Orthodontic Bracket Removal Using LASER-Technology—A Short Systematic Literature Review of the Past 30 Years

Background: Since fixed orthodontic treatment is widely spread and one of its inconveniences is bracket removal, as this affects enamel integrity as well as being a cause of discomfort to the patient, studies have searched for the most adequate bracket removal technique, many of them focusing on using laser-technology. Methods: Our review focused on articles published investigating methods of orthodontic bracket removal using laser technology in the last 30 years. Results: 19 relevant studies were taken into consideration after a thorough selection. Different types of laser devices, with specific settings and various testing conditions were tested and the investigators presented their pertinent conclusions. Conclusions: Most studies were performed using ceramic brackets and the best results in terms of prevention of enamel loss, temperature stability for the tooth as well as reduced chair time were obtained with Er:YAG lasers.

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Study of the Molecular Architecture of Keratin Filaments by Electron Microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100053310 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. 118-119

Author(s):

U. Aebi ◽

P. Rew ◽

T.-T. Sun

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Structural Organization ◽

Cell Types ◽

Structural Features ◽

Molecular Architecture ◽

The Past ◽

Keratin Filaments ◽

Different Types ◽

10 Nm Filaments ◽

Different Cell Types

Various types of intermediate-sized (10-nm) filaments have been found and described in many different cell types during the past few years. Despite the differences in the chemical composition among the different types of filaments, they all yield common structural features: they are usually up to several microns long and have a diameter of 7 to 10 nm; there is evidence that they are made of several 2 to 3.5 nm wide protofilaments which are helically wound around each other; the secondary structure of the polypeptides constituting the filaments is rich in ∞-helix. However a detailed description of their structural organization is lacking to date.

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Is Healthcare Special?

10.1093/oso/9780190886134.003.0002 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Gordon Moore ◽

John A. Quelch ◽

Emily Boudreau

Keyword(s):

Consumer Choice ◽

Special Relationship ◽

Individual Choice ◽

Health Consequences ◽

Critical Question ◽

The Past ◽

Different Types ◽

Collective Benefit ◽

Patient Ethics

Chapter 2 asks the critical question of whether healthcare is different from other consumer-driven markets. In the past, many pushed back on the notion that healthcare could be a consumer-driven industry, arguing that it is fundamentally different from other markets. This chapter acknowledges and reviews these critiques, highlighting four areas that might present challenges to increasing consumer choice in healthcare: the special relationship between doctor and patient, ethics and morality, individual choice versus collective benefit, and the health consequences of consumer choice. In doing so, this chapter also presents a schematic for thinking about the different types of healthcare choices, arguing that not all choices are equal and consumers may be more prepared to make decisions in some areas as opposed to others. In presenting the counterargument to consumer choice, this chapter asks the reader to consider the drawbacks and potential limitations of consumer choice in healthcare.

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Vietnamese Historical Writing

10.1093/oso/9780199225996.003.0028 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Patricia Pelley

Keyword(s):

Cold War ◽

East Asian ◽

History Writing ◽

Southern State ◽

The Past ◽

South Vietnam ◽

Political Function ◽

Different Types ◽

The Cold War ◽

North Vietnam

This chapter demonstrates how the process of decolonization and the ensuing separation of Vietnam into a northern and southern state as part of the Cold War in Asia led to different types of history-writing. In both Vietnamese regimes, the writing of history had to serve the state, and in both countries historians emphasized its political function. Whereas North Vietnam located itself in an East Asian and Marxist context, historians of South Vietnam positioned it within a Southeast Asian setting and took a determinedly anti-communist position. After 1986—over a decade after reunification—with past tensions now relaxed, the past could be revaluated more openly under a reformist Vietnamese government that now also permitted much greater interaction with foreign historians.

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Different Types of Auricular Keloids and Treatment by Intralesional Cryosurgery: Best Practice for Obtaining Long-Lasting Clinical Results

Dermatology ◽

10.1159/000514954 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Yaron Har-Shai ◽

Lior Har-Shai ◽

Viktor A. Zouboulis ◽

Christos C. Zouboulis

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Body Image ◽

Recurrence Rate ◽

Best Practice ◽

Clinical Results ◽

Psychosocial Impact ◽

Aesthetic Outcome ◽

The Past ◽

Different Types

Background: Auricular keloids belong to the most perplexing medical conditions, which have significant psychosocial impact on the patient’s body image and quality of life. Summary: The article is purposed to provide dermatologists and plastic surgeons with the best proven practice using intralesional cryosurgery for the treatment of the different auricular keloid types in order to obtain superior clinical results by minimizing the probability of recurrence. In the past 20 years, the authors have developed novel procedures in order to increase the effectiveness of intralesional cryosurgery on auricular keloids, including hydrodissection, warm gauze technique, and excision of dangling skin. Long-lasting clinical results with a low recurrence rate and a satisfactory aesthetic outcome are achieved with no deformation of the ear framework.

