scholarly journals An Application of Neutrosophic Set to Relative Importance Assignment in AHP

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (20) ◽  
pp. 2636
Author(s):  
Napat Harnpornchai ◽  
Wiriyaporn Wonggattaleekam
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Neutrosophic Set ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Measurement Scales ◽  
Pairwise Comparison Matrix ◽  
Absolute Truth ◽  
The Real

The paper addresses a new facet of problem regarding the application of AHP in the real world. There are occasions that decision makers are not certain about relative importance assignment in pairwise comparison. The decision makers think the relative importance is among a set of scales, each of which is associated with a different possibility degree. A Discrete Single Valued Neutrosophic Number (DSVNN) with specified degrees of truth, indeterminacy, and falsity is employed to represent each assignment by taking into account all possible scales according to the decision maker’s thought. Each DSVNN assignment is transformed into a crisp value via a deneutrosophication using a similarity-to-absolute-truth measure. The obtained crisp scales are input to a pairwise comparison matrix for further analysis. The proposed neutrosophic set-based relative importance assignment is another additional novelty of the paper, which is different from all prior studies focusing only on the definition of measurement scales. The presented assignment emulates the real-world approach of decision making in human beings which may consider more than one possibility. It is also shown herein that the single and crisp relative importance assignment in the original AHP by Saaty is just a special case of the proposed methodology. The sensitivity analysis informs that when decision makers have neither absolute truth nor falsity about a scale, the proposed methodology is recommended for obtaining reliable relative importance scale. The applicability of the proposed methodology to the real-world problem is shown through the investment in equity market.

By Way of Introduction: Posing and Solving Problems: The Essence and Legacy of Mathematics

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-116
Author(s):  
José Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Real

Mathematics, the queen of the sciences, has evolved and continues to evolve because of the frantic and interminable quest of passionate human beings to solve problems that arise within mathematics itself and in the real world. Yes, mathematics is not complete without concepts, definitions, axioms, theorems, proofs, algorithms, or formulas: They are all integral components of mathematics. But problems—posing and solving them—are the heart, the spirit, the essence of mathematics.

scholarly journals Histórias em quadrinhos na sala de aula: leitura de mundos

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (25) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Altair Pivovar
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Comic Books ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Real ◽  
Social Conventions ◽  
Classroom Activities ◽  
The World ◽  
Full Life ◽  
Teaching Learning

  RESUMO Assentado no pressuposto de que o ser humano se vê na contingência incessante de decidir como agir satisfatoriamente nos multifacetados espaços pelos quais se vê obrigado a circular, defende-se neste texto que a leitura se dá sempre a partir do ambiente em que o indivíduo se encontra, já que as condições do entorno são essenciais para que uma reação adequada à manutenção de sua existência possa ser tomada. Na esteira dessa compreensão, o texto procura demonstrar de que forma a sala de aula, por ter se tornado um ambiente repetitivo e que não dá condições ao sujeito de reagir ao meio, teria perdido o potencial para desenvolver a capacidade leitora das crianças, jovens e adultos que a frequentam. O texto propõe então que histórias em quadrinhos, desde que o trabalho não fique restrito às publicações oriundas da comunicação de massa, podem cumprir essa finalidade, proporcionando aos alunos o contato com obras que ofereçam sempre novos modos de organização do espaço ficcional, chamados de “protocolos de leitura”, que fazem as vezes da chamada leitura de mundo.     Palavras-chave: Leitura. Histórias em quadrinhos. Ensino-aprendizagem.     ABSTRACT   Supposing human beings constantly have to make expected decisions according to social conventions, the following paper is based on the idea that reading must reflect the environment where one lives since the contradictions of such environment are essential for a full life. Thus, it tries to show how classroom activities, as they have become repetitive and do not offer one the conditions to interact with the real world, have lost the potential to develop students’ reading capacity. It suggests that comic books, since the activity is not constrained to popular publications, can show students a new fictional point of view called “reading protocol”, which can be seen as a way of reading the world.     Keywords: Reading. Comic books. Teaching-learning.

