the second is based on reducing the budget to 1% of the EU's GNI, as proposed by the six net-payer countries, while maintaining the expenditure structure of the Commission's proposal. The next two scenarios represent radical reforms: one of them also features a '1% EU GNI'; however, the expenditures for providing 'EU-wide value-added' are left unchanged and it is envisaged that the requisite cuts will be made in the expenditures earmarked for cohesion. The other reform scenario is different from the former one in that the cohesion-related expenditures are left unchanged and the expenditures for providing 'EU-wide value-added' are reduced. After the comparison of the various scenarios, the allocation of transfers to the new member states in terms of the conditions prevailing in the different scenarios is analysed.

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Tenun Pahang Fabrics using Alternative Yarns

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Engku Liyana Zafirah Engku Mohd Suhaimi ◽  
Jamil Salleh ◽  
Suzaini Abd Ghani ◽  
Mohamad Faizul Yahya ◽  
Mohd Rozi Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Silk Fabrics ◽  
Recovery Angle ◽  
Made In

An investigation on the properties of Tenun Pahang fabric performances using alternative yarns was conducted. The studies were made in order to evaluate whether the Tenun Pahang fabric could be produced economically and at the same time maintain the fabric quality. Traditional Tenun Pahang fabric uses silk for both warp and weft. For this project, two alternative yarns were used which were bamboo and modal, which were a little lower in cost compared to silk. These yarns were woven with two variations, one with the yarns as weft only while maintaining the silk warp and the other with both warp and weft using the alternative yarns. Four (4) physical testings and three (3) mechanical testings conducted on the fabric samples. The fabric samples were evaluated including weight, thickness, thread density, crease recovery angle, stiffness and drapability. The results show that modal/silk and bamboo silk fabrics are comparable in terms of stiffness and drapability, hence they have the potential to replace 100% silk Tenun Pahang.

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