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Flexibility of joint production in mixed fisheries and implications for management

ICES Journal of Marine Science ◽

10.1093/icesjms/fsab057 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Florence Briton ◽

Olivier Thébaud ◽

Claire Macher ◽

Caleb Gardner ◽

Lorne Richard Little

Keyword(s):

Economic Performance ◽

Economic Incentives ◽

Joint Production ◽

Total Allowable Catch ◽

Individual Transferable Quotas ◽

The Past ◽

Different Types ◽

Commercial Species ◽

Management Recommendations ◽

Production Problems

Abstract Over the past decade, efforts have been made to factor technical interactions into management recommendations for mixed fisheries. Yet, the dynamics underlying joint production in mixed fisheries are generally poorly captured in operational mixed fisheries models supporting total allowable catch advice. Using an integrated ecological–economic simulation model, we explore the extent to which fishers are likely to alter the species composition of their landings in a mixed fishery managed with individual transferable quotas, the Australian Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery. Our simulations capture three different types of joint production problems, highlighting the flexibility that exists in terms of achievable catch compositions when quota markets provide the economic incentives to adapt fishing practices to quota availability. These results highlight the importance of capturing the drivers of fishing choices when advising TAC decisions in mixed fisheries. We also identify a hierarchy of species in this fishery, with harvest targets set for primary commercial species determining most of its socio-economic performance.

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O21 The incidence of COVID-19 among children with rheumatic diseases receiving biological agents

Rheumatology ◽

10.1093/rheumatology/keab246.020 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 60 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Nadezhda Tsurikova ◽

Elena Ligostaeva ◽

Vadim Avdeenko ◽

Nataliya Kobzeva ◽

Irina Tsiganok ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rheumatic Diseases ◽

Lupus Erythematosus ◽

Biological Agents ◽

Tnf Receptor ◽

The Past ◽

Different Types ◽

Mediterranean Fever ◽

Positive Results ◽

Single Center Observational Study

Abstract Background/Aims During the COVID-19 pandemic, analysis of the incidence of COVID-19 among patients suffering from rheumatic diseases and receiving therapy with biological agents remains relevant. Methods This single-center observational study included 118 children suffering from various rheumatic diseases and receiving therapy with anti-rheumatic drugs and biological agents. In this research, we analyzed the incidence of CIVID-19 and the frequency of documented contact with SARS-CoV-2 in the period from 01.03.2020 to 11.10.2020 (32 weeks). The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Among 118 children, there were 28 (24%) boys and 90 (76%) girls, average age 10.3±4.2. 104 (88.2%) patients had different types of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), 2 (1.6%) children had systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 2 (1.6%) patients had juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM), 1 (1%) child had ANCA-associated vasculitis, 6 (5%) patients had familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), 2 (1.6%) children had deficiency of adenosine deaminase 2 (DADA2), 1 (1%) child had TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS). In this group of patients 94 (79%) patients were treated with methotrexate, 1 (1%) - azathioprine, 3 (2%) patients received hydroxychloroquine, 6(5%) - mycophenolate mofetil, 4 (3%) - sulfasalazine, 14(11%) children received prednisone, 6(5%) - cyclosporine A. All children included in this study received biological agents for more than 1 year, the distribution of biological agents among patients was as follows: 41(34%) - etanercept, 33(28%) - adalimumab, 24 (20%) - tocilizumab, 7 (6%) - canakinumab, 3 (2%) - abatacept, 4 (3%) - golimumab, 6 (5%) - rituximab. Out of 118 children, 4 (3%) patients had flu-like symptoms and positive results of PCR tests for COVID-19 (1 patient was treated with etanercept, 1 - adalimumab, 1 - tocilizumab, 1 - rituximab), none of the patients had signs of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. 10 (8%) patients had documented contact with COVID-19: among this patients 2 children had flu-like symptoms, positive results of PCR tests and absence of COVID-19 pneumonia (one of this patient was treated with adalimumab, another one - with rituximab), one more patient was treated with tocilizumab and had positive PCR test without any symptoms of COVID-19; other 7 children had negative PCR tests and didn’t have any signs of COVID-19. Conclusion Among our patients with various rheumatic diseases treated with biological agents there were no registered severe cases of COVID-19. Over the past period (32 weeks of follow-up) 3% of children with COVID-19 were identified and 8% patients had documented contact with COVID-19, but we suppose it is too early to make conclusions about the degree and severity of COVID-19 among children suffering from rheumatic diseases and receiving various biological agents. Further follow-up is needed to better understand the risk and impact of COVID-19 among children with rheumatic diseases and receiving therapy with biological agents. Disclosure N. Tsurikova: None. E. Ligostaeva: None. V. Avdeenko: None. N. Kobzeva: None. I. Tsiganok: None. K. Skorobogatova: None. A. Motkina: None.