Organisational readiness for the adoption of AI diagnostic tools in clinical workflows – a case study from the National Breast Screening Programme in the East Midlands of England. (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niamh Lennox-Chhugani ◽  
Simon Harris ◽  
Jacqueline Moxon ◽  
Vipul Patel
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Breast Screening ◽  
Screening Programme ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Healthcare Organisation ◽  
Breast Screening Programme ◽  
The Real ◽  
National Breast

BACKGROUND Application of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare is accelerating but relatively little is yet known about the real-world implementation of AI in clinical workflows. OBJECTIVE In this paper, we have focused on one application of AI as a second reader of breast mammograms in the context of a national breast screening programme. We look at the development and testing of an AI image reading tool for mammograms and the effect of organisational readiness for AI tool adoption. We focus on two aspects of organisational readiness as conceptualised by Weiner (2009) for AI technology specifically and answer the questions (1) what are the views of the technology adopters in a healthcare organisation to the use of AI technology in the case of breast screening? (2) What are some of the emerging organisation factors that are likely to effect adoption and spread and are any unique to AI technology? METHODS A prospective mixed methods study of the real-world development of AI tools for use in the National Breast Screening Programme in England. We recruited 67 radiologists and reporting radiographers in four breast screening services and 18 organisational leaders who were the AI project decision-makers. Data was collected using an online survey of breast screening staff (adopters), semi-structured interviews with organisational leaders, participant observation of project meetings and document review. Data regarding organisational and adopter readiness for technology adoption was analysed over the duration of the project. RESULTS Sixty-seven clinicians and eighteen organisational leaders participated the study. Commitment to adoption is positive but adopters want to see clinical evidence of AI safety and accuracy. Decision-makers and other organisational adopters do not yet have shared views on their resources, capacity and capability to adopt and spread the technology and significant challenges related to task demands and situational factors emerged during the project causing substantial delays to adoption. The nature of AI and ML technology surfaced novel complexities not encountered by traditional health technology related to explainability and meaningful decision-support. CONCLUSIONS The case study shows that adopter commitment in this case and AI technology in breast screening is growing but gaps remain in the collective capability of organisations to adopt these novel technologies. CLINICALTRIAL Not applicable

scholarly journals Experts use base rates in real-world sequential decisions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Link ◽  
Markus Raab
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Decision Strategies ◽  
The Real ◽  
Base Rates ◽  
Base Rate Neglect ◽  
Specific Category

AbstractHuman behavior is often assumed to be irrational, full of errors, and affected by cognitive biases. One of these biases is base-rate neglect, which happens when the base rates of a specific category are not considered when making decisions. We argue here that while naïve subjects demonstrate base-rate neglect in laboratory conditions, experts tested in the real world do use base rates. Our explanation is that lab studies use single questions, whereas, in the real world, most decisions are sequential in nature, leading to a more realistic test of base-rate use. One decision that lends itself to testing base-rate use in real life occurs in beach volleyball—specifically, deciding to whom to serve to win the game. Analyzing the sequential choices in expert athletes in more than 1,300 games revealed that they were sensitive to base rates and adapted their decision strategies to the performance of the opponent. Our data describes a threshold at which players change their strategy and use base rates. We conclude that the debate over whether decision makers use base rates should be shifted to real-world tests, and the focus should be on when and how base rates are used.

scholarly journals The importance of health technology assessment to ensure an efficient and equitable access to high-cost therapies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ion Agirrezabal
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Insulin Glargine ◽  
Health Technology Assessment ◽  
Technology Assessment ◽  
Real World ◽  
Health Technology ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Real ◽  
Innovative Drugs

According to the World Health Organization, the key goal of health systems is to improve the average level of the population health and to reduce health inequalities in the population. In order to realise this goal, health system decision-makers need to decide which health technologies to invest in and which not to. Health technology assessment (HTA) provides a framework for decision-makers to make resource allocation and priority setting decisions based on the existing evidence. Considering the increasingly tight healthcare budgets and the rich pipeline of high-cost, innovative drugs very likely coming to market in the next few years, it is crucial that a robust and transparent HTA process be undertaken to assess these drugs, evaluating all aspects of the disease and treatment and involving all stakeholders affected. We conducted three standalone projects analysing different aspects of recently launched innovative drugs. In our first study, we combined high-quality sources of evidence, both from the real-world and randomised controlled trials, to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of carfilzomib for treating multiple myeloma patients. By harnessing the power of these data sources, we demonstrated that the reimbursement of carfilzomib is likely to represent an efficient allocation of existing resources. Despite the availability of good sources of evidence, the real-world distribution and use of innovative drugs may not be efficient nor fair, and this is what we demonstrated with our two other studies. Firstly, we showed that significant inequalities exist in the distribution of anti-osteoporosis drugs in primary care in England. The most striking case was that of denosumab, a high-cost innovative treatment, with prescriptions disproportionately concentrated among the least deprived. Substantial inequalities also exist in the use of insulin glargine biosimilars in primary care in England, even though guidelines and initiatives to promote the use of biosimilars have been put in place. In this study we observed that the real-world savings realised from the use of insulin glargine biosimilars represents a small proportion compared with what could have been achieved should their uptake had been higher. The results of these two studies, therefore, show that resource allocation may not be efficient nor fair in the real world, and similar situations are likely to exist in other disease areas. In summary, even though in many cases ample evidence exists to assist healthcare authorities making resource allocation decisions, we have demonstrated that resource allocation in the real world may not be optimal.