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2D Self-assembly and Electronic Characterization of Oxygen-Boron-Oxygen-Doped Chiral Graphene Nanoribbons

Chemical Communications ◽

10.1039/d1cc01901e ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lei Jin ◽

Nerea Bilbao ◽

Yang Lv ◽

Xiao-Ye Wang ◽

Soltani Paniz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Edge Effects ◽

Self Assembly ◽

Quantum Confinement ◽

Graphene Nanoribbons ◽

One Dimensional ◽

The Past ◽

Different Types

Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), quasi-one-dimensional strips of graphene, exhibit a nonzero bandgap due to quantum confinement and edge effects. In the past decade, different types of GNRs with atomically precise structures...

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The Influence of Bracket Material, Ligation Force and Wear on Frictional Resistance of Orthodontic Brackets

British Journal of Orthodontics ◽

10.1179/bjo.20.2.109 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 109-115 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

O. Keith ◽

S. P. Jones ◽

E. H. Davies

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Abrasive Wear ◽

Single Crystal ◽

Wear Debris ◽

Aluminium Oxide ◽

Frictional Resistance ◽

Material Force ◽

Orthodontic Bracket ◽

Ceramic Brackets ◽

Ceramic Bracket

Planar static frictional phenomena were investigated for two types of ceramic and one type of stainless steel orthodontic bracket against rectangular stainless steel archwire. The brackets studied were ‘Starfire’ (single crystal aluminium oxide), ‘Allure III’ (polycrystalline aluminium oxide), and ‘Dentaurum’ (stainless steel). The investigative parameters were: bracket material, force of ligation and whether the brackets were new or ‘worn’. Without exception, both types of ceramic bracket produced greater frictional resistance than the stainless steel brackets throughout testing. At a ligation force of 500 g, the Starfire bracket gave the greatest frictional resistance. At ligation forces of 200 and 50 g, the greatest frictional resistance was seen with Allure III. After a period of simulated wear, frictional resistance of Starfire tended to increase at the greatest ligation load while that of both ceramics decreased slightly at the two lower ligation loads. The ceramic brackets caused abrasive wear of the archwire surfaces and the consequent wear debris may have contributed to the changes in frictional resistance seen with Starfire and Allure III. Dentaurm brackets produced minimal frictional resistance in any test and negligible change with wear.

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Ruling out Change: Institutional Impediments to Transfer of Technology in Ship Building and Design in the Far East

Itinerario ◽

10.1017/s0165115300021367 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 142-152

Author(s):

Bao Leshi

Keyword(s):

Coastal Waters ◽

Building Materials ◽

Far East ◽

Local Conditions ◽

Ship Building ◽

The Past ◽

Transfer Of Technology ◽

Construction Techniques ◽

Different Types ◽

Technological Tradition

In the Chinese technological tradition, no sector, apart from that of agriculture, is as rich in original ideas as naval architecture. Over the past three millennia, hundreds of different types of craft have been developed for use on China's shallow lakes, on its fast flowing rivers and along its often stormy coastal waters. Each type was developed for specific use as a means of transportation, and would seem to represent the ultimate answer to the challenges posed by local conditions. Ultimate answer, that is, within the limitations of the traditional building materials with which these boats were constructed and fitted out. Nor was ingenuity confined to construction techniques.

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Evaluation of Wear Behaviour in Metallic Binders Employed in Diamond Tools for Cutting Stone

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14143988 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (14) ◽

pp. 3988

Author(s):

Fátima Ternero ◽

Pedro M. Amaral ◽

Jorge Cruz Fernandes ◽

Luís Guerra Rosa

Keyword(s):

Wear Behavior ◽

Wear Behaviour ◽

Empirical Expression ◽

Testing Conditions ◽

Diamond Tools ◽

Test Methodology ◽

Different Types ◽

Stone Material ◽

The Difference ◽

Wear Tests

A type of disc-on-plate test methodology was used to determine the wear behavior of metallic binders employed in the manufacturing of diamond impregnated tools. The disc consists of a special circular wheel that allows the binder materials alone (i.e., without diamond, but sintered under conditions identical to those of the complete tool) to be tested against a plate of stone material under pre-determined testing conditions. The testing conditions are intended to be equivalent to those used in the industrial processes. Using plates of five types of granite and one type of marble, this work comprises wear tests of 15 different types of metallic binders and two sintering modes conducted under, at least, three different values of contact-force. The analysis of the results demonstrated that the wear of the binders can be related to their mechanical properties through an empirical expression. The larger the difference between the characteristics of the tribological pair (binder versus stone), the higher is the correlation between the experimental wear data and the values given by the empirical expression. The relationships presented in this work allow predicting the wear behavior of the binder, and therefore may help in the design process of diamond tools. There was a clear difference between the wear behavior of metallic binders when they were employed against the two main classes of stone under analysis (marble and granite).

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