How Decision-Makers Cope with Uncertainty

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raanan Lipshitz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Incomplete Information ◽  
Real World ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Decision Making Under Uncertainty ◽  
The Real ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Pros And Cons

We analyzed 112 self reports of decision-making under uncertainty to find how decision makers conceptualize uncertainty and cope with it in the real world. The results show that decision makers distinguish between three types of uncertainty, inadequate understanding, incomplete information and undifferentiated alternatives, to which they apply five strategies of coping, reducing uncertainty, assumption-based reasoning, weighing pros and cons of competing alternatives, suppressing uncertainty, and forestalling. The relationships between these types of uncertainty and tactics of coping suggest a R.A.W.F.S. (Reduction, Assumption based reasoning, Weighing pros and cons, Forestalling and Suppression) heuristic of contingent coping with uncertainty in naturalistic settings.

A crosslinguistic study into culturally motivated resemblances and variations in transferred epithet metaphors in Chinese and English

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-248
Author(s):  
Yi Sun ◽  
Yishu Yang ◽  
Monika Kirner-Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
The Real ◽  
Chinese And English

Abstract It has been postulated that a cognitive approach may lend itself well to the study of transferred epithets, as this traditional rhetoric device possesses all the essences of metaphor from the perspective of Cognitive Linguistics. Transferred epithet metaphors are gradually cognitively cultivated upon human beings’ repetitive and recursive experiences of the real world and it has been well established that they cannot be separated from culture’s limitations or reformulation. The coupling between experientialism and culture in transferred epithet metaphors necessitates the establishment of a double paradigm to comprehensively and profoundly delve into the twofold restraints.

3D Image Media and Computer Vision -From CV as Robot Technology to CV as Media Technology-

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuichi Ohta ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Real World ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
3D Image ◽  
Media Technology ◽  
The Real ◽  
Computer Vision Technology ◽  
Robot Technology

The possibility to apply the computer vision technology to the development of a new image medium is discussed. Computer vision has been studied as a sensor technology between the real world and computers. On the other hand, the computer graphics are the interface technology between the computers and human beings. The invention of ""3D photography"" based on the computer vision technology will realize a new 3D image medium which connects the real world and the human beings via computer. In such a framework, computer vision should be studied as a media technology rather than a robot technology.

Equilibrium models vs. realistic understanding

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence A. Boland
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Stable Equilibrium ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Equilibrium Models ◽  
The Real ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Equilibrium Process ◽  
Way Of Knowing

In the real world, the process of reaching the assumed equilibrium involves decision makers’ knowledge and their awareness of any disequilibrium. Equilibrium attainment also requires their making the correct decisions required for a ‘stable’ equilibrium. Any model which fails to explicitly address the equilibrium process and its requirements is vulnerable to criticism of the model’s realism. This chapter explores, specifically, whether the knowledge required to reach equilibrium can ever be attained by participants, whether the process of obtaining that knowledge can be consistent with the requirements of achieving an equilibrium. It also explores the ‘ignorant consumer’ who has no way of knowing that he or she is not maximizing.

scholarly journals PAIRWISE COMPARISON MATRIX IN MULTIPLE CRITERIA DECISION MAKING

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 738-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang KOU ◽  
Daji ERGU ◽  
Yang CHEN ◽  
Changsheng LIN
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Multiple Criteria Decision Making ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Measurement Scales ◽  
Pairwise Comparison Matrix ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Comparison Matrix ◽  
Comprehensive Literature Review

The measurement scales, consistency index, inconsistency issues, missing judgment estimation and priority derivation methods have been extensively studied in the pairwise comparison matrix (PCM). Various approaches have been proposed to handle these problems, and made great contributions to the decision making. This paper reviews the literature of the main developments of the PCM. There are plenty of literature related to these issues, thus we mainly focus on the literature published in 37 peer reviewed international journals from 2010 to 2015 (searched via ISI Web of science). We attempt to analyze and classify these literatures so as to find the current hot research topics and research techniques in the PCM, and point out the future directions on the PCM. It is hoped that this paper will provide a comprehensive literature review on PCM, and act as informative summary of the main developments of the PCM for the researchers for their future research.